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Laser-driven proton sources have long been developed with an eye on their potential for medical application to radiation therapy. These sources are compact, versatile, and show peculiar characteristics such as extreme instantaneous dose rates, short duration and broad energy spectrum. Typical temporal modality of laser-driven irradiation, the so-called fast-fractionation, results from the composition of multiple, temporally separated, ultra-short dose fractions. In this paper we present the use of a high-energy laser system for delivering the target dose in a single nanosecond pulse, for ultra-fast irradiation of biological samples. A transport line composed by two permanent magnet quadrupoles and a scattering system is used to improve the dose profile and to control the delivered dose-per-pulse. A single-shot dosimetry protocol for the broad-spectrum proton source using Monte Carlo simulations was developed. Doses as high as 20Gy could be delivered in a single shot, lasting less than 10ns over a 1.0cm diameter sample holder, at a dose-rate exceeding 10^9 Gy/s. Exploratory application of extreme laser-driven irradiation conditions, falling within the FLASH irradiation protocol, are presented for in vitro and in vivo irradiation. A reduction of radiation-induced oxidative stress in-vitro and radiation-induced developmental damage in vivo were observed, whereas anti-tumoral efficacy was confirmed by cell survival assay., Comment: 13 pages, 15 figures

We introduce and study the notion of hereditary frequent hypercyclicity, which is a reinforcement of the well known concept of frequent hypercyclicity. This notion is useful for the study of the dynamical properties of direct sums of operators; in particular, a basic observation is that the direct sum of a hereditarily frequently hypercyclic operator with any frequently hypercyclic operator is frequently hypercyclic. Among other results, we show that operators satisfying the Frequent Hypercyclicity Criterion are hereditarily frequently hypercyclic, as well as a large class of operators whose unimodular eigenvectors are spanning with respect to the Lebesgue measure. On the other hand, we exhibit two frequently hypercyclic weighted shifts $B_w,B_{w'}$ on $c_0(\mathbb{Z}_+)$ whose direct sum $B_w\oplus B_{w'}$ is not $\mathcal{U}$-frequently hypercyclic (so that neither of them is hereditarily frequently hypercyclic), and we construct a $C$-type operator on $\ell_p(\mathbb{Z}_+)$, $1\le p<\infty$ which is frequently hypercyclic but not hereditarily frequently hypercyclic. We also solve several problems concerning disjoint frequent hypercyclicity: we show that for every $N\in\mathbb{N}$, any disjoint frequently hypercyclic $N$-tuple of operators $(T_1,\dots ,T_N)$ can be extended to a disjoint frequently hypercyclic $(N+1)$-tuple $(T_1,\dots ,T_N, T_{N+1})$ as soon as the underlying space supports a hereditarily frequently hypercyclic operator; we construct a disjoint frequently hypercyclic pair which is not densely disjoint hypercyclic; and we show that the pair $(D,\tau_a)$ is disjoint frequently hypercyclic, where $D$ is the derivation operator acting on the space of entire functions and $\tau_a$ is the operator of translation by $a\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\{ 0\}$. Part of our results are in fact obtained in the general setting of Furstenberg families., Comment: 41 p

Let $\varphi$ be a holomorphic map which is a symbol of a bounded composition operator $C_\varphi$ acting on the Hardy-Hilbert space of Dirichlet series. We find a K\"onigs map for $\varphi$. We then deduce several applications on $C_\varphi$ (e.g. on its spectrum, on its dynamical properties). In particular, we study for a large class of symbols $\varphi$ if the associated composition operator has a minimal commutant.

In the present work, we establish sufficient conditions for a Dirichlet series induced by general frequencies to be universal with respect to vertical translations. Our results can be applied to known universal objects such as Hurwitz zeta functions and also can provide new examples of universal Dirichlet series including the alternating prime zeta function $\sum_{n\geq1}(-1)^np_n^{-s}$.

Seismic faults release the stress accumulated during tectonic movement through rapid ruptures or slow slip events. The slow slip events play a crucial role in the seismic cycle as they impact the occurrence of earthquakes. However, the mechanisms by which a slow-slip region affects the dynamics of frictionally locked regions remain elusive. Here, building on model laboratory experiments, we establish that a slow-slip region acts as a nucleation center for seismic rupture, thereby enhancing earthquakes' frequency. We emulate slow-slip regions by introducing a granular material patch along part of a laboratory fault. By measuring the response of the fault to shear, we show that the role of the heterogeneity is to serve as a seed crack for rapid ruptures, reducing fault shear resistance. Additionally, by varying the external normal load, we show that the slow-slip region extends beyond the heterogeneity, demonstrating that fault composition is not the only requirement for slow-slip, but that load also plays a role. Our findings demonstrate that fracture concepts single out the very origin of earthquake nucleation and slip dynamics in seismic faults. The interplay between slowly-slipping and locked regions that we identify provides a promising avenue to monitor fault propagation and mitigate seismic hazards.

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a holomorphic self-map $\phi$ of the tridisc to induce a bounded composition operator on the associated Hardy space. This condition depends on the behaviour of the first and the second derivative of the symbol at boundary points. We also discuss compactness of composition operators on the bidisc and the tridisc.

We compute the essential norm of inclusion operators, composition operators and multipliers acting from a closed subspace of some $L^p$-space into a subspace of some $L^q$-space, with $p > q.$

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a composition operator with Dirichlet series symbol to belong to the Schatten classes $S_p$ of the Hardy space $\mathcal{H}^2$ of Dirichlet series. For $p\geq 2$, these conditions lead to a characterization for the subclass of symbols with bounded imaginary parts. Finally, we establish a comparison-type principle for composition operators. Applying our techniques in conjunction with classical geometric function theory methods, we prove the analogue of the polygonal compactness theorem for $\mathcal{H}^2$ and we give examples of bounded composition operators with Dirichlet series symbols on $\mathcal{H}^p,\,p>0$.

For every fixed $\epsilon$ $\in$ (0, 1), we construct an operator on the separable Hilbert space which is $\delta$-hypercyclic for all $\delta$ $\in$ ($\epsilon$, 1) and which is not $\delta$-hypercyclic for all $\delta$ $\in$ (0, $\epsilon$).

We give a sufficient condition for two operators to be disjointly frequently hypercyclic. We apply this criterion to composition operators acting on $H(\mathbb D)$ or on the Hardy space $H^2(\mathbb D)$. We simplify a result on disjoint frequent hypercyclicity of pseudo shifts of a recent paper of Martin et al. and we exhibit two disjointly frequently hypercyclic weighted shifts.

In this paper we provide a full characterization of cyclic composition operators defined on the d-dimensional Fock space $\mathcal F(\mathbb C^d)$ in terms of their symbol. Also, we study the supercyclicity and convex-cyclicity of this type of operators. We end this work by computing the approximation numbers of compact composition operators defined on $\mathcal F(\mathbb C^d)$.

We give sufficient conditions for a general Dirichlet series to be universal with respect to translations or rearrangements.

We give a sufficient condition for a composition operator with positive characteristic to be compact on the Hardy space of Dirichlet series.

The aim of this paper is to study when two composition operators on the Hilbert space of Dirichlet series with square summable coefficients belong to the same component or when their difference is compact. As a corollary we show that if a linear combination of composition operators with polynomial symbols of degree at most 2 is compact, then each composition operator is compact.

We investigate the existence of a common hypercyclic vector for a family $(T_\lambda)_{\lambda\in \Lambda}$ of hypercyclicoperators acting on the same Banach space $X$. We give positive and negative results involving the dimension of $\Lambda$ and the regularity of each map $\lambda\in \Lambda\mapsto T_\lambda^n x$, $x\in X$, $n\in\mathbb N$.

Given a frequency $\lambda$, we study general Dirichlet series $\sum a_n e^{-\lambda_n s}$. First, we give a new condition on $\lambda$ which ensures that a somewhere convergent Dirichlet series defining a bounded holomorphic function in the right half-plane converges uniformly in this half-plane, improving classical results of Bohr and Landau. Then, following recent works of Defant and Schoolmann, we investigate Hardy spaces of these Dirichlet series. We get general results on almost sure convergence which have an harmonic analysis flavour. Nevertheless, we also exhibit examples showing that it seems hard to get general results on these spaces as spaces of holomorphic functions.

We show that an invertible bilateral weighted shift is strongly structurally stable if and only if it has the shadowing property. We also exhibit a K{\"o}the sequence space supporting a frequently hypercyclic weighted shift, but no chaotic weighted shifts.

Laser-plasma accelerators can produce ultra short electron bunches in the femtosecond to picosecond duration range, resulting in high peak dose rates in comparison with clinical accelerators. This peculiar characteristic motivates their application to radiation biology studies to elucidate the effect of the high peak dose rate on the biological response of living cells, which is still being debated. Electron beams driven by kHz laser systems may represent an attractive option for such applications, since the high repetition rate can boost the mean dose rate and improve the stability of the delivered dose in comparison with J-class laser accelerators running at 10 Hz. In this work, we present the dosimetric characterisation of a kHz, low energy laser-driven electron source and preliminary results on in-vitro irradiation of cancer cells. A shot-to-shot dosimetry protocol enabled to monitor the beam stability and the irradiation conditions for each cell sample. Results of survival assays on HCT116 colorectal cancer cells are in good agreement with previous findings reported in literature and validate the robustness of the dosimetry and irradiation protocol.

The question of whether a hypercyclic operator $T$ acting on a Fr{\'e}chet algebra $X$ admits or not an algebra of hypercyclic vectors (but 0) has been addressed in the recent literature. In this paper we give new criteria and characterizations in the context of convolution operators acting on $H(\mathbb C)$ and backward shifts acting on a general Fr{\'e}chet sequence algebra.Analogous questions arise for stronger properties like frequent hypercyclicity. In this trend we give a sufficient condition for a weighted backward shift to admit an upper frequently hypercyclic algebra and we find a weighted backward shift acting on $c_0$ admitting a frequently hypercyclic algebra for the coordinatewise product. The closed hypercyclic algebra problem is also covered.

We study composition operators on spaces of double Dirichlet series, focusing our interest on the characterization of the composition operators of the space of bounded double Dirichlet series $\HCdos$. We also show how the composition operators of this space of Dirichlet series are related to the composition operators of the corresponding spaces of holomorphic functions. Finally, we give a characterization of the superposition operators in $\HC$ and in the spaces $\mathcal{H}^p$.

We investigate the growth rate of the Birkhoff sums $S_{n,\alpha} f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} f(x+k\alpha)$, where $f$ is a continuous function with zero mean defined on the unit circle $\mathbb T$ and $(\alpha,x)$ is a "typical" element of $\mathbb T^2$. The answer depends on the meaning given to the word "typical". Part of the work will be done in a more general context.

Grothendieck's theorem asserts that every continuous linear operator from $\ell_1$ to $\ell_2$ is absolutely $(1,1)$-summing. This kind of result is commonly called coincidence result. In this paper we investigate coincidence results in the multilinear setting, showing how the cotype of the spaces involved affect such results. The special role played by $\ell_1$ spaces is also investigated with relation to interpolation of tensor products. In particular, an open problem on the interpolation of $m$ injective tensor products is solved.

We prove the existence of algebras of hypercyclic vectors in three cases: convolution operators, composition operators, and backward shift operators.

We study the convergence and divergence of the wavelet expansion of a function in a Sobolev or a Besov space from a multifractal point of view. In particular, we give an upper bound for the Hausdorff and for the packing dimension of the set of points where the expansion converges (or diverges) at a given speed, and we show that, generically, these bounds are optimal.

We discuss the multiple summability of a multilinear map $T:X_1\times\cdots\times X_m\to Y$ when we have informations on the summability of the maps it induces on each coordinate. Our methods have applications to inclusion theorems for multiple summing multilinear mappings and to the product of $p$-Sidon sets.

We consider sharp inequalities for Bergman spaces of the unit disc, establishing analogues of the inequality in Carleman's proof of the isoperimetric inequality and of Weissler's inequality for dilations. By contractivity and a standard tensorization procedure, the unit disc inequalities yield corresponding inequalities for the Bergman spaces of Dirichlet series. We use these results to study weighted multiplicative Hankel forms associated with the Bergman spaces of Dirichlet series, reproducing most of the known results on multiplicative Hankel forms associated with the Hardy spaces of Dirichlet series. In addition, we find a direct relationship between the two type of forms which does not exist in lower dimensions. Finally, we produce some counter-examples concerning Carleson measures on the infinite polydisc., Comment: This paper has been accepted for publication in Transactions of the AMS

We undertake a general study of multifractal phenomena for functions. We show that the existence of several kinds of multifractal functions can be easily deduced from an abstract statement, leading to new results. This general approach does not work for Fourier or Dirichlet series. Using careful constructions, we extend our results to these cases.

We characterize the uniform limits of Dirichlet polynomials on a right half plane. In the Dirichlet setting, we find approximation results, with respect to the Euclidean distance and {to} the chordal one as well, analogous to classical results of Runge, Mergelyan and Vitushkin. We also strengthen the notion of universal Dirichlet series.

We observe that local embedding problems for certain Hardy and Bergman spaces of Dirichlet series are equivalent to boundedness of a class of composition operators. Following this, we perform a careful study of such composition operators generated by polynomial symbols $\varphi$ on a scale of Bergman--type Hilbert spaces $\mathcal{D}_\alpha$. We investigate the optimal $\beta$ such that the composition operator $\mathcal{C}_\varphi$ maps $\mathcal{D}_\alpha$ boundedly into $\mathcal{D}_\beta$. We also prove a new embedding theorem for the non-Hilbertian Hardy space $\mathcal H^p$ into a Bergman space in the half-plane and use it to consider composition operators generated by polynomial symbols on $\mathcal{H}^p$, finding the first non-trivial results of this type. The embedding also yields a new result for the functional associated to the multiplicative Hilbert matrix., Comment: This paper has been accepted for publication in Mathematische Zeitschrift

We study the onset of friction for rough contacting blocks whose interface is coated with a thin lubrication layer. High speed measurements of the real contact area and stress fields near the interface reveal that propagating shear cracks mediate lubricated frictional motion. While lubricants reduce interface resistances, surprisingly, they significantly increase energy dissipated, $\Gamma$, during rupture. Moreover, lubricant viscosity affects the onset of friction but has no effect on $\Gamma$. Fracture mechanics provide a new way to view the otherwise hidden complex dynamics of the lubrication layer., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

Let $\mathcal F$ be either the set of all bounded holomorphic functions or the set of all $m$-homogeneous polynomials on the unit ball of $\ell\_r$. We give a systematic study of the sets of all $u\in\ell\_r$ for which the monomial expansion $\sum\_{\alpha}\frac{\partial^\alpha f(0)}{\alpha !}u^\alpha$ of every $f\in\mathcal F$ converges. Inspired by recent results from the general theory of Dirichlet series, we establish as our main tool, independently interesting, upper estimates for the unconditional basis constants of spaces of polynomials on $\ell\_r$ spanned by finite sets of monomials.

We investigate the compactness of composition operators on the Hardy space of Dirichlet series induced by a map $\varphi(s)=c_0s+\varphi_0(s)$, where $\varphi_0$ is a Dirichlet polynomial. Our results depend heavily on the characteristic $c_0$ of $\varphi$ and, when $c_0=0$, on both the degree of $\varphi_0$ and its local behaviour near a boundary point. We also study the approximation numbers for some of these operators. Our methods involve geometric estimates of Carleson measures and tools from differential geometry.

Let $(T\_\lambda)\_{\lambda\in\Lambda}$ be a family of operators acting on a $F$-space $X$, where the parameter space $\Lambda$ is a subset of $\mathbb R^d$. We give sufficient conditions on the family to yield the existence of a vector $x\in X$ such that, for any $\lambda\in\Lambda$, the set $\big\{T\_\lambda^n x;\ n\geq 1\big\}$ is dense in $X$. We obtain results valid for any value of $d\geq 1$ whereas the previously known results where restricted to $d=1$. Our methods also shed new light on the one-dimensional case.

By a theorem of Bayart, $\varphi$ generates a bounded composition operator on the Hardy space $\Hp$of Dirichlet series ($1\le p<\infty$) only if $\varphi(s)=c_0 s+\psi(s)$, where $c_0$ is a nonnegative integer and $\psi$ a Dirichlet series with the following mapping properties: $\psi$ maps the right half-plane into the half-plane $\Real s >1/2$ if $c_0=0$ and is either identically zero or maps the right half-plane into itself if $c_0$ is positive. It is shown that the $n$th approximation numbers of bounded composition operators on $\Hp$ are bounded below by a constant times $r^n$ for some $00$ when $c_0$ is positive. Both results are best possible. Estimates rely on a combination of soft tools from Banach space theory ($s$-numbers, type and cotype of Banach spaces, Weyl inequalities, and Schauder bases) and a certain interpolation method for $\Ht$, developed in an earlier paper, using estimates of solutions of the $\overline{\partial}$ equation. A transference principle from $H^p$ of the unit disc is discussed, leading to explicit examples of compact composition operators on $\Ho$ with approximation numbers decaying at a variety of sub-exponential rates. Finally, a new Littlewood--Paley formula is established, yielding a sufficient condition for a composition operator on $\Hp$ to be compact., Comment: This is the final version of the paper, to appear in Annales de l'Institut Fourier

Let $\mathcal{H}_\infty$ be the set of all ordinary Dirichlet series $D=\sum_n a_n n^{-s}$ representing bounded holomorphic functions on the right half plane. A multiplicative sequence $(b_n)$ of complex numbers is said to be an $\ell_1$-multiplier for $\mathcal{H}_\infty$ whenever $\sum_n |a_n b_n| < \infty$ for every $D \in \mathcal{H}_\infty$. We study the problem of describing such sequences $(b_n)$ in terms of the asymptotic decay of the subsequence $(b_{p_j})$, where $p_j$ denotes the $j$th prime number. Given a multiplicative sequence $b=(b_n)$ we prove (among other results): $b$ is an $\ell_1$-multiplier for $\mathcal{H}_\infty$ provided $|b_{p_j}| < 1$ for all $j$ and $\overline{\lim}_n \frac{1}{\log n} \sum_{j=1}^n b_{p_j}^{*2} < 1$, and conversely, if $b$ is an $\ell_1$-multiplier for $\mathcal{H}_\infty$, then $|b_{p_j}| < 1$ for all $j$ and $\overline{\lim}_n \frac{1}{\log n} \sum_{j=1}^n b_{p_j}^{*2} \leq 1$ (here $b^*$ stands for the decreasing rearrangement of $b$). Following an ingenious idea of Harald Bohr it turns out that this problem is intimately related with the question of characterizing those sequences $z$ in the infinite dimensional polydisk $\mathbb{D}^\infty$ (the open unit ball of $\ell_\infty$) for which every bounded and holomorphic function $f$ on $\mathbb{D}^\infty$ has an absolutely convergent monomial series expansion $\sum_{\alpha} \frac{\partial_\alpha f(0)}{\alpha!} z^\alpha$. Moreover, we study analogous problems in Hardy spaces of Dirichlet series and Hardy spaces of functions on the infinite dimensional polytorus $\mathbb{T}^\infty$., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1207.2248

In this paper we obtain quite general and definitive forms for Hardy-Littlewood type inequalities. Moreover, when restricted to the original particular cases, our approach provides much simpler and straightforward proofs and we are able to show that in most cases the exponents involved are optimal. The technique we used is a combination of probabilistic tools and of an interpolative approach; this former technique is also employed in this paper to improve the constants for vector-valued Bohnenblust--Hille type inequalities., Comment: 16 pages

We show that the Bohr radius of the polydisk $\mathbb D^n$ behaves asymptotically as $\sqrt{(\log n)/n}$. Our argument is based on a new interpolative approach to the Bohnenblust--Hille inequalities which allows us to prove that the polynomial Bohnenblust--Hille inequality is subexponential., Comment: The introduction was expanded and some misprints corrected

We prove that the multilinear Bohnenblust--Hille is a particular case of a quite general family of optimal inequalities., Comment: This new version contains improvements to the results of the previous version

We solve several problems on frequently hypercyclic operators. Firstly, we characterize frequently hypercyclic weighted shifts on $\ell^p(\mathbb Z)$, $p\geq 1$. Our method uses properties of the difference set of a set with positive upper density. Secondly, we show that there exists an operator which is $\mathcal U$-frequently hypercyclic, yet not frequently hypercyclic and that there exists an operator which is frequently hypercyclic, yet not distributionally chaotic. These (surprizing) counterexamples are given by weighted shifts on $c_0$. The construction of these shifts lies on the construction of sets of positive integers whose difference sets have very specific properties.

Given a bounded operator $T$ on a Banach space $X$, we study the existence of a probability measure $\mu$ on $X$ such that, for many functions $f:X\to\mathbb K$, the sequence $(f+\dots+f\circ T^{n-1})/\sqrt n$ converges in distribution to a Gaussian random variable.