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Exposure to heavy metals and lifestyle factors like smoking contribute to the production of free oxygen radicals. This fact, combined with a lowered total antioxidant status, can induce even more damage in the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Despite the fact that some researchers are looking for more genetic factors underlying AS, most studies focus on polymorphisms within the genes encoding the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The biggest challenge is finding the effective treatment of the disease. Genetic factors and the influence of oxidative stress, mineral metabolism disorders, microbiota, and tobacco smoking seem to be of great importance for the development of AS. The data contained in this review constitute valuable information and encourage the initiation and development of research in this area, showing connections between inflammatory disorders leading to the pathogenesis of AS and selected environmental and genetic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease, which often develops in older people, but this is not the rule. AMD pathogenesis changes include the anatomical and functional complex. As a result of damage, it occurs, in the retina and macula, among other areas. These changes may lead to partial or total loss of vision. This disease can occur in two clinical forms, i.e., dry (progression is slowly and gradually) and exudative (wet, progression is acute and severe), which usually started as dry form. A coexistence of both forms is possible. AMD etiology is not fully understood. Extensive genetic studies have shown that this disease is multifactorial and that genetic determinants, along with environmental and metabolic-functional factors, are important risk factors. This article reviews the impact of heavy metals, macro- and microelements, and genetic factors on the development of AMD. We present the current state of knowledge about the influence of environmental factors and genetic determinants on the progression of AMD in the confrontation with our own research conducted on the Polish population from Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Regions. Our research is concentrated on showing how polluted environments of large agglomerations affects the development of AMD. In addition to confirming heavy metal accumulation, the growth of risk of acute phase factors and polymorphism in the genetic material in AMD development, it will also help in the detection of new markers of this disease. This will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of AMD and will help to establish prevention and early treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]