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The existence of human sacrifice in Pharaonic civilization has been a subject of debate since the end of the 19th century. It remains somewhat of a taboo subject, generally glossed over or refuted as incompatible with the «degree of civilization» reached by the Egyptians. In his authoritative article (1981), J. Yoyotte nonetheless shows proof of human sacrifices at all periods. Even if execution is not refuted in Ancient Egypt in the case of punishment meted out by the king or judges following a rebellion or a crime, the practice is much more difficult to acknowledge in a framework of magic or religious rituals. A very puzzling death scene portrayed on two Early Dynastic labels will be used as a basis of study to understand these practices and their evolution., La question de l'existence du sacrifice humain dans la civilisation pharaonique a fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses depuis la fin du 19ème siècle. Elle demeure quelque peu tabou, généralement occultée, voire niée car jugée incompatible avec le «degré de civilisation» atteint par les Egyptiens. Le magistral article de J. Yoyotte (1981) en montre pourtant de nombreuses occurences à toutes les époques. Si la mise à mort est admise pour l'Egypte ancienne dans le cadre de châtiments infligés par le roi ou par l’appareil judiciaire à la suite d’une rébellion ou d’un délit, elle reste beaucoup plus difficile à accepter dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de rituels magiques ou religieux. Une curieuse scène de mise à mort sur deux étiquettes thinites est le point de départ d’une réflexion et de quelques pistes de recherches à envisager pour appréhender ces pratiques et leur évolution., Baud Michel, Étienne Marc. Le vanneau et le couteau. Un rituel monarchique sacrificiel dans l'Égypte de la Ire dynastie. In: Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil, n°10, 2000. Le sacrifice humain en contexte funéraire. pp. 1-22.

INTRODUCTION: A major issue raised by the public health consequences of a heat wave is the difficulty of detecting its direct consequences on patient outcome, particularly because of the delay in obtaining definitive mortality results. Since emergency department (ED) activity reflects the global increase of patients' health problems during this period, the profile of patients referred to EDs might be a basis to detect an excess mortality in the catchment area. Our objective was to develop a real-time surveillance model based on ED data to detect excessive heat-related mortality as early as possible. METHODS: A day-to-day composite indicator was built using simple and easily obtainable variables related to patients referred to the ED during the 2003 heat-wave period. The design involved a derivation and validation study based on a real-time surveillance system of two EDs at Cochin Hospital and H?-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France. The participants were 99,976 adult patients registered from 1 May to 30 September during 2001, 2002 and 2003. Among these participants, 3,297, 3,580 and 3,851 patients were referred to the EDs from 3 August to 19 August for 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively. Variables retained for the indicator were selected using the receiver operating characteristic curve methodology and polynomial regression. RESULTS: The indicator was composed of only three variables: the percentage of patients older than 70 years, the percentage of patients with body temperature above 39 degrees C, and the percentage of patients admitted to or who died in the ED. The curve of the indicator with time appropriately fitted the overall mortality that occurred in the region of interest. CONCLUSION: A composite and simple index based on real-time surveillance was developed according to the profile of patients who visited the ED. It appeared suitable for determining the overall mortality in the corresponding region submitted to the 2003 heat wave. This index should help early warning of excessive mortality and monitoring the efficacy of public health interventions.

Le format de l'histoire. Annales royales et biographies de particuliers dans l'Égypte du IIIe millénaire : Actes du colloque du Collège de France, 2004

Die einzige von dem pharaonischen Ägypten hintergelassene topographische Karte, auf einem Papyrus aus dem 12. Jahrhundert v. Chr. erhalten, stellt einen Teil der ägyptischen Ostwüste dar. Die Untersuchung ihrer Struktur zeigt, dass es sich mehr um eine Streckenkarte als um eine Landschaft-skarte handelt., The only topographical map left by Pharaonic Egypt and kept on a papyrus dated 12th century BC shows some part of the Egyptian oriental desert. A study of its structure reveals that, according to the current terminology, it is rather a route than a map., L’unique carte topographique léguée par l’Egypte pharaonique, conservée sur un papyrus du XIIe siècle avant J.C., présente une partie du désert oriental égyptien. L’étude de sa structure montre qu’il s’agit plus d’un itinéraire que d’une carte, au sens actuel du terme., Baud Michel. La représentation de l'espace en Egypte ancienne : cartographie d’ un itinéraire d’expédition. In: Mappemonde, 1989/3. pp. 9-12.