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Refugee women face significant challenges when seeking employment in Western host countries. To advance gender-sensitive perspectives within migration and refugee research, this study examines differences in employment outcomes between refugee women and men. Specifically, this study provides a nuanced picture of six indicators of employment outcomes, including pay, fixed-term versus permanent employment contract, overqualification, career prospects, an at-home feeling in the workplace and the ability to talk to colleagues about personal problems. The study also shows that individuals' occupational status plays a role in gender disparities. Our findings, based on a recent survey of refugees working in Austria, reveal several gender gaps, with an especially significant gap regarding fixed-term employment contracts. Refugee women, who are more likely to be disadvantaged in employment outcomes, benefit disproportionately from working in high-skill jobs. The findings underscore the complex nature of gendered patterns in labour market integration of refugees and imply specific policies addressing gender inequality in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane proteins are vital to life and major therapeutic targets. Yet, understanding how they function is limited by a lack of structural information. In biological cells, membrane proteins reside in lipidic membranes and typically experience different buffer conditions on both sides of the membrane or even electric potentials and transmembrane gradients across the membranes. Proteoliposomes, which are lipidic vesicles filled with reconstituted membrane proteins, provide an ideal model system for structural and functional studies of membrane proteins under conditions that mimic nature to a certain degree. We discuss methods for the formation of liposomes and proteoliposomes, their imaging by cryo-electron microscopy, and the structural analysis of proteins present in their bilayer. We suggest the formation of ordered arrays akin to weakly ordered two-dimensional (2D) crystals in the bilayer of liposomes as a means to achieve high-resolution, and subsequent buffer modification as a method to capture snapshots of membrane proteins in action.

Electronic based systems (EBS) tend to become smaller in size while at the same time their functionality, complexity, and operating frequencies increase. Therefore, accurate and broadband characterization of the electric behavior of the components of such EBS is becoming more and more important for first‐time right designs, especially for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and interference (EMI) issues. Although many of the manufacturers provide the electric characterization of their components up to, for example, 8.5 GHz, there is still a lack of information about the parasitic electromagnetic coupling of their components to others. To characterize this behavior in terms of measurement is demanding due to the small size and the high frequencies, hence the characterization by means of numerical simulations has become popular in the last years. Due to the fact that the components can be quite complex and their structure hard to model and simulate, like it is the case for the here investigated multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC), simplified models of the geometry have been typically used. In general, the electromagnetic behavior of multiple components close to each other is of interest, hence numerical efficient models must be deployed to analyze interfering effects toward each other. In the present paper we evaluate different 3D modeling strategies for MLCCs in terms of their capabilities to characterize the mutual coupling between such components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near Field Communication (NFC) techniques are widely used within everyday activities, e.g., contactless payment systems or authentication. Regardless of the application typically the requirements on the antenna structure are manifold. Frequently limitations in the available space make the antenna design quite challenging especially if other conductive structures are close to the NFC antenna. In the present paper we propose to synthesize the geometry of proximity integrated circuit card (PICC) antennas according to class 6 in the presence of nearby metallic structures. The optimization relies on the differential evolution strategy. The computation of the forward problem is based on the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless communication technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) found its way into our everyday life. The antenna structures used in such systems have to comply with several standards to achieve all requirements defined for the specific application. However, in practice there are scenarios for such antennas which are not considered in standards or design guides, but mainly influence the antenna behavior. In the present paper the synthesis of an antenna used for NFC-cards in a contactless payment system under multi-card condition is presented. The optimization relies on the differential evolution (DE) strategy. The computation of the forward problem is based on the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]