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Accession number: The nucleotide sequences reported in this article have been submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive under accession numbers SAMEA5423234 to SAMEA5423258 (study no PRJEB31715).The nucleotide sequences reported in this article have been submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive under accession numbers SAMEA5423234 to SAMEA5423258 (study no PRJEB31715); International audience; Detecting processes of local adaptation in forest trees andidentifying environmental selective drivers are of primaryimportance for forest management and conservation. Transplant experiments, functional genomics and population genomics are complementary tools to efficiently characterize heritable phenotypic traits and to decipher the genetic bases of adaptive traits. Using an integrative approach combining phenotypic assessment in common garden, transcriptomics and landscape genomics, we investigated leaf adaptive traits in Coffea mauritiana, a forest tree endemic to Reunion Island. Eight populations of C. mauritiana originating from sites with contrasted environmental conditions were sampled in common garden to assessseveral leaf morphological traits, to analyze the leaf transcriptome and leaf cuticular wax composition. The relative alkane content of cuticular waxes was significantly correlated with major climatic gradients, paving the way for further transcriptome-based analyses. The expression pattern of cuticle biosynthetic genes was consistent with a modulation of alkane accumulation across the population studied, supporting the hypothesis that the composition of cuticular wax is involved in the local adaptation of C. mauritiana. Association tests in landscape genomics performed using RNA-seq-derived single-nucleotide polymorphisms revealed that genes associated with cell wall remodeling also likely play an adaptive role. By combining these different approaches, this study efficiently identified local adaptation processes in a non-model species. Our results provide the first evidence for local adaptation in trees endemic to Reunion Island and highlight the importance of cuticle composition for the adaptation of trees to the high evaporative demand in warm climates.

Dry lands including savannas cover an important proportion of terrestrial areas and are home for more than a third of global population. However, changes in land use and climate are causing severe species loss in these habitats. In a geographically limited area such as Reunion Island, revegetation projects including native species could allow to counter human-driven habitat degradation. Neverthe-less, lack of knowledge, especially regarding native seed germination ecology often hinders their use for revegetation purposes. The aim of our study was to provide information about seed germination ecology of Heteropogon contortus (Poaceae), the dominant and noticeable savannas species of Reunion Island. Through germination experiments carried out in controlled lab conditions, dormancy and light requirements of H. contortus seeds were assessed over a 3-year storage period. In addition, the effects of smoke water solutions on H. contortus seeds germination capacity were determined. During the first year, seeds germinate in low proportions, consistent with a dormancy phenomenon. Moreover, between one and two years, germination percentages are higher in light than in darkness, suggesting they are photoblastic (i.e. require light for germination). Interestingly, seeds treated with smoke water solutions germinated in higher proportions than control seeds in both daily light and darkness during the two first years of storage. The germination strategies (dormancy and photoblasty) set up by H. contortus are likely driven by harsh conditions found in arid habitats such as savannas. While dormancy could help avoiding germination in the drier season, photoblasty would be linked to an adaptation to fire, indicating that its environment is suitable for its establishment. The methods we used to treat seeds could be adopted for large-scale H. contortus habitats revegetation projects, due to their low cost, their efficiency and their reproducibility.

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En este trabajo encontraremos una síntesis de las técnicas de traducción, las características y restricciones de las modalidades de doblaje y subtitulación, así como las consideraciones a tener en cuenta a la hora de traducir referencias culturales incluidas en distintos tipos de chistes, para producir humor en una película de género cómico. A continuación, a través de fragmentos de la película Intocable, observaremos si las reglas y recomendaciones para estas dos modalidades se respetan, y cuáles son las técnicas más empleadas para la traducción de cada tipo de chiste formado por referentes culturales En aquest treball trobarem una síntesi de les tècniques de traducció, característiques i restriccions de les modalitats de doblatge i subtitulació, així com les consideracions a tenir en compte a l'hora de traduir referències culturals incloses en diferents tipus d'acudits, per a produir humor en una pel·lícula de gènere còmic. A continuació, a través de fragments de la pel·lícula Intocable, observarem si les regles i recomanacions per a aquestes dues modalitats es respecten, i quines són les tècniques més utilitzades per a la traducció de cada tipus d'acudit format per referents culturals In this work we will find a synthesis of the translation techniques, the characteristics and restrictions of dubbing and subtitling modalities, as well as the considerations to keep in mind when we translate cultural references which are included in different types of jokes, to produce humour in a comedy film. Then, through some fragments of Intocable, (the spanish translated version of Intouchables), we will observe whether the rules and recommendations for these modalities are respected, and what are the most used techniques for translating each type of joke based in cultural references