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ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions The skin barrier function is an important predictor of neonatal barrier defects. This study aimed to investigate the daily changes in skin barrier function and the impact of bathing on skin barrier function in neonates.We assessed the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) on the forehead, cheek, volar forearm, and chest from days 2 to 7 and at 1 month after birth. Additionally, we measured the values after bathing and compared them with the pre‐bathing values.Sixty‐six neonates were involved in the assessment, and each value at the four sites showed significant correlations. TEWL remained stable between days 2 and 7, but SCH significantly increased at most sites. Both significantly increased by 1.5–2 times in 1 month. After bathing, TEWL increased by more than 20% but decreased again after 3 h.TEWL did not change significantly with age during the first week of life. To minimize the effects of bathing, TEWL should be measured at least 3 h after bathing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background An aging population has contributed to an increasing prevalence of functional limitations among older adults. Family support plays a crucial role in toileting and bathing assistance. Yet, the relationship between availability of family care resources and such actual assistance remains insufficiently explored. Our study aims to describe availability of family care resources and identify the association between availability of family care resources and toileting assistance or bathing assistance. Methods This study employed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2018 National Survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The availability of family care resources was assessed using measurements of spouse availability, adult child availability, and living arrangement. Bathing assistance and toileting assistance were measured based on self-reported receipt of such assistance. Descriptive statistics were used to depict the overall and subgroup situation of availability of family care resources. Multivariable logistic models were employed to investigate the relationship between availability of family care resources and the receipt of toileting assistance or bathing assistance. Results Among the sample of older adults with functional limitations, 69% had a spouse, 63% had at least one adult child, and 80% resided with family members. Among those with bathing disability, 13% reported lacking bathing assistance, and among those with toileting disability, 54% reported lacking toileting assistance. Participants with 1-2 adult children had lower odds of receiving toileting assistance (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.91, p= 0.034) compared to those with three or more adult children. Spouse availability and living arrangement did not exhibit statistically significant associations with toileting assistance. Participants without a spouse had lower odds of receiving bathing assistance (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.78, p= 0.016) in comparison to those with a spouse; however, adult child availability and living arrangement did not display statistically significant associations with bathing assistance. Conclusion The present findings suggest a gap in family commitment when it comes to assisting older adults with functional limitations in bathing/toileting. To address this, policymakers are encouraged to prioritize the implementation of proactive mechanisms for identifying family caregivers, alongside incentives to enhance their engagement in practical caregiving activities. Furthermore, it is crucial to emphasize the prioritization of affordable and easily accessible formal toileting/bathing assistance options for older adults who lack sufficient family care resources.

Frequent sauna bathing has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and proposed as a mediator for improved health. Therefore, the aim was to describe and compare sauna bathers with non-sauna bathers in northern Sweden based on their demographics, health and life attitudes, and to describe sauna bathers’ sauna habits. Questions on sauna bathing habits were included in the questionnaire for the participants in the Northern Sweden MONICA (multinational monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) study, conducted during spring of 2022, inviting adults 25–74 years living in the two northernmost counties of Sweden (Norr- and Västerbotten), randomly selected from the population register. Of the 1180 participants in MONICA 2022, 971 (82%) answered the question about sauna bathing. Of these, 641 (66%) were defined as sauna bathers. Sauna bathers reported less hypertension diagnosis and self-reported pain. They also reported higher levels of happiness and energy, more satisfying sleep patterns, as well as better general and mental health. Sauna bathers were younger, more often men and found to have a healthier life-profile compared to non-sauna bathers. Additionally, the results suggest that the positive effects associated with sauna bathing plateaued from 1–4 times per month.

Background: An aging population has contributed to an increasing prevalence of functional limitations among older adults. Family support plays a crucial role in toileting and bathing assistance. Yet, the relationship between availability of family care resources and such actual assistance remains insufficiently explored. Our study aims to describe availability of family care resources and identify the association between availability of family care resources and toileting assistance or bathing assistance. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2018 National Survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The availability of family care resources was assessed using measurements of spouse availability, adult child availability, and living arrangement. Bathing assistance and toileting assistance were measured based on self-reported receipt of such assistance. Descriptive statistics were used to depict the overall and subgroup situation of availability of family care resources. Multivariable logistic models were employed to investigate the relationship between availability of family care resources and the receipt of toileting assistance or bathing assistance. Results: Among the sample of older adults with functional limitations, 69% had a spouse, 63% had at least one adult child, and 80% resided with family members. Among those with bathing disability, 13% reported lacking bathing assistance, and among those with toileting disability, 54% reported lacking toileting assistance. Participants with 1-2 adult children had lower odds of receiving toileting assistance (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.91, p= 0.034) compared to those with three or more adult children. Spouse availability and living arrangement did not exhibit statistically significant associations with toileting assistance. Participants without a spouse had lower odds of receiving bathing assistance (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.78, p= 0.016) in comparison to those with a spouse; however, adult child availability and living arrangement did not display statistically significant associations with bathing assistance. Conclusion: The present findings suggest a gap in family commitment when it comes to assisting older adults with functional limitations in bathing/toileting. To address this, policymakers are encouraged to prioritize the implementation of proactive mechanisms for identifying family caregivers, alongside incentives to enhance their engagement in practical caregiving activities. Furthermore, it is crucial to emphasize the prioritization of affordable and easily accessible formal toileting/bathing assistance options for older adults who lack sufficient family care resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grab bars facilitate bathing and reduce the risk of falls during bathing. Suction cup handholds and rim-mounted tub rails are an alternative to grab bars. The objective of this study was to determine whether older adults could install handholds and tub rails effectively to support bathing transfers. Participants installed rim-mounted tub rails and suction cup handholds in a simulated bathroom environment. Installation location and mechanical loading performance were evaluated. Participant perceptions during device installation and a bathing transfer were characterized. While 85% of suction cup handholds met loading requirements, more than half of participants installed the suction cup handhold in an unexpected location based on existing guidance documents. No rim-mounted tub rails were successfully installed. Participants were confident that the devices had been installed effectively. Suction cup handholds and rim mounted tub rails are easy to install, but clients may need additional guidance regarding where, and how to install them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment plays an important role in influencing the patients' quality of life. The basic management consists of appropriate skin cleansing, including bathing and eventually using bathing additives. Recommendations regarding frequency and duration of bathing, water temperature and usefulness of bathing additives are widely different, often leading to confusion among patients. This review aims to give insights into the best bathing practices and the use of bathing additives in atopic dermatitis in children. Several bathing additives, including bleach baths, commercial baby cleansers, bath baby oils and bath salt, appear to be promising adjunctive therapies for atopic dermatitis due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-pruritus and skin barrier repair properties through different mechanisms of action. However, their efficacy and safety are not fully understood in some cases. The usefulness of other bath additives, such as acidic and more natural substances (green tea extracts, pine tar, sodium bicarbonate), is still under investigation. Further studies are needed to determine their optimal use to achieve clinical benefit safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been few reports from Africa on the use and health effects of emollient therapy for newborn infants. We aimed to describe neonatal skin care practices in Africa, and to illuminate opportunities to introduce evidence-based interventions to improve these practices. We conducted a scoping review of the quantitative and qualitative published peer-reviewed and grey literature in English on emollient use in Africa. Outcomes of interest included neonatal skin care practices, with a focus on the application of oils and other products to infant skin, including in association with bathing and massage. We screened 5257 articles and summarised findings from 23 studies—13 qualitative, nine quantitative and one mixed methods—that met our study criteria. Seven studies reported the use of emollients for perceived benefits, including thermal care, treatment for illness, promotion of growth and development, infection reduction, skin condition improvement, spirituality and lubrication to aid massage. Four studies reported the quantitative health impact of skin care product applications, including improvements in skin condition, neurodevelopment and bone growth, as well as a reduction in nosocomial infections. This review highlights opportunities for skin care intervention and future research on neonatal skin care practices in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment plays an important role in influencing the patients’ quality of life. The basic management consists of appropriate skin cleansing, including bathing and eventually using bathing additives. Recommendations regarding frequency and duration of bathing, water temperature and usefulness of bathing additives are widely different, often leading to confusion among patients. This review aims to give insights into the best bathing practices and the use of bathing additives in atopic dermatitis in children. Several bathing additives, including bleach baths, commercial baby cleansers, bath baby oils and bath salt, appear to be promising adjunctive therapies for atopic dermatitis due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-pruritus and skin barrier repair properties through different mechanisms of action. However, their efficacy and safety are not fully understood in some cases. The usefulness of other bath additives, such as acidic and more natural substances (green tea extracts, pine tar, sodium bicarbonate), is still under investigation. Further studies are needed to determine their optimal use to achieve clinical benefit safely.

A survey of UK public health system maternity care providers has found that there is inconsistent and conflicting advice regarding infant skincare in the country. The survey revealed that there is no consensus on when to bathe newborns, with recommendations ranging from delaying the first bath for 24 hours to delaying it for up to 2 weeks. There is also variation in recommendations regarding the use of cleansing products and the removal of vernix. The study emphasizes the need for standardized and evidence-based guidelines for infant skincare in the UK. [Extracted from the article]

Waterless bathing techniques can enhance the care of patients with neurological difficulties. Traditional methods can be uncomfortable and time consuming. Hospital-acquired infections in the NHS are a significant concern because of both financial burdens and antibiotic resistance, and preventing them is paramount. ContiTM waterless bathing products help reduce infection risks, save time and improve the patient experience. Four case studies illustrate the application of these techniques in a specialist hospital for people with complex and serious neurological conditions, demonstrating their practicality and efficacy as well as improvements in patient care and infection control within healthcare facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations at the southern tip of the ancient city of Jerusalem uncovered four pools from the Early Roman period: two, Silwan Pool and Birkat el-Ḥamra, within the city walls, and two smaller pools on the outskirts of the city. This paper provides archaeological data that supports the identification of Birkat el-Ḥamra with Solomon's Pool and the Silwan Pool with the Siloam Pool, both of which are mentioned in contemporary historical sources. Furthermore, the function of the pools is discussed: the larger, Solomon's Pool, seems to have been an open swimming pool, while the Siloam Pool was used for ceremonies and ritual immersion of pilgrims arriving at the city in the late Second Temple period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: There is wide variation in practices regarding routine bathing/washing of babies in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Evidence is lacking as to the benefit of routine antiseptic washes for reducing infection. We aimed to compare the antiseptic tolerance of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) within two UK NICUs with very different approaches to skin washing. Methods: We compared antiseptic susceptibility of CoNS isolated from skin swabs of neonates admitted to the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH) NICU in December 2017–March 2018 with those isolated in the Bradford Royal Infirmary (BRI) NICU in January–March 2020. The NNUH does not practise routine whole-body washing whereas BRI practises daily whole-body washing from post-menstrual age 27 weeks using Octenisan wash lotion (0.3% octenidine; 1 minute contact time before washing off with sterile water). A total of 78 CoNS isolates from BRI and 863 from the NNUH were tested for susceptibility against the antiseptics octenidine (OCT) and chlorhexidine (CHX). Results: Isolates from the BRI with practice of routine washing did not show increased antiseptic tolerance to OCT or CHX. Isolates from the NNUH which does not practise routine whole-body washing and rarely uses octenidine, were comparatively less susceptible to both CHX and OCT antiseptics. Conclusions: Daily whole-body skin washing with OCT does not appear to select for CoNS isolates that are antiseptic tolerant towards OCT and CHX. There remains considerable uncertainty about the impact of different antiseptic regimes on neonatal skin microbiota, the benefit of routine washing, and the development of antiseptic tolerance in the NICU.

Abstract Background Passive body heating before sleep is well known to lead to improved sleep. However, the effects of the degree of change in body temperature by bathing on sleep quality are unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the effects on sleep of bathing-induced changes in body temperature. Methods Twenty-three healthy males and females in their 20 s to 50 s bathed in their homes 1.5–2 h before bedtime under three bathing conditions: showering only; short bathing in a bathtub; and long bathing in a bathtub. Sublingual and skin temperatures and thermal sensation before and after bathing, sleep indices such as sleep onset latency, time in bed, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset, all of which were evaluated using an actimeter, and subjective evaluations of sleep were compared among conditions. Results Sublingual temperature just after bathing was significantly higher with long bathing than with other conditions, and the fall in sublingual temperature from after bathing to before sleep was significantly larger with long bathing than with short bathing. Sleep onset latency by actimeter was significantly reduced with long bathing compared to showering. In addition, subjective evaluations of falling asleep and sleep quality were better with long bathing than with showering or short bathing. Conclusions In conclusion, bathing conditions that produce a 0.9 °C increase in sublingual temperature appear effective for falling asleep and sleep quality, because core temperature shows a greater drop to before sleep than those producing an increase of about 0.3 °C increase in sublingual temperature.

Piyush Gupta,1,* Karthik Nagesh,2,* Pankaj Garg,3,* Jayakar Thomas,4,* Pradeep Suryawanshi,5,* Giridhar Sethuraman,6,* Rashna Dass Hazarika,7,* Rahul J Verma,8,* C Suresh Kumar,9,* Shantha Kumari,10,* Sunil Taneja,11,* Vaishali Chavhan,12,* Priti Thakor,13,* Ankita Pandita13,* 1Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; 2Department of Neonatology, Manipal Hospitals Group (MHEPL), Bangalore, Karnataka, India; 3Department of Neonatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India; 4Department of Dermatology, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; 5Department of Neonatology, BVU Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India; 6Department of Neonatology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; 7Department of Pediatrics & Neonatology, Nemcare Superspecialty Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India; 8Department of Neonatology & General Pediatrics, Sir H.N Reliance Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; 9Department of Pediatrics, Apollo Cradle, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; 10Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; 11Sushrut Medical Centre Pvt Ltd, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; 12Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahyadri Superspecialty Hospitals, Pune, Maharashtra, India; 13Department of Medical Affairs, JNTL Consumer Health (India) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ankita Pandita, JNTL Consumer Health (India) Pvt. Ltd., 501 Arena Space, Behind Majas Bus Depot, off Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road, Jogeshwari (E), Mumbai, 400060, India, Tel +91 98735 98808, Fax +91-22 25643410, Email APandit7@ITS.JNJ.com; APandit7@kenvue.comPurpose: Neonatal skin care practices guided by personal experience and preferences might be substantially different across different hospital settings. The aim of this consensus recommendation is to provide clinical practice guidance to healthcare practitioners on evidence-based neonatal skin care practices from delivery-to-discharge, in hospital settings.Patients and Methods: A Scientific Advisory Board meeting on “Evidence-based Neonatal Skin Care Practices and Protocols” was held in December 2020 with an expert panel comprising neonatologists, pediatricians, obstetricians and gynecologists and pediatric dermatologist. Comprehensive literature search was performed up to 23 March 2021 using PubMed and Google Scholar to retrieve relevant evidence.Results: Recommendations were developed on critical aspects of skin care in healthy full-term neonates including cleansing at birth, skin-to-skin care, cord care, diaper area care, initial and routine bathing, cleansers and emollients use, and criteria to choose appropriate skin care products. Recommendations include inclusion of skin assessment in routine neonatal care, first bath timing after cardio-respiratory and thermal stabilization, 6– 24 hours after birth; bathing with water alone or adding a mild liquid cleanser could be considered appropriate as it does not impact the developing skin barrier; use of emollients is recommended for neonates with higher risk of development of eczema to maintain and enhance skin barrier function and integrity; and inclusion of skin care advice in neonatal discharge checklist. Importance of rigorous quality control, high-quality clinical trials for assessment of baby products, usage of products that are formulated appropriately for newborns, and full label transparency for baby products were highlighted. The panel identified gaps in literature and discussed the scope for future research.Conclusion: These recommendations may help to standardize evidence-based skin care for healthy full-term neonates in Indian hospital settings to improve the quality of care that neonates receive in hospital and facilitate improvement in overall neonatal health outcomes.Keywords: baby products, bathing, cleanser, emollient, hospital setting, neonatal skin care practices

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions with dry skin and refractory pruritus. The pathogenesis of AD is complex and one of the reasons may be related to the skin microbial environment. Multiple studies have found that bathing may be associated to skin barrier function and different bathing method may affect the severity of AD. This paper focuses on the bathing method of children with AD as well as the cleansers, and reviews relevant guidelines and evidence-based medicine.

[Display omitted] In recent years there has been increasing interest in the empowerment of patients to serve as partners in efforts to prevent healthcare-associated infections. However, patients often have limited awareness of the risk for acquisition and dissemination of healthcare-associated pathogens and have received limited information on how they might participate in infection prevention efforts. This review highlights some of the areas where patient empowerment initiatives in infection control and antimicrobial stewardship may be useful and reviews available evidence that such initiatives can be beneficial. Although patients are the primary focus of these initiatives, inclusion of family members should be considered in many situations because they often play a major role in healthcare decision-making. • There is increasing interest in empowering patients as partners in infection prevention. • Education is essential because patients often lack awareness of the risk of infections. • Interventions have been effective in improving patient and staff hand hygiene. • Other targets include bathing, clean clothing, devices, antibiotics, and wearing slippers. • Bundled patient empowerment interventions are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a vital resource providing multiple services to many organisms, including birds. Eleonora's falcon is an iconic, long-distance migrant bird of the Palearctic region. While various aspects of its life history have been thoroughly studied, its dependence on water sources has been poorly documented. In this study, we examine for the first time the species' visitation patterns at a complex of small, natural ponds of karstic water on a Greek island and provide a detailed description of its bathing and drinking behaviour using visual observations and camera traps. Our results indicate that the species visits the ponds systematically from spring until autumn to bathe and drink. Water visitation patterns suggest communal behaviour, most probably benefitting from increased vigilance in greater numbers. In spring, male falcons prevail during water sessions and the reverse pattern is observed in autumn, whereas morph ratio remains stable, close to the expected 3:1 ratio. Temperature, affecting the falcons' foraging activity and/or their heat dissipation requirements, together with seasonal differences in labour division between sexes can explain a significant amount of the observed variability in water visitation patterns. Freshwater sources in most islets hosting breeding colonies are scarce, thus natural ponds in nearby larger islands are an important resource many falcons could rely on while at their breeding grounds. The identification and preservation of bathing and drinking spots where falcons gather in numbers across its breeding range is thus highly recommended. Considering the forecasted impact of climate change on karstic water we also encourage an in-depth analysis of the role of water in the adaptation of Eleonora's falcon to a life in insular environments experiencing global warming. Last but not least, further investigation of the species' communal behaviour regarding water use can also offer interesting insights in the species' natural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of river water is necessary to reveal its quality and pollution level so that we can protect human health and the environment. The present study explored the water quality of the Narmada River in India. To evaluate the water quality of the Narmada River, water samples were collected from 13 sites during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, and were analyzed for different physicochemical parameters. The results from the analysis were used for the development of the entropy-river water quality index (ERWQI). The ERWQI was used to estimate the Narmada river water quality for two different uses: drinking after disinfection (ERWQId) and bathing (ERWQIb). The machine-learning-based classification models, namely the Logistic regression (LR), Support Vector (SV), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB) models were examined to predict and classify ERWQI. The precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrix were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The findings of this study identified the LR model as the most accurate classification model with the highest accuracy score for both the ERWQId and ERWQIb. Moreover, this study also revealed that the water quality of the Narmada River was unsuitable for drinking after disinfection and hence, before any further use it requires treatment through conventional or an advanced techniques. However, the ERWQIb of the Narmada River was categorized as excellent to fair. This study has broad implications for the classification of river water quality and can provide some very useful information to monitoring agencies and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scalds are the most common mechanism of burn injury in pediatric populations and scald burns sustained during bathing present a unique opportunity for injury prevention. Evidence-based infant bathing educational resources recommend checking water temperature and having a caregiver present for the duration of the bath, but do not explicitly recommend avoiding running water or explain the associated risks. This study seeks to determine the incidence and role of running water in bathing scald burns at our institution. This is a retrospective review of pediatric patients (<3 years) admitted to the University of Chicago Burn Center with scald injury from bathing between 2010 and 2020. Cases were reviewed to assess the following risk factors: whether there was running water, whether water temperature was checked before placing the child in water, and whether a caregiver was present for the entire bath. Injuries in which the manner of injury was abuse or indeterminate were excluded. The study cohort included 101 cases of scalds due to bathing, with a mean age of 13 months and mean burn size of 7% TBSA. Of these 101 cases, 96 (95%) involved running water. Thirty-seven cases (37%) had only one of the three risk factors and 95% of those 37 cases involved running water. Twenty-nine cases (29%) involved all three risk factors while only two cases (2%) involved none of the three risk factors. Sixty-one cases (60%), thirty-nine cases (39%), and one case (1%) occurred in a sink, bathtub, or infant tub, respectively. We found that the vast majority of bathing scald burns involved running water, identifying a specific bathing recommendation that should be added to existing guidelines to reduce the incidence of bathing scald burns. • Bathing of infants and toddlers is an excellent opportunity for scald burn prevention as it is a universal activity. • Nearly all (95%) of bathing scald burns in this dataset specifically involved running water. • A majority (60%) of bathing scald burns occurred in the sink. • There is a need to update bathing recommendations to include running water and bathing locations as risk factors for burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Environmental factors such as bathing may play a role in atopic dermatitis (AD) development. This analysis utilized data from the Community Assessment of Skin Care, Allergies, and Eczema (CASCADE) Trial (NCT03409367), a randomized controlled trial of emollient therapy for AD prevention in the general population, to estimate bathing frequency and associated factors within the first 9 weeks of life. Methods: Data were collected from 909 parent/newborn dyads recruited from 25 pediatric and family medicine clinics from the Meta‐network Learning and Research Center (Meta‐LARC) practice‐based research network (PBRN) consortium in Oregon, North Carolina, Colorado, and Wisconsin for the CASCADE trial. Ordinal logistic regression was used to conduct a cross‐sectional analysis of the association between bathing frequency (measured in baths per week) and demographic, medical, and lifestyle information about the infant, their family, and their household. Variables were selected using a backwards‐stepwise method and estimates from the reduced model are reported in the text. Results: Moisturizer use (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.54–2.68), Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.42–2.72), a parental education level lower than a 4‐year college degree (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.70–3.62), living in North Carolina or Wisconsin (compared to Oregon; OR = 2.12 and 1.47, 95% CI: 1.53–2.93 and 1.04–2.08, respectively), and increasing child age (in days; OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.02) were significantly associated with more frequent bathing, while pet ownership (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52–0.87) was significantly associated with less frequent bathing. Conclusions: We found significant ethnic, geographic, and socioeconomic variation in bathing frequency before 9 weeks of age that may be of relevance to AD prevention studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the sixteenth century, Fray Diego Durán gave rise to a scholarly myth that the primary purpose of Nahua ritual baths was "purification." This article deconstructs his interpretation, focusing on baths performed on deities' impersonators (ixiptla), and particularly the so-called tlaaltiltin, "bathed ones." It argues that "baths," which often consisted of merely sprinkling one's face with water, had, above all, a transformative power. In the case of deities' impersonators, they helped them change their ontological status, converting humans into gods and, sometimes, the other way around. The article concludes that the fabrication of a deity's ixiptla necessarily involved applying a special kind of liquid, different for every god. Like godly attires, these "waters" contained the god's traits or essence that enabled the transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Passive body heating before sleep is well known to lead to improved sleep. However, the effects of the degree of change in body temperature by bathing on sleep quality are unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the effects on sleep of bathing-induced changes in body temperature. Methods: Twenty-three healthy males and females in their 20 s to 50 s bathed in their homes 1.5–2 h before bedtime under three bathing conditions: showering only; short bathing in a bathtub; and long bathing in a bathtub. Sublingual and skin temperatures and thermal sensation before and after bathing, sleep indices such as sleep onset latency, time in bed, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset, all of which were evaluated using an actimeter, and subjective evaluations of sleep were compared among conditions. Results: Sublingual temperature just after bathing was significantly higher with long bathing than with other conditions, and the fall in sublingual temperature from after bathing to before sleep was significantly larger with long bathing than with short bathing. Sleep onset latency by actimeter was significantly reduced with long bathing compared to showering. In addition, subjective evaluations of falling asleep and sleep quality were better with long bathing than with showering or short bathing. Conclusions: In conclusion, bathing conditions that produce a 0.9 °C increase in sublingual temperature appear effective for falling asleep and sleep quality, because core temperature shows a greater drop to before sleep than those producing an increase of about 0.3 °C increase in sublingual temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iranians have paid special attention to bath and bathing for a long time. Although they paid a lot of attention to bathing and observing hygiene and cleanliness during the Qajar period, as in previous periods, this study aims to find out the social distinctions that existed among the upper and lower classes of Iranian society in the Qajar era regarding the construction of a bath and the matter of bathing. is, show in this research, by using historical sources and descriptive-analytical method, an attempt was made to answer these questions by applying Bourdieu's theory of social differentiation: What was the view of the upper classes of Iranian society during the Qajar era on the construction of baths and the purpose of bathing; Did they have objective beyond maintaining health and cleanliness of the body? How did the lower classes of society perceive and engage with concept of bath and bathing? The premise of the research is based on the fact that although the purpose of the lower classes of society to go to the bathroom and take a bath was based on necessities such as cleaning the body in order to perform ablution and maintain cleanliness, hygiene and health, the purpose of the noble classes was to build a bathroom and The purpose of bathing, in addition to meeting the needs such as maintaining cleanliness, hygiene and health of the body, was that through the use of decorations in the construction of the bathroom or through entertainment, beautification and self-decoration during bathing, one's distinctive and distinctive features were also show reflect their distinctive and discriminating aspects to other strata and classes.

New evidence has emerged since the 2014 guidelines that further informs the management of atopic dermatitis (AD) with topical therapies. These guidelines update the 2014 recommendations for management of AD with topical therapies. To provide evidence-based recommendations related to management of AD in adults using topical treatments. A multidisciplinary workgroup conducted a systematic review and applied the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) approach for assessing the certainty of evidence and formulating and grading recommendations. The workgroup developed 12 recommendations on the management of AD in adults with topical therapies, including nonprescription agents and prescription topical corticosteroids (TCS), calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (PDE-4), antimicrobials, and antihistamines. The pragmatic decision to limit the literature review to English-language randomized trials may have excluded data published in other languages and relevant long-term follow-up data. Strong recommendations are made for the use of moisturizers, TCIs, TCS, and topical PDE-4 and JAK inhibitors. Conditional recommendations are made for the use of bathing and wet wrap therapy and against the use of topical antimicrobials, antiseptics, and antihistamines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Bradburne's (1921–1979) poetics of sacred space and sacred waters highlights a geo-specific correlation between theology and topophilia. There is a world of water enclosed within the sacred woods and mountains, rocks, grottoes, and caves where this lay Franciscan servant of God prayed and had his ecstatic visions. The topophilia and cosmology of the Canticle of the Creatures of Saint Francis underlie Bradburne's poetic inspiration, as waters flow in profusion from fountains, lakes, rivers, wells, and pools. The scope of the present research is to chart Bradburne's Franciscan and Marian devotion and the dynamics determining the sacralisation of spaces and lustral waters. Thus, the action of Bradburne bathing patients in the Mutemwa leper colony near Mutoko, together with the pool of water on Mount Chigona where Bradburne bathed, contextualised a space of purification, contemplation, and harmony, while the civil war raged around Mashonaland in Zimbabwe. The element of water seems to map out Bradburne's mystic life, from his birthplace near the Lake District and Devon to Lourdes and Assisi, to India, the waters of Galilee, and the Libyan oasis—and, eventually, to the pool on Mount Chigona. Since Bradburne's death, the Mount has become a site of pilgrimage and devotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace element concentrations and isotope ratios of hair reflect the blood levels at the time of hair formation, but can be affected by external factors such as dyeing, bleaching, and bathing. To investigate the effect of dyeing, bleaching, and bathing on hair, hair was immersed in tap water, and changes in trace element concentrations and the Sr isotope ratio were observed over time. During soaking, alkaline earth metals (Ca, Mg, and Sr) from tap water were gradually absorbed into the hair over time. After about one day, the adsorption capacity of hair reached a maximum and the reverse reaction started to occur. In contrast, alkaline metals (Na and K) behaved in reverse. In dyed and bleached hair, Na was significantly desorbed from the hair and gradually migrated to the water over time. The adsorption and desorption of trace elements were minimal in untreated original hair, but much higher in dyed and bleached hair. Thus, dyeing and bleaching appear to damage the hair surface structure and greatly promote the exchange of trace elements. The rapid exchange of trace elements, including Sr, between hair and tap water observed in this study indicates that hair samples can be easily contaminated during bathing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionally impaired people always have difficulty accomplishing activities of daily living. In this regard, tasks including toileting and bathing have a higher prevalence rate of injuries and greater risk of falling. In this study, a body-transfer wheelchair was developed to assist people in transferring from bed to wheelchair for bathing, and toileting. The body-transfer wheelchair is a semi-automatic wheelchair that has features such as a controlled leg and backrest, linkage commode slot, and height adjustment. The wheelchair consists of a seat and a main frame that can be detached to enable bathtub transfer. This mechanism lets the user stay on the seat while being transferred into the bathtub without any risk of falling. A linkage mechanism was developed as a part of the seat for ease of toileting. Kinematic and force analysis was conducted to calculate the force required for each actuator. It has been proved by the experimental results that the wheelchair can securely and comfortably transfer a patient from the bed to the toilet or bathtub. A survey has been conducted to evaluate the wheelchair prototype design idea. Two focus groups were chosen: one comprised of functionally impaired people, and the other comprised of caregivers. The results of the survey show that 60% of both functionally impaired people and caregivers would like to use the body-transfer wheelchair for toileting and bathing purpose. Additionally, on average 65% of both focus groups find it convenient to operate the body-transfer wheelchair independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionWorking dogs routinely operate in environmental conditions which may necessitate daily bathing to remove contaminants or soilage. The impacts of frequent or repeated bathing on the canine dermal microbiota are unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in canine dermal microbial populations following repeated daily bathing.MethodsLabrador retrievers (n = 16) were bathed daily using a dilute dish detergent solution (1.6% detergent solution) over the course of 14 days. Dermal microbial DNA was collected via sterile swabs (n = 142) taken at days 0, 7, 14, 16, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 and analyzed for alpha diversity, beta diversity and relative abundance to assess changes in the dermal microbiota via 16 s sequencing.ResultsResults indicate that daily bathing significantly increased Shannon diversity, Chao1, and several rare amplicon sequence variants. Although typically reported in highest abundance, relative abundance was decreased in the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria (p

When compared with other age groups, fatal drowning rates among seniors have stayed static. This study identifies causal factors in unintentional bathtub drowning deaths among people aged 65 years and over. This study is a 10-year (2003-2012) total population retrospective survey of all unintentional bathtub (baths, spa baths and showers) drowning deaths afflicting people aged 65 years and over. Data were sourced from the Australian National Coronial Information System. Risk factors and circumstantial variables were analysed including sex, age, activity prior to drowning, alcohol, drugs, pre-existing medical conditions, living circumstances, time until found, and performance of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). There were 32 fatalities (20 females, 12 males); 41% drowned after a fall into the bath. High blood alcohol (≥0.05%) was disproportionately represented. Twenty-six people (81%) had a pre-existing medical condition, deemed contributory in 19 cases including cardiac (n=9) and sarcopenia or frailty (n=5). Of those with medical conditions, 69% had blood levels of prescribed drugs, commonly analgesics (n=10). Seven cases recorded both drugs and alcohol. In half of all fatalities (50%), the person resided alone. In ten cases (31%) the person was not found for one or more days. Bathtub drowning afflicting the elderly poses an unmet challenge. This study has identified five areas for targeted prevention: Pre-existing medical conditions, alcohol, falls in the bath, review of medications; and if practical, advising family members of bathing. Increased awareness of drowning among this age group (and carers) is required as the aged population increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canals and canalized rivers form a major part of surface water systems in European delta cities and societal ambitions to use these waters increase. This is the first assessment of how suitability of these waters can improve for three important uses: transportation, thermal energy extraction (TEE) and recreation. We assess suitability with Suitability Indices (SIs) and identify which alterations in the water system are needed to improve SI scores in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Ghent, Belgium. The results show spatial variability in suitability scores. Current suitability for transportation is low (SI score = 1) to excellent (SI score = 4), for TEE fair (SI score = 2) to excellent (SI score = 4), and suitability for recreation is low (SI score = 1). Suitability could improve by enlarging specific waterway dimensions, increasing discharge and clarity, and by enhancing microbiological water quality. The same methodology can be applied to optimize designs for new water bodies and for more water uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bathing in a tub is integral to Japanese culture. It improves palliative care patients' symptoms and may improve quality of life. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and impressions of bathing for terminally ill cancer patients and its relations to the evaluations of perceived end-of-life care and achievement of a good death. Design: This was a cross-sectional, anonymous, self-report questionnaire survey. Setting/Subjects: The questionnaire for this study was sent to bereaved family members who had lost loved ones in 14 general hospitals and 187 palliative care wards in Japan. Measurements: The bereaved family members of the patients who had actually bathed were asked about their impression of bathing. The short version of the Good Death Inventory (GDI) and the Care Evaluation Scale were used to evaluate ?achievement of a good death.? In total, 1819 surveys were sent between July and September 2018 to bereaved family members of patients who had died between February 2014 and January 2018 in 14 general hospitals and 187 palliative care wards in Japan. Overall 885 questionnaires (valid response rate 48%) returned by bereaved family members were analyzed. Results: Overall, 85% of bereaved family members of patients who bathed evaluated the experience positively, 86% reported that the patient's face seemed to become calm after the bath, and 28% of bereaved family members whose loved one had not bathed reported regretting it. The total GDI score for the bereaved family's desired death was 82.7???13.0 for the bathing group and 75.4???15.7 for the no bathing group, a significant difference (effect size?=?0.52, p?0.01). Conclusions: Bathing before death was evaluated positively and was associated with the achievement of a good death.

Threats in water areas have forced the legislator to address the issues related to the safety of people staying in these areas, who are required to exercise due diligence in order to protect the life and health of themselves and others. Due diligence is a fundamental factor in providing security. Along with diligence, to perform water rescue it was appropriate to conduct an analysis of threats, including an identification of the places where the safety of people using water areas for swimming, bathing, practising water sports, and recreation, could be endangered. The analysis was conducted by entities who are professionals in the field of water security, i.e. the Police and the bodies authorised to perform water rescue.

Abstract Objectives It has been known that the use of moisturizers is useful in preventing the onset and maintaining remission of atopic dermatitis (AD). We recently focused on the moisturizing effect of natural mineral dissolved water and have conducted various studies. In this study, we investigated whether the bath treatment using natural mineral dissolved water can improve dry skin in AD patient in prospective nonblind, nonrandomized controlled study. Methods Thirteen adults with almost clear to moderate AD took bath therapy using tap water for 13 days, followed by bath therapy using natural mineral dissolved water for 13 days. Changes in the severity scoring, patient‐oriented eczema measure, pruritus numerical rating scale, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration were evaluated at day1, 14 and 28. Results Tap water using bath treatment did not change the severity scoring and itch associated score, and it partially decrease TEWL when compared with baseline condition. Bath treatment using natural mineral dissolved water slightly decrease eczema area and severity index (EASI) score and significantly decrease TEWL with respect to baseline condition. Moreover, in relatively severe AD analysis, bath treatment with mineral dissolved water significantly decreased EASI and TEWL. Conclusions Based on these results, bathing with natural mineral dissolved water may be effective in improving the dry skin of atopic dermatitis. Further studies are needed to evaluate its effects more clearly.

Body weight or anthropometric measure is the most important and most frequently used measure to see the development of infants. Stimulating the growth in infants aged 4 to 6 months can be done in two ways: massage the baby's body and continue by bathing or swimming. This study aimed to analyze the effect of massage and bathing or swimming on an infant's weight gain in Kinara Mom and Baby Spa, Kerkep village, Gurah district, Kediri regency. The research design is quasi-experimental, with one group pre-test-post-test design approach, carried out in August–October 2021. The sample was babies aged 4–6 months using purposive sampling with a sample size of 20 babies—independent variables were baby massage and bathing or swimming on infants, and the dependent variable was weight gain. The instrument used is a weight-monitoring sheet. Data were analyzed using pairs sample t-test analysis. The results showed that all 20 babies experienced weight gain. The conclusion is that massage and bathing or swimming affect weight gain in infants aged 4–6 months.

Introduction: Moisturizers play an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier by increasing stratum corneum hydration (SCH) and reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). According to dermatology and allergy guidelines, moisturizers should be applied on the skin within 3 min after bathing or showering. However, there is very little evidence supporting this recommendation. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of immediate and delayed moisturizing after bathing/washing on the improvement of SCH and TEWL. Methods: This was a crossover study of 60 healthy Vietnamese volunteers aged 18–25 years. In each subject, SCH and TEWL levels were measured at three areas: non‐moisturized, immediate moisturizing after washing, and delayed moisturizing at 30 min after washing. Results: In non‐moisturized skin, SCH and TEWL levels were significantly different from the baseline at 60 min after washing, while significantly decreased TEWL levels were observed immediately after moisturizing. In addition, moisturized skin had significantly higher SCH and lower TEWL levels compared with non‐moisturized areas at every time point (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the percentage changes of SCH and TEWL levels from baseline did not differ between immediately and delayed moisturized areas. Conclusions: Tested moisturizer helped increase SCH and decrease TEWL; however, there was no difference in moisturizing effectiveness between immediate and delayed moisturizing in healthy skin. The recommendation of immediate application of moisturizers after bathing/washing should be reconsidered, and more studies are needed to establish a stronger recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent works on the categorisation of ancient Judaism have begun to call into question the division between Judaism and Hellenism, often reified as two distinct cultural spheres, even as scholars seek to explain texts and artefacts which show elements traditionally ascribed either to Judaism or Hellenism. These theoretical formulations have made some impact in the discussion of ancient Jewish texts but have so far failed to be fully appreciated in archaeological and architectural scholarship. This article will present the Magdala bathhouse (Galilee) as an example which forces us to re-evaluate the construction of Judaism and Hellenism. It proposes that we should view Judaism as an integral part of Hellenism, and any cultural output of ancient Judaism should be interpreted as a full participant in any definition of Hellenism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Meeting the needs of an ageing population, particularly in the global South, is increasingly an issue for WASH service provision. An ageing-related issue for women, warranting specific attention from the WASH sector, is the perimenopause, but this is often not discussed publicly. Drawing on data from the UK and Ghana, this paper provides recommendations for meeting the additional WASH needs of women as they experience the perimenopause (the transition period to menopause). Finding these ‘hidden’ needs involved a UK-based phenomenological review and mixed feminist methods in two low-income urban communities in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. The hidden WASH needs of perimenopausal women included understanding the perimenopause, menstrual hygiene management, urine incontinence management, bathing, and laundry. Community awareness, engagement and empowerment, and ensuring good perimenopausal health can begin to address these needs. Infrastructural measures for perimenopausal women include a continuous water supply, user-friendly bathing and laundry infrastructure, and gender-sensitive, accessible toilets with discrete sanitary disposal bins. High-absorbency sanitary products are important for managing heavy menstruation. A better understanding of the needs of perimenopausal women and training on how to meet these would benefit the WASH sector in ensuring that perimenopausal women are not left behind in efforts to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. HIGHLIGHTS The perimenopause has not been considered in WASH.; Perimenopausal women's WASH needs are ‘hidden’ and targeted techniques are needed to reveal them.; Erratic menstruation patterns at perimenopause require changes in menstrual products and sanitation behaviour change.; Perimenopausal women's practices highlight bathing and laundry as neglected in WASH.; Existing WASH solutions can meet perimenopausal women's needs.;

The purpose of this study was to determine patients' perspectives on missed hygiene care and identify barriers to successful implementation using a focus group. Findings showed a lack of education and assistance; staff may contribute to this missed task. Nursing staff should re-prioritize bathing to impact patient outcomes positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]