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The expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems has shown the potential to generate enormous social good while also raising serious ethical and safety concerns. AI technology is increasingly adopted in transportation. A survey of various in-vehicle technologies found that approximately 64% of the respondents used a smartphone application to assist with their travel. The top-used applications were navigation and real-time traffic information systems. Among those who used smartphones during their commutes, the top-used applications were navigation and entertainment. There is a pressing need to address relevant social concerns to allow for the development of systems of intelligent agents that are informed and cognizant of ethical standards. Doing so will facilitate the responsible integration of these systems in society. To this end, we have applied Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to develop a formal Multi-Attribute Impact Assessment (MAIA) questionnaire for examining the social and ethical issues associated with the uptake of AI. We have focused on the domain of autonomous vehicles (AVs) because of their imminent expansion. However, AVs could serve as a stand-in for any domain where intelligent, autonomous agents interact with humans, either on an individual level (e.g., pedestrians, passengers) or a societal level.

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) raise important social and ethical concerns, especially about accountability, dignity, and justice. We focus on the specific concerns arising from how AV technology will affect the lives and livelihoods of professional and semi-professional drivers. Whereas previous studies of such concerns have focused on the opinions of experts, we seek to understand these ethical and societal challenges from the perspectives of the drivers themselves. To this end, we adopted a qualitative research methodology based on semi-structured interviews. This is an established social science methodology that helps understand the core concerns of stakeholders in depth by avoiding the biases of superficial methods such as surveys. We find that whereas drivers agree with the experts that AVs will significantly impact transportation systems, they are apprehensive about the prospects for their livelihoods and dismiss the suggestions that driving jobs are unsatisfying and their profession does not merit protection. By showing how drivers differ from the experts, our study has ramifications beyond AVs to AI and other advanced technologies. Our findings suggest that qualitative research applied to the relevant, especially disempowered, stakeholders is essential to ensuring that new technologies are introduced ethically.