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The international RAIA Observatory (www.marnaraia.org) resulted from the effort of 12 research and academic institutions and public agencies (Spanish and Portuguese) working in the field of meteorology and oceanography. The RAIA Observatory serves the main maritime activities of the Galicia-Northern Portugal Euroregion and contributes to collaborative observational networks. Under the framework of coastal risk management, environmental indicators are fundamental tools for the evaluation and mitigation of environmental risks, showing the current state and helping to predict future changes on ecosystem health regarding environmental risks. In last years, the different partners of the RAIA Observatory have identified 38 environmental indicators, in which 12 key risks affecting the ecosystem services of the Galicia-Northern Portugal Euroregion are being evaluated. Data was analyzed and compiled by the various partners of the RAIA Observatory and the development and optimization of the environmental indicators has been done according to the specifications provided by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) and the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). The resulting environmental indicators are included and shared on a publicly-accessible Web service, georeferenced and accompanied by plots (https://marrisk.inesctec.pt/public/#!/indicators). So far, the current status of the indicators has allowed us to establish risk assessment protocols for the Euroregion, and identify critical gaps in a temporal and spatial coverage. The inclusion of the environmental indicators in the RAIA Observatory is of great relevance for national and international data exchange and promotes future collaborations

Environmental indicators are fundamental tools for the evaluation and mitigation of environmental risks, showing the current state and helping to predict future changes on ecosystem health regarding environmental risks The framework of the RAIA observatory www marnaraia org identified 38 environmental indicators, in which 12 key risks affecting the ecosystem services of the Euroregion Galicia Northern Portugal have been evaluated The objective of this initiative is to optimize and analyze the environmental indicators identified for the Euroregion and make them available through a Web service that allows users to get information on the current state and evolution of the ecosystem health

This study presents the implementation of a portable module designed for autonomous analysis of sea-surface inorganic nutrients onboard vessels of opportunity, as an additional tool for assessing the levels of eutrophication risk. The study was carried out during August-mid-September 2019 in the Ria de Arousa and outer shelf area (NW-Iberian coastal upwelling system). During this period, the distributions of the measured sea-surface concentrations of nitrate and phosphate were compared according to three Oceanographic Environments (OEs). The OEs were defined according to the interplay between upwelling/downwelling events and river discharge on the coastal system. The nutrient measurements agreed well with the OEs, showing that the portable module is a useful tool for opportune measurements of sea-surface nutrients and can serve as a complement for the available monitoring networks. An initial evaluation of the eutrophication risk in this area indicated low risk levels (following the Environmental European Agency criteria) for most of the measured points in summer, except for some vulnerable areas under certain OEs. Nutrient concentrations are sensitive to periods of Sustained Upwelling events, reaching medium risk levels (7.14 - 9.05 µmol L-1 for nitrate and 0.39 - 0.64 µmol L-1 for phosphate) in inner parts of the Ria de Arousa. These areas are characterized by abrupt bathymetric changes that channel and intensify the upwelling processes, increasing sea-surface nutrient concentrations. High eutrophication risk levels of phosphate (1.53 µmol L-1) were detected close to the coastline during Upwelling Relaxation periods. Under these conditions, continental flows, previously retained by the upwelling, are able to expand. The location of these samples and the difference in concentration between phosphate and nitrate indicate a most likely source in wastewater outflows. Our results highlight the need for deeper studies on the synergy between upwelling/downwelling process

From July 2010 to June 2012, 21 hydrographic cruises were carried out off Cape Silleiro (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean). These cruises sampled CALIBERIA station, located at 42º05´ N, 9º23´ W (~350 m depth). A CTD (Seabird 911) equipped with fluorescence, oxygen, turbidity and transmittance sensors was used for these hydrographic cruises. Additionally, an oceanographic rosette with 12 Niskin bottles was casted during each cruise to collect discrete seawater samples at different depths

Eutrophication risk determination requires a continuous acquisition of nutrient data to establish environmental trends. In the context of the MarRISK project, a portable module has been designed to autonomously measure inorganic nutrients together with other parameters such as temperature and salinity along coastal transects

A portable module has been used to measure inorganic nutrients on the NW coast of the Iberian Peninsula during summer of 2019. The results allow us to know the variability of nutrient concentration and study the potential risk of eutrophication

Eutrophication can cause adverse effects in the coastal ecosystems, this leads to an accelerated proliferation of opportunistic microbial and macroalgae communities, altering the trophic structure of the marine ecosystems and deteriorating water quality. Consequently, nutrient enrichment risk negatively affects to ecosystem services (Ferreira et al, 2011; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; OSPAR, 2017)

El proyecto CAIBEX es un estudio coordinado para comparar la dinámica y la actividad biogeoquímica contrastada entre la zona costera y el océano adyacente en la zona de estudio. Se trata de un programa multidisciplinar de observación y modelización que abarca diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales, incluyendo un estudio sobre el papel de los filamentos en el afloramiento estival del Cabo Silleiro. Como parte del CAIBEX, la estación fija de la plataforma continental de LOCO (Laboratorio de Observación Oceánico y Costero), se ha realizado un amarre de fondo (70 m, próximo a Cabo Silleiro) sin marca de superficie para evitar la localización visual que incluye un marco de forma piramidal de Sidmar con dos boyas VINY en su interior y un ADP Sontek 500 kHz mirando hacia arriba en el centro. El sitio fue visitado mensualmente durante un año a bordo del R/V Mytilus, para monitorear perfiles verticales de variables físicas, biológicas y geoquímicas y para estimar la producción primaria, la respiración microbiana y las tasas de sedimentación. Cada mes, se realizaba un perfil vertical de temperatura, salinidad, fluorescencia y oxígeno disuelto con un SBE911plus CTD. Se obtuvieron muestras de agua para análisis de oxígeno disuelto, pH alcalinidad y nutrientes inorgánicos disueltos con una roseta con 12 botellas de PVC Niskin de 10 L. El oxígeno disuelto se determinó por titulación potenciométrica de Winkler. El error estándar analítico estimado fue de 1 micromol/kg. Las muestras de nutrientes se determinaron mediante análisis en flujo segmentado con un autoanalizador Alliance Futura siguiendo las metodologías de Grasshoff et al. (1999). Los límites de detección fueron 0,02 micromol/kg para nitritos, 0,05 micromol/kg para nitratos, amonio y silicato y 0,01 micromol/kg para fosfatos. Las muestras de alcalinidad total (TA) y pH (escala de concentración total de hidrógeno, 25°C) se recogieron en frascos de vidrio de 500 ml y se analizaron en pocas horas en el laboratorio base.

Coastal eutrophication can cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems leading to an accelerated proliferation of opportunistic microbial and macroalgae communities, altering the trophic structure and affecting ecosystem services. The MarRISK project (0262_MARRISK_1_E) have identified risks such as eutrophication, ocean acidification and algal blooms regime alterations and all of them directly affect supporting and provisioning services in the Galicia-North Portugal Euroregion

Coastal and Oceanic Observatories are important infrastructures to provide information about ocean state, phenomena and processes. In order to evaluate the potential marine risks in the Galicia-North Portugal Euroregion, the MarRISK project (0262_MARRISK_1_E) expects to use physical, chemical, biological and geological data collected by consolidated observatories such as the RAIA Observatory, Copernicus or EMODnet. MarRISK project joins experts in Marine Sciences from MeteoGalicia, APA, CETMAR, CIIMAR, IEO, IH, IIM-CSIC, INTECMAR, IPMA, LMAG, UAveiro, UMinho and UVigo. This multi-disciplinary consortium has put more than 200 variables at the disposal of the project for a better understanding of coastal and oceanic characteristics and vulnerabilities. However the collection of observations does not present homogeneity due to the complexity of the ocean - atmosphere environment. There is a great heterogeneity in the spatio-temporal distributions, methods of data acquisition, quality control procedures and precision of measurements. Therefore, under the umbrella of this project it is intended to update and consolidate the dataset provided by the different partners by firstly improving the quality of the series, and subsequently harmonizing them following established protocols. Through the process of updating and consolidating this extensive dataset, we will also identify potential environmental risks that are not covered by the available variables. This analysis will highlight the need of implementing new set of observations, reinforcing the coordinated response to new scenarios under global change conditions based on this transboundary approach

Coastal regions are among the most productive and valued ecosystems in relation to their ecosystem services (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005; Hattam et al., 2015). However, their degradation is dramatically growing due to the increase of human pressure on coastlines that can negatively impact or threaten marine habitats. The evaluation of potential marine risks (Crain et al, 2009) emerges in response to the growing concern of the society about increase of frequency and intensity of natural disasters and environmental problems associated with the socio-economic development, such as pollution, resources depletion and climate change. In this context, the MarRISK project (0262_MARRISK_1_E) focuses on the consolidation of a knowledge infrastructure for evaluating coastal risks in the Galicia-North Portugal Euroregion. This EU project joins experts in Marine Sciences from MeteoGalicia, APA, CETMAR, CIIMAR, IEO, IH, IIMCSIC, INTECMAR, IPMA, LMAG, UAveiro, UMinho and UVigo. This multidisciplinary partnership constitutes an optimum platform to achieve the proposed objective., The MarRISK team has identified forty-two environmental indicators (EEA, 2014) of coastal risks that threaten the ecosystem services of the Galicia-North Portugal Euroregion. In the Galician region, emerging identified risks (eutrophication, hydrodynamic alteration, oceanic warming, algal blooms regime changes and ocean acidification) directly affect supporting and provisioning services. In contrast, for the Northern Portuguese region, coastal erosion and flooding have been identified as the most pressing risks, impacting regulating and cultural services. As a first step to assess coastal risks, environmental indicators have been established, integrating information from different environmental concerns. The proposed environmental indicator list represents a useful tool not only to evaluate environmental trends, but also to assure a coordinated response to new scenarios under global change conditions based on a transboundary approach