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In land surface models (LSMs), the land surface components of ESMs, the spatial resolution is usually the one of the atmospheric component or the atmospheric forcing (in offline mode), thus too coarse to represent topographic details and achieve accurate hydrological simulations.Here, we present hydrological simulations over France, using the Organising Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) LSM over France, forced with SAFRAN atmospheric reanalysis at 8-km resolution and hourly time step since 1959 (Vidal et al., 2010), and using a high-resolution river routing network relying on the MERIT-Hydro topography at 2-km resolution (Yamazaki et al., 2019). Each SAFRAN grid is decomposed into a graph of hydrological transfer units (HTUs) based on MERIT-Hydro (Polcher et al., 2022), so that lateral water movements are described at a higher spatial resolution than SAFRAN grids. In particular, it was possible to accurately position over 4000 stations from the national hydrometric network (filtered to drain an upstream area larger than 64 km²), at which the performance of the simulation is assessed over the 1976-2019 period, using classical hydrological indicators on river discharge and evapotranspiration, complemented by trend analysis.Finally, this ORCHIDEE setup will be used to simulate future French river discharges using the DRIAS-2020 climate forcing, consisting in a multi-model multi-scenario ensemble of climate projections selected from the Euro-Cordex ensemble, regionalized and bias-corrected with respect to the SAFRAN reanalysis. We will present an overview of the resulting river discharge projections, which contribute to the national Explore2 project (https://professionnels.ofb.fr/node/1244)., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Визуальная иерархия в графическом дизайне — это основной фактор при выстраивании взаимодействия между дизайном и человеком, который контактирует с графическим продуктом. Дизайнер как сценарист проектирует и продумывает путь для потребителя при помощи средств, которые организуют визуальную иерархию в макете. The visual hierarchy in graphic design is the main factor in building the interaction between design and the person who is in contact with the graphic product. The designer, as a screenwriter, designs and thinks out the way for the consumer with the help of tools that organize the visual hierarchy in the layout.

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2009–2018), EFF was 9.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.9±0.02 GtC yr−1 (2.3±0.01 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 2.5±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.6 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.4 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in EFF was about 2.1 % and fossil emissions increased to 10.0±0.5 GtC yr−1, reaching 10 GtC yr−1 for the first time in history, ELUC was 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5±0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.5±3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2018, GATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4±0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.6±0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 407.38±0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6–10 months indicate a reduced growth in EFF of +0.6 % (range of −0.2 % to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). The data generated by this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2019 (Friedlingstein et al., 2019).

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere - the "global carbon budget" - is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (E-FF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (E-LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (S-OCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (S-LAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B-IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. For the last decade available (2009-2018), E-FF was 9.5 +/- 0.5 GtC yr 1, E-LUC 1.5 +/- 0.7 GtC yr 1, G(ATM) 4.9 +/- 0.02 GtC yr(-1) (2.3 +/- 0.01 ppm yr(-1)), S-OCEAN 2.5 +/- 0.6 GtC yr(-1), and S-LAND 3.2 +/- 0.6 GtC yr(-1), with a budget imbalance B-IM of 0.4 GtC yr(-1) indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in E-FF was about 2.1% and fossil emissions increased to 10.0 +/- 0.5 GtC yr 1, reaching 10 GtC yr(-1) for the first time in history, E-LUC was 1.5 +/- 0.7 GtC yr(-1), for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5 +/- 0.9 GtC yr(-1) (42.5 +/- 3.3 GtCO(2)). Also for 2018, G(ATM) was 5.1 +/- 0.2 GtC yr(-1) (2.4 +/- 0.1 ppm yr(-1)), S-OCEAN was 2.6 +/- 0.6 GtC yr(-1), and S-LAND was 3.5 +/- 0.7 GtC yr(-1), with a B-IM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 407.38 +/- 0.1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6-10 months indicate a reduced growth in E-FF of +0.6% (range of -0.2% to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr(-1) persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quere et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013).

Multimedia educational resource for “Engineering Graphics” course was developed. Resource is oriented both for teachers use in the classroom and for self-sustained work by students. It is created in the form of a unified educational system based on Flash-technologies, well-illustrated with static and interactive graphics, three-dimensional animated video sequences and accompanied by audio commentary. Theoretical material in each section of the resource has a modular structure and provides additional training and reference materials, individual assignments and test control. Разработан мультимедийный образовательный ресурс по дисциплине «Начертательная геометрия. Инженерная графика» для использования преподавателями во время аудиторной работы, а также студентами при самостоятельной подготовке. Ресурс создан в виде единой образовательной системы на базе Flash-технологий, хорошо иллюстрирован статичными и интерактивными графическими материалами, трехмерными анимационными видеофрагментами и сопровожден аудиокомментариями. Теоретический материал по каждому разделу ресурса имеет модульную структуру и содержит дополнительные учебные и справочные материалы, индивидуальные задания и тестовый контроль.

Experience in the use of services, developed in 2011 under the first stage of the project, has demonstrated the effectiveness of the portal “Biotechnical Systems and Technology” (http://biotech.net-ustu.ru/) in education. In 2012, the project was actively developed. The resource is based on tools Google Sites and Google Docs. Опыт использования сервисов, разработанных в 2011 году в рамках первого этапа проекта, продемонстрировал эффективность применения портала «Биотехнические системы и технологии» (http://biotech.net-ustu.ru/) в образовательном процессе. В 2012 году проект активно развивался. Ресурс создан на базе инструментов Google Sites и Google Docs.

Разработана инновационная система мультимедийного сопровождения лекций, поддерживающая векторный формат компонентов и работу с интерактивным содержимым и предоставляющая оригинальные функциональные возможности для пользователя. На базе данной системы создан учебно-методический комплекс для дисциплин «Начертательная геометрия» и «Инженерная графика» с богатым наполнением иллюстративными и интерактивными материалами. Innovative system for multimedia lecture support was developed. The system allows proper maintenance of vector components and interactive content and provides user with original functional possibilities. On the base of this system a new educational complex for "Descriptive Geometry" and "Engineering Graphics" courses was developed with enriched with various illustrative and interactive materials.

FIELD: metallurgy; construction of melting and refining units. SUBSTANCE: unit includes melting, refining and dispensing sections interconnected by means lines, raw material loading devices, gas and slag removal devices, devices for sealing-up increasing and decreasing the pressure and heating, as well as with devices for removal of melt from dispensing section. Melting, refining and dispensing sections are located at one level and are provided with single movable heat-insulated housing. Covers of refining and dispensing sections tightly adjoin the sections. Metal lines are laid inside walls dividing the sections; metal lines include lower horizontal run, vertical run and upper horizontal run located in succession. Lower horizontal run of metal line is used to connect previous section with vertical run of metal line. Upper horizontal run of metal line is used to connect vertical run of metal line with subsequent section. Covers of sections may be stationary. Housing is provided with devices for vertical and horizontal motion which are made in form of leverage and drive wheel pairs, respectively. Refining section is connected with melting section by means of waste gas discharge passage fitted with inter-section valve and is provided with electromagnetic metal stirrer. Provision is made for discharge of melt from dispensing section. EFFECT: possibility of forming gas and slag modes in each chamber of unit irrespective of each other and transferring molten metal from chamber to chamber without thermal losses. 7 cl, 3 dwg. Изобретение относится к металлургии, конкретнее к конструкции плавильно-рафинированных агрегатов. Агрегат содержит плавильную, рафинировочную и раздаточную секции с крышками, соединенные металлопроводами (МП) и снабженные средствами загрузки сырых материалов, газо- и шлакоотвода, герметизации, создания повышенного и пониженного давления и нагрева, а также средством отвода расплава от раздаточной секции. Плавильная, рафинировочная и раздаточная секции расположены на одном уровне и снабжены единым подвижным теплоизолированным корпусом. Крышки рафинировочной и раздаточной секций выполнены прилегающими к секциям герметично. МП выполнены внутри разделяющих секции стенок в виде последовательно расположенных нижнего горизонтального, вертикального и верхнего горизонтального участков. Нижний горизонтальный участок МП соединяет предыдущую секцию с вертикальным участком МП. Верхний горизонтальный участок МП соединяет вертикальный участок МП с последующей секцией. Крышки секций могут быть выполнены стационарно установленными. Корпус предпочтительно снабжен средствами вертикального и горизонтального перемещения, выполненными в виде шарнирно-рычажного механизма и приводных колесных пар соответственно. Рафинировочная секция соединена с плавильной секцией каналом отвода отходящих газов с установленным в нем межсекционным клапаном и снабжена электромагнитным перемешивателем металла. Предусмотрен отвод расплава от раздаточной секции на ГМНЛЗ. Техническим результатом является возможность создания газовых и шлаковых режимов в каждой из камер агрегата независимо друг от друга при возможности передачи жидкого металла из одной камеры в другую без тепловых потерь. 6 з.п.ф-лы, 3 ил.

Year-to-year variability in CO2 fluxes can yield insight into climate-carbon cycle relationships, a fundamental yet uncertain aspect of the terrestrial carbon cycle. In this study, we use global observations from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite for years 2015���2019 and a geostatistical inverse model to evaluate 5 years of interannual variability (IAV) in CO2 fluxes and its relationships with environmental drivers. OCO-2 launched in late 2014, and we specifically evaluate IAV during the time period when OCO-2 observations are available. We then compare inferences from OCO-2 with state-of-the-art process-based models (terrestrial biosphere model, TBMs). Results from OCO-2 suggest that the tropical grasslands biome (including grasslands, savanna, and agricultural lands within the tropics) makes contributions to global IAV during the 5 year study period that are comparable to tropical forests, a result that differs from a majority of TBMs. Furthermore, existing studies disagree on the environmental variables that drive IAV during this time period, and the analysis using OCO-2 suggests that both temperature and precipitation make comparable contributions. TBMs, by contrast, tend to estimate larger IAV during this time and usually estimate larger relative contributions from the extra-tropics. With that said, TBMs show little consensus on both the magnitude and the contributions of different regions to IAV. We further find that TBMs show a wide range of responses on the relationships of CO2 fluxes with annual anomalies in temperature and precipitation, and these relationships across most of the TBMs have a larger magnitude than inferred from OCO-2. Overall, the findings of this study highlight large uncertainties in process-based estimates of IAV during recent years and provide an avenue for evaluating these processes against inferences from OCO-2.