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7. Effects of isometric resistance training and detraining on ambulatory blood pressure and morning blood pressure surge in young normotensives : Isometric resistance training and detraining

Author

Baross, Anthony, Kay, Antony, D, Baxter, Brett A., Wright, Ben, McGowan, Cheri, and Swaine, Ian L

Abstract

Isometric resistance training (IRT) has been shown to reduce resting and ambulatory blood pressure (BP), as well as BP variability and morning BP surge (MBPS). However, there are no data available regarding how long after cessation of IRT these effects are maintained. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks of detraining on resting BP, ambulatory BP and MBPS following 8 weeks of IRT in a population of young normotensive individuals and to further substantiate previously reported reductions in MBPS following IRT. Twenty-five apparently healthy participants with resting BP within the normal range (16 men, age = 23 ± 6 years; 9 women, age = 22 ± 4 years, resting BP: 123 ± 5/69 ± 7 mmHg) were randomly assigned to a training-detraining (TRA-DT, n = 13) or control (CON, n = 12) group. Resting BP, ambulatory BP and MBPS were measured prior to, after 8 weeks of bilateral leg IRT using an isokinetic dynamometer (4 × 2-min contractions at 20% MVC with 2-min rest periods, 3 days/week) and following an 8-week detraining period. There were significant reductions in 24-h ambulatory systolic BP (SBP) and calculated SBP average real variability (ARV) following IRT that were maintained after detraining (pre-to-post detraining, −6 ± 4 mmHg, p = 0.008, −2 ± 1.5 mmHg, p = 0.001). Similarly, the training-induced decreases in daytime SBP and daytime SBP ARV (pre-to-post detraining, −5 ± 6 mmHg, p = 0.001; −2 ± 1.2 mmHg, p = 0.001, respectively), MBPS (pre-to-post detraining, −6 ± 9 mmHg, p = 0.046) and resting SBP (pre-to-post detraining, −4 ± 6 mmHg, p = 0.044) were preserved. There were no changes in night-time or night-time SBP ARV across all time points (pre-to-post detraining, −1 ± 8 mmHg, p = 1.00, −0.7 ± 2.9 mmHg, p = 1.00). These results confirm that IRT causes significant reductions in resting BP, ambulatory BP, ambulatory ARV and MBPS. Importantly, the changes remained significantly lower than baseline for 8 weeks after cessation of training, suggesting a sustained effect of IRT.

Published
2022

8. Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Lower-Limb Passive Joint Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Author

KAY, ANTHONY D., BAXTER, BRETT A., HILL, MATHEW W., and BLAZEVICH, ANTHONY J.

Subjects
*LEG physiology, *RESISTANCE training, *STRETCH (Physiology), *ONLINE information services, *DORSIFLEXION, *MUSCLE contraction, *RANGE of motion of joints, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *META-analysis, *SYSTEMATIC reviews, *EXERCISE physiology, *SPORTS, *LEG exercises, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *DATA analysis software, *MEDLINE, *INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems, *ISOKINETIC exercise, *ISOTONIC exercise
Abstract

Introduction: Substantial increases in joint range of motion (ROM) have been reported after eccentric resistance training; however, between-study variability and sample size issues complicate the interpretation of the magnitude of effect. Methods: PubMed, Medline, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for studies examining the effects of eccentric training on lower-limb passive joint ROM in healthy human participants. Meta-analysis used an inverse-variance random-effects model to calculate the pooled standardized difference (Hedge's g) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Meta-analysis of 22 ROM outcomes (17 studies, 376 participants) revealed a large increase in lower-limb passive joint ROM (g = 0.86 (95% confidence intervals, 0.65–1.08)). Subgroup analyses revealed a moderate increase after 4–5 wk (g = 0.63 (0.27–0.98)), large increase after 6–8 wk (g = 0.98 (0.73–1.24)), and moderate increase after 9–14 wk (g = 0.75 (0.03, 1.46)) of training. Large increases were found in dorsiflexion (g = 1.12 (0.78–1.47)) and knee extension (g = 0.82 (0.48–1.17)), but a small increase in knee flexion was observed (g = 0.41 (0.05–0.77)). A large increase was found after isokinetic (g = 1.07 (0.59–1.54)) and moderate increase after isotonic (g = 0.77 (0.56–0.99)) training. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the potential of eccentric training as an effective flexibility training intervention and provide evidence for "best practice" guidelines. The larger effect after isokinetic training despite <50% training sessions being performed is suggestive of a more effective exercise mode, although further research is needed to determine the influence of contraction intensity and to confirm the efficacy of eccentric training in clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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