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Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TÜBA-AR: Turkish Academy of Sciences, Journal of Archaeology is the property of Turkish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The exercise stress test (EST) is a common procedure to evaluate cardiovascular functions. However, the EST is not suitable for daily use, is sometimes risky, and even accompanies fatal incidents of myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and sudden death during the test. The aim of this study was to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV) behaviors in the EST and during bathing, and to explore if daily bathing can serve as a potential alternative means of performing the EST. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were collected from 10 healthy subjects during the EST and bathing test (BT). The EST follows the modified Bruce protocol. ECG collection in the BT was conducted at five water temperatures ranging from 37 to 41 degrees Celsius (°C); each BT lasted 15 min. Twenty-three HRV features were used to group different bathing conditions corresponding to the EST stages using the Voronoi diagram method in terms of HRV behaviors. In all equivalent EST stages of BTs at the five water temperatures, the low stage, medium stage, and high stage account for 17.86%, 52.86%, and 29.29%, respectively. The results show that higher water temperatures and longer bathing durations in BT correspond to higher stages in the EST. The BT at the most severe condition of 41 °C and 15 min corresponds to a high EST stage in terms of HRV behavior. The results suggest that daily bathing can serve not only for healthcare monitoring but also as a reference for an at-home alternative to the EST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, deaths in bathtubs or bathtub deaths are frequently investigated as unnatural deaths. About 19,000 bathtub deaths occur annually in Japan. This pattern of death has become a social issue in forensic pathology and emergency medicine and public health. It is assumed that the death of an adult by drowning in a bathtub cannot be avoided due to disturbance of consciousness. The PubMed database was used for literature search using the retrieval words, "bathing "OR" bathtub "AND" submersion "OR" drowning "OR" death "OR" cardiopulmonary arrest". From the epidemiological characteristics and pathophysiological findings of bath mortality in Japan, three etiologies of impaired consciousness have been proposed: acute ischemic heart failure, heatstroke, and blood pressure fluctuation. Moreover, other causes such as epilepsy and alcohol or drug intake cannot be ignored as potential risks for death in a bathtub. It is also important to note the possibility of suicide and, although extremely rare, homicide in a bathtub. Despite research, the exact causal relationship between bathtub bathing and death remains unclear. Further, the cause of death by postmortem investigation is not always easily determined. Hence, it is desirable to carry out a field survey of causes of death, including bathing conditions, and, wherever possible, a complete autopsy survey. An exclusion of critical cases such as crime-related death, suicide, drug poisoning, and carbon monoxide poisoning is optimal. Of the many hypotheses about the causes of bathtub mortality, the most consistent hypothesis will be medically inferred from the death history, case findings, and test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses narrative, time and causality in current general histories of jazz, in the context of the ontological turn in the field. It proposes that jazz studies should go beyond romance as the dominant historical emplotment, pluralize their narratives, and establish a new historiographical relationship to the past in order to produce a truly global, decentred and decolonized history of the genre. The article is divided in three sections, which successively explore historical narratives, representations of time and causality in the past, and some theoretical problems in global and local histories. The phenomenon of "lone wolf " terrorism, which has increasingly attracted the attention of scholars, consists of terror attacks perpetrated without the operational involvement of terrorist organizations in initiating, planning, or executing the attack. This phenomenon lacks a clear center of gravity directing the actions of "lone wolf " terrorists; and as such, it is crucial to understand the system of motivations influencing independent assailants to perpetrate attacks. This article is based on extensive studies conducted on the motivations of "lone wolf " terrorists by the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. It seeks to contribute to the literature on the topic by proposing a new model. The "Bathtub Model" suggests that the process of the formation of the "lone wolf 's" decision to perpetrate an attack can be akin to a container of water (such as a bath), which would be filled up by various sources of water, each representing groups and subgroups of motivations. The upper threshold of the "bathtub" model represents therefore the maximal level of the "lone wolf 's" ability to contain his motivations, frustrations, and emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comfort is required for soaking in bathwater. Although several studies investigated comfort during soaking from a biomechanical viewpoint, these previous studies employed two-dimensional models in the sagittal plane of a bather. The objectives of this study were to take three-dimensional postures of the bather into account and to evaluate the biomechanical loads for three-dimensional soaking postures. A three-dimensional biomechanical model was constructed, and an experiment to measure the soaking postures and reaction forces from the bathtub was conducted for eight participants. In addition, a supplementary experiment to measure the passive elastic joint torques was conducted for the same participants as well. Using the experimental results, the joint torques during soaking were calculated. In addition, the biomechanical load during soaking was defined as the sum of weighted joint torques, and the weighting coefficients were determined so that the tendencies of the biomechanical load were consistent with those of sensory evaluation of comfort. Finally, the biomechanical loads were calculated for various bathtub conditions and evaluated. It was found that the contributions of joint torques at the hip and neck to the comfort were dominant. It was also found that hip joint torques not only in the flexion/extension direction but also in the abduction/adduction direction were affected by the difference in bathtub length. It was suggested that the biomechanical load in the convex foot wall was smaller than those in the flat and concave ones for male bathers.

We introduce a new flexible class of continuous distributions via the Hjorth's IDB model. We provide some mathematical properties of the new family. Characterizations based on two truncated moments, conditional expectation as well as in terms of the hazard function are presented. The maximum likelihood method is used for estimating the model parameters. We assess the performance of the maximum likelihood estimators in terms of biases and mean squared errors by means of the simulation study. A new regression model as well as residual analysis are presented. Finally, the usefulness of the family is illustrated by means of four real data sets. The new model provides consistently better fits than other competitive models for these data sets.

Abstract Background Increased smartphone use among minors makes our population more prone to electrical injury. Despite regulations on electrical home safety standards, smartphones and chargers still pose a risk for severe injury among users. Case presentation We present a case of a patient with low-voltage electrical burns due to smartphone use in a bathtub. The 13-year-old Caucasian patient was using a smartphone plugged into the electrical grid while taking a bath. We report the burns and their treatment. We discuss the likely burn mechanism. Conclusions Burn wounds after electrical injury due to smartphone use are rare. The presented case shows the danger of smartphone use in bathtubs.

Coastal zones are dynamic spaces where human activities and infrastructure are exposed to natural forces, climate change and extreme weather events such as storm surges. Coastal inundation is regarded as one of the most dangerous and destructive natural hazards, and while there are many studies to analyse these events, GIS based methods are limited. This research aimed at developing a GIS based enhanced Bathtub Model (eBTM) that improves on the widely used simple Bathtub Model (sBTM) to make it more appropriate to a storm surge related coastal inundation context. The eBTM incorporates beach slope, surface roughness and instils hydrological connectivity relevant for event scale coastal flooding, unlike the sBTM which only uses topographic elevation above sea level as input. For a test site in Cape Town, South Africa, inundation levels for 3 independent scenarios were calculated using the average spring tides level, extreme sea level for a 1-in-100-year storm and two sea-level rise scenarios. Each scenario was run on both the sBTM and the eBTM developed through this study. Comparing the results, the eBTM method overall produced more conservative inundation results and also produced less disconnected areas of (unrealistic) inundation. The eBTM also produces inundation water levels relative to structures, thus showing the potential for quantifying the coastal inundation risk to infrastructure, which is of relevance in the disaster response context. Additionally, the impact of using Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) instead of Digital Surface Models (DSM) on the inundation results was tested. The use of a DSM, including buildings and other objects, showed more realistic trajectories of the inundation water moving through the model area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soaking in bathwater has been a familiar custom for the Japanese for a long period of time. The authors discussed bathing comfort from the viewpoint of biomechanics in a previous study. However, it took a lot of effort to evaluate the joint torques during soaking in the water while conducting the experiments. Therefore, it was required to estimate the soaking postures and center of pressure (COP) in order to conduct the biomechanical evaluation with minimal experiments. The objective of this research was to develop an algorithm to estimate soaking posture and COP. In this study, it was assumed that a human took a soaking posture in the bathtub so as to minimize muscle exertion, that is, to minimize the joint torque as much as possible. Based on this assumption, an algorithm to estimate the soaking posture was constructed as an optimization problem of the objective function. An experiment was conducted for the purpose of validating the estimation algorithm. In this experiment, three kinds of bathtub shapes were tested for five healthy males. As a result, the estimated posture and COP were in good agreement with the measured one. The maximum error of the joint angle was 6.0% among all participants. The average values of the error in the location of the COP for each condition were 0.01 m or less. From the results of the present study, the possibility of estimation the joint torque is suggested.

Sudden death in the bathtub occurs relatively frequently in Japan, particularly among elderly people. We hypothesize that sudden death in epilepsy occurring in the bathtub (SDEPB) can be distinguished from sudden death in nonepilepsy occurring in the bathtub (SDnonEPB), but is identical to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office conducts postmortem examinations for all sudden and unexpected deaths in Tokyo. Clinical, social, and autopsy findings of 43 SDEPB were compared with 76 SDnonEPB, 50 SUDEP outside the bathtub, and Japanese forensic autopsy data as controls. Extension of the leg(s) outside the bathtub was seen in 33% of SDEPB, but none of SDnonEPB. Sitting position was seen less frequently in SDEPB (37%) than in SDnonEPB (64%). Lung weight and pleural effusion volume were significantly lower in SDEPB than in SDnonEPB. Age at death in SDEPB was significantly younger than that in SDnonEPB. Sudden death in epilepsy occurring in the bathtub showed no differences in lung weight and pleural effusion volume from SUDEP. Living with family was more frequent in SDEPB (73%) than in SUDEP (48%). Few antiepileptic drugs, infrequent seizures, and low rate of mental retardation were identical between SDEPB and SUDEP. Lung weight was significantly heavier in all three groups than in age- and sex- matched autopsy controls. Leg extension outside the bathtub, lower lung weight, and absence of pleural effusion distinguish SDEPB from SDnonEPB in elderly people. Sudden death in epilepsy occurring in the bathtub may represent a form of SUDEP occurring in the bathtub, rather than drowning despite submergence in the bathtub at discovery. Conditions for bathing require careful attention from physicians and relatives, even for patients with epilepsy with few medications and infrequent seizures, and without mental retardation. • Clinical, social, and autopsy findings of SDEPB were compared with SDnonEPB and SUDEP. • Leg extension outside the bathtub and seated position distinguish SDEPB from SDnonEPB. • SDEPB shows no differences in lung weight and pleural effusion volume from SUDEP. • Few antiepileptic drugs and infrequent seizures are identical between SDEPB and SUDEP. • SDEPB may represent a form of SUDEP occurring in the bathtub, rather than drowning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the bathtub drowning mortality among older adults in Japan. Mortality data from Japan and 30 other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries were extracted from World Health Organization Cause of Death Query Online. During 2012-2014, unintentional drowning mortality rates in Japan were 9.5, 28.2 and 39.7 per 100,000 population for adults aged 65-74, 75-84 and ≥85 years, respectively-rates highest among the 31 OECD countries. In total, 6377 older adults aged ≥65 years died from unintentional drowning in 2014, of which 4857 (76%) deaths involved bathtubs. During 1995-2014, the bathtub drowning mortality rate for adults aged ≥65 years was stable in Japan. During 2011-2014, approximately 4800 older adults died from bathtub drowning annually. Death predominantly occurred 'while in a bathtub', rather than 'following a fall into a bathtub'. In 2014, 95% and 87% of bathtub drowning deaths among older women and men aged ≥65 years, respectively, occurred at home. In conclusion, bathtub drowning deaths at home is an important public health problem among older adults Japanese and efforts are needed to reduce these preventable deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total phosphorus (TP) standards for lakes differ from those for rivers in GB3838-2002. This disjunction may lead to the failure of lake-water quality improvement plans that control nutrient inputs from inflow rivers. With monthly monitoring data for the period 2009-2015, Northwest Lake Taihu was regarded as a case study and the BATHTUB model was utilised to simulate the correspondence between concentrations of TP in the lake and in its inflow rivers. A control plan for TP in Northwest Lake Taihu's inflow rivers is proposed. To guarantee the fulfillment of the control goals of TP in the lake, concentration of TP in the inflow rivers of North Zone, Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay and Gonghu Bay should be reduced by 50%, 58%, 18% and 11%, respectively, and TP flux loads should be maintained under 227.35, 173.39, 113.69 and 90.62 ta-1, respectively. Meanwhile, total TP influxes from Northwest Lake Taihu should be maintained under 604.63 ta-1. A control plan that is more restrictive than GB3838-2002 should be proposed to address the TP pollution of the lake. This research provides the foundation for quantifying reduction of the nutrient loading from the catchment and for maintaining Lake Taihu and other typical eutrophic lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several previous studies investigated comfort while soaking in hot bathwater from the perspective of thermal effects or physiology. However, few studies investigated bathing comfort from the perspective of biomechanics, although the biomechanical state in bathing, such as buoyancy on a human and the degree of muscle contraction is expected to be changed according to soaking postures. Indeed, only a few studies from the biomechanical viewpoint provided biomechanical models. In addition, the provide models were insufficient to discuss biomechanical loads in detail. The objective of this study was to evaluate soaking postures considering the effects of buoyancy, muscle contraction and passive elastic joint moment from the perspective of biomechanics and to evaluate biomechanical loads in detail. Soaking postures and reaction forces from the bathtub to a human were measured for ten healthy male participants and under two bathtub conditions (recent bathtub and conventional one). A three-dimensional motion analysis system and waterproofed three-dimensional force plates were used to measure the experimental data. A biomechanical model in which a human body was represented as a link of body segments was constructed. The torque due to buoyancy and passive elastic joint moment were considered in the model. The result showed that all the torque components due to buoyancy, gravity, reaction forces, and passive elastic joint moment contributed to the joint torques and each torque component was changed between bathtub conditions. In addition, joint torques on the ankle and knee joints in the recent bathtub were significantly smaller than those in the conventional bathtub. These results suggested that the bathing posture in the recent bathtub was more comfortable than that in the conventional one. Furthermore, the difference in joint torques between bathtub conditions suggested a potential benefit for designing bathtub shape, in which know-how of developers or subjective assessment is relied previously, with quantifying from biomechanical viewpoint.

The paper presents example results of numerical and photogrammetric analysis leading to identify the causes of cracking and wrinkling during bathtub W1200 production. The verification of tools for the stamping of bathtub W1200 was performed using finite element method and photogrammetric system ATOS Triple Scan. A series of industrial tests was conducted to identify the model parameters. The major and minor strain distributions obtained from the finite element simulations were used in conjunction with the forming limit diagram to predict the onset of fracture. In addition, the effects of blank holder pressure and friction on the occurrence of fracture and wrinkling were investigated.

In order to improve comfort in soaking in the bathwater, the relationship between the biomechanical load and the bathtub shape has to be clarified. For this purpose, many soaking experiments had to be conducted since it was necessary to measure the reaction forces acting on a human from the bathtub experimentally. The objective of this study was to construct an algorithm to estimate reaction forces from a bathtub in order to calculate joint torque as biomechanical loads without experiments for given bathtub shapes and soaking postures. This algorithm calculates distribution of reaction forces which minimizes weighted summation of i) sum of squares of reaction forces, ii) joint torques of hip and knee joints and iii) friction force on the back, considering gravity, buoyancy and passive elastic joint torque. The weighting coefficients were expressed as a function of bathing posture including parameters determined for each person to reflect influence of differences among the individual. In order to examine this algorithm, an experiment to obtain the bathing posture and reaction forces for 10 participants and 24 posture conditions was conducted. It was found that the estimated reaction forces were consistent well with the measured values.

In this article, we propose a new class of distribution which is based on the concept of exponentiated generalization with some modification so as to provide a better result in terms of flexibility. Our proposed distribution accommodates various shapes of hazard rate including the bathtub. Exponential distribution has been taken as the baseline distribution. Various statistical properties of the proposed distribution have been studied. We have used the method of maximum likelihood for estimation of the parameters of the proposed model. Last, we have analyzed four real datasets to illustrate the flexibility of the model in comparison to eight existing well-known distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]