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Abstract Background Various techniques are available for elevating the sinus membrane. The aim of this study is to evaluate three methods of indirect sinus floor elevation regarding elevation heights of 7 mm on the outcomes of membrane perforation, length of perforation, and time required to perform the procedure. Methods Three different methods for indirect sinus lifting, bone added osteotome sinus floor elevation (BAOSFE), sinus floor elevation with an inflatable balloon, and crestal approach system (CAS kit) from OSSTEM, were assessed for their ability to lift the sinus without causing laceration of the Schneiderian membrane. The study was performed on 18 freshly slaughtered sheep heads (36 sinus lifts were done, 12 for each method). CBCT images of the heads were taken to assess the best location for the sinus lift. Then, the heads were bisected and the membrane was exposed from the medial aspect. After that, each method was performed. The intended elevation height was 7 mm. If the 7 mm were not reached, the maximum height of elevation was measured. Results The method used was significantly associated with the occurrence of perforation (p value = 0.014) where BAOSFE was associated with the largest number of perforations (58.4%, n = 7) compared to 8.3% and 8.3% for the balloon and CAS kit methods, respectively. The odds ratio for perforation occurrence from BAOSFE compared to the CAS kit was significant (OR = 0.091, p = .022). No significant odds ratio was found for the balloon method compared to CAS kit. Additionally, the method used was significantly associated with time of operation and with the length of perforation (p value

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Introduction: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging recently has become a very common diagnostic tool in the orthodontic literature. Recent research work has shown that CBCT imaging would give additional information regarding the volumetric assessment of the craniofacial structures. However, the previous published work has not considered the impact of the anterior-posterior skeletal classification and the vertical skeletal pattern on the volumetric assessment of the maxillary and mandibular bones. Aim: To evaluate maxillary and mandibular volumes (MxV and MdV, respectively) in hyper-divergent skeletal Class II (CII) and normo-divergent skeletal Class I (CI) patients and to investigate any possible correlation between CBCT derived lateral cephalometric variables and the calculated volumes. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 60 patients (30 patients: CI, 30 patients: CII) were obtained and processed with Mimics® 17 software (Materialise, NV, Belgium). The threedimensional models of both jaws were reconstructed and the related volumes were calculated using a novel approach. CBCT based cephalograms were also derived and linear and angular measurements of the craniofacial complex were obtained. Significance tests were based on t-tests (alpha set at 5%) and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: No significant differences were detected between the two groups in the MxV (p=0.435) and the MdV (p=0.507). In the CI group, no or weak correlations were found between the volumetric measurements and the 2D variables. In the CII group, there was a strong correlation between both MxV and MdV and both the posterior facial height (r=0.60, 0.78 respectively) and the facial height index (r=0.62, 0.72 respectively). A negative moderate correlation was found between both MxV and MdV and the mandibular plane angle (r=-0.48, -0.44 respectively) and Bjork's sum (r=-0.48, -0.44 respectively). Conclusion: There were no significant differences in the MxV and MdV between CI and CII skeletal patterns. Some cephalometric variables had moderate to strong correlation with the MxV and MdV in the CII group.