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Orthopedic surgeons face a significant challenge in treating critical-size femoral defects (CSFD) caused by osteoporosis (OP), trauma, infection, or bone tumor resections. In this study for the first time, the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (BM-MSC-CM) to improve the osteogenic characteristics of mineralized bone scaffold (MBS) in ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic (OVX) rats with a CSFD was tested. Five groups of OVX rats with CSFD were created: (1) Control (C); (2) MBS; (3) MBS + CM; (4) MBS + PBM; (5) MBS + CM + PBM. Computed tomography scans (CT scans), compression indentation tests, and histological and stereological analyses were carried out after euthanasia at 12 weeks following implantation surgery. The CT scan results showed that CSFD in the MBS + CM, MBS + PBM, and MBS + CM + PBM groups was significantly smaller compared to the control group (p = 0.01, p = 0.04, and p = 0.000, respectively). Moreover, the CSFD size was substantially smaller in the MBS + CM + PBM treatment group than in the MBS, MBS + CM, and MBS + PBM treatment groups (p = 0.004, p = 0.04, and p = 0.01, respectively). The MBS + PBM and MBS + CM + PBM treatments had significantly increased maximum force relative to the control group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Bending stiffness significantly increased in MBS (p = 0.006), MBS + CM, MBS + PBM, and MBS + CM + PBM treatments (all p = 0.004) relative to the control group. All treatment groups had considerably higher new trabecular bone volume (NTBV) than the control group (all, p = 0.004). Combined therapies with MBS + PBM and MBS + CM + PBM substantially increased the NTBV relative to the MBS group (all, p = 0.004). The MBS + CM + PBM treatment had a markedly higher NTBV than the MBS + PBM (p = 0.006) and MBS + CM (p = 0.004) treatments. MBS + CM + PBM, MBS + PBM, and MBS + CM treatments significantly accelerated bone regeneration of CSFD in OVX rats. PBM + CM enhanced the osteogenesis of the MBS compared to other treatment groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there have been numerous studies exploring the field of molecular communication (MC) systems. However, due to the high cost and limited availability of advanced micro/nano‐scale equipment, most of these works remain purely theoretical, with only a few being examined through experimental platforms. Additionally, the absence of a suitable model for flow‐assisted MC‐based systems poses another significant challenge. This research focuses on the potential applications of MC technology within the human body. To address the limitations mentioned above, a closed‐loop experimental platform based on the human circulatory system is proposed. This platform offers a cost‐effective and accessible solution for studying MC systems. The implementation process involves a brief discussion about the circulatory system model. By varying flow rates and the quantity of released information particles, channel impulse responses are obtained. Based on the observed experimental data, the authors have successfully developed a new theoretical model that accurately fits the experimental data. The model demonstrates a strong level of agreement with the observed results. This model demonstrates its suitability for flow‐assisted MC‐based systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, natural frequency response of functionally-graded multilayer graphene-reinforced composite plate with circular cutout reinforced by orthogonal stiffeners is investigated for the first time. The structure is surrounded by Winkler-type elastic support. The plate is composed of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as matrix material and reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs). The material of the orthogonal stiffeners is the same as that for the matrix. Rule of mixtures and Halpin–Tsai approach are applied to estimate the effective material properties of the composite plate. Third-order shear deformation plate theory and finite element procedure is employed to obtain the element matrices of the structure. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of the stiffened plate are reported for different variables such as nanofillers dispersion patterns, width and height of the stiffeners, aspect ratio of plate, plate thickness ratio, weight fraction of nanofillers, number of stiffeners, boundary conditions, elastic foundation stiffness parameter and size of circular cutout. The obtained results denote that with the addition of a set of stiffeners, fundamental frequency enhanced up to 32.3% with just about 10% increase of mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prepare an efficient magnetic bionanocomposite and to protect ferrite nanoparticles from oxidation and aggregation, the prepared Fe3O4 was supported by chitosan and tannic acid as the first and second coating layers respectively, and the presence of empty orbitals of Fe3O4 and multiple phenol groups on the surface of bionanocomposite leads to the activation of raw materials in acid catalyst reactions. Fe3O4@chitosan-tannic acid was fully characterized by FT-IR, TGA, EDX, VSM, FESEM, and TEM. To examine the catalytic activity, it was applied for the first time for the synthesis of a series of 4-nitro-5-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-5 H-benzo[g]thiazolo[3,2-a]quinolines-6,11-dione with potent antitumor activity from β-nitro-thiazolidine, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and various aromatic aldehydes via an aza-ene reaction followed by intramolecular cyclization. Some of this procedure's prominent advantages include obtaining the products in short reaction times with high yields, the environmentally benign character of the catalyst, and the facility of catalyst separation and recycling of it due to the existence of the superparamagnetic core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multiobjective and simultaneous two-problem allocation of a hybrid distributed generation (HDG) system comprises of solar panels, wind turbines, and battery storage is proposed in a 33-bus unbalanced distribution network which can decrease total losses and improve power quality (PQ). The PQ indices are defined as voltage swell, total harmonic distortion, voltage sag, and voltage unbalance. In this study, the two problems of hybrid system design and its allocation in the distribution network are solved simultaneously. In the allocation problem, the HDG is placed ideally in the network to reduce energy losses and enhance PQ indices. The HDG is measured to minimize the cost of energy generation, including the initial investment, maintenance, and operation costs. The decision variable including the size of HDG components and its location is optimally determined via escaping bird search (EBS) algorithm which is inspired by the maneuvers of the swift bird to avoid predation. The results cleared that the proposed methodology using the wind and solar resources integrated with battery storage reduced the losses, voltage swell, total harmonic distortion, voltage sag, and voltage unbalance by 34.31%, 49.60%, 0.25%, 40.19%, and 2.18%, respectively, than the base network via the EBS and the results demonstrated the better network performance using all renewable resources against wind or solar application only. The outcomes demonstrated the superiority of the EBS in achieving the highest improvement of the different objectives compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO). Moreover, the superior capability of the EBS-based methodology is proved in comparison with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a potentially fatal disease of psittacine birds. Avian bornavirus (ABV), the causative agent of PDD, causes inflammation of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems. Clinically, birds affected by PDD present with gastrointestinal tract dysfunction, neurological symptoms, or both. In this study, we evaluated the presence of proventriculus dilation and ABV in 40 birds (cockatiel, n = 12; budgerigar, n = 28), submitted to the veterinary clinic, by radiology and RT-PCR. Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs and feather samples were taken from 36 live birds including the cockatiel and budgerigar, as well as samples of proventriculus from four autopsied birds. After reviewing the radiographs, 55.5% of the evaluated birds had proventriculus dilatation, and according to RT-PCR results, 47.5% of samples were positive. In most cases, radiology and RT-PCR results matched together very well, but in some cases, differences were observed. These discrepancies between the results of these two assays require further studies. Based on the results of this study, the prevalence of ABV was high in the region, and the importance of hygiene and testing of new birds should be emphasized. Simultaneous evaluation of the bird with these two methods is helpful for the diagnosis of PDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its application for manufacturing aerospace and high-temperature components thanks to its mechanical strength, excellent fatigue and creep resistance, and high thermostability, INCONEL 738 (IN-738) is difficult and costly to machine due to its special mechanical and physical properties. One feasible solution is the use of cutting nanofluids (NFs). Despite the excellent cooling/lubrication performance of NFs, they are yet to offer sustainably green machining to ensure reliable operation over time. In this paper, a novel sustainable cutting NF was presented for eco-friendly minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), where Ag-coated CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were suspended in corn oil. The presented NF was set to ensure both environmental and operator's health protection while improving the grinding performance. To investigate the antibacterial activity of the NF, effects of the NPs on the growth inhibition of the Pseudomonas bacteria were examined using microbial culture tests. Additionally, the toxicity of the NPs was assessed by evaluating the mortality rate of zebrafish in the NF at different concentrations of the NPs. The upshots revealed low toxicity of the studied NPs, with their antimicrobial properties increasing with the NF concentration. We further investigated the effect of the presented cutting NF at different concentrations of the NPs (i.e., 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt%) on the grinding performance in terms of grinding temperature, surface quality, and coefficient of friction. The results indicated that the presented Ag-coated CuO NPs exhibit great potentials for improving tribological performance of grinding and reducing the grinding temperature, with the optimal outcomes achieved at an NP concentration of 0.1 wt%. Observations showed an increase in surface quality and normal grinding force coupled with a barely insignificant decrease in grinding temperature at higher concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a literature assessment of essential information and current knowledge that pertains to the potential role for cluster of differentiation (CD) 163+ macrophages in different wound healing models, including extremely rapid tissue regeneration for regenerative medicine purposes. We intend to focus on the beneficial strategies that activate macrophage performance in order to advance the CD163+ macrophage-based therapy approaches to accelerate wound healing. We conducted an extensive literature search of peer reviewed articles obtained from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases by using the keywords "wound healing, CD163+ macrophages, diabetes mellitus, and burn." There were no limitations in terms of publication date. Our search resulted in 300 papers from which 17 articles were screened according to the inclusion criteria. We divided the selected articles into four distinct groups: healthy humans (n = 5); healthy animals (n = 7); humans with diabetes (n = 2); and animals with diabetes (n = 3). CD163 is a biomarker of the M2c macrophage subtype in mammals. Functions of M2c macrophages include angiogenesis, matrix maturation, and phagocytosis, and they activate prior to wounding. M2c produces many cytokines and growth factors, and also contains receptors for numerous cytokines and growth factors. Induction of M2c macrophages from tissue-resident macrophages in the wound bed by a suitable agent, such as delivery of intracellular ATP, appears to induce rapid granulation tissue formation without hypertrophic scarring and significantly reduces the lag time of the wound healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power‐Flow (PF) solution in isolated microgrids has attracted notable attention recently, because these systems present various particularities compared with the traditional PF solution in large meshed transmission networks. In this sense, this paper develops a novel Newton‐like PF solver for isolated microgrids. The new proposal is based on the Modified Midpoint method and shows high convergence order with relatively low computational burden. These characteristics bring superior theoretical performance compared with the standard Newton–Raphson (NR) method and other high order techniques, which has been conventionally used. Extensive simulations are performed on various small‐, and large‐scale benchmark Microgrids under different loading conditions and R/X ratios. Results provided serve to confirm the theoretical features of the developed solver, outperforming the NR technique as well as other recently developed solvers in all the studied systems with acceptable reliability even under high stressed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of potentially bioactive compounds having either indole or indene frameworks such as dihydroindenone and indolinone derivatives were synthesized in good to high yields by one-pot, multi-component reaction of various amines, trichloroacetonitrile, ninhydrin or isatin, and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. The present method offers desirable advantages including mild conditions, absence of catalyst, simple workup procedure, and easy purification process with no chromatographic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving data rate in the presence of the inter‐symbol interference (ISI) is one of the main challenging issues in molecular communication via diffusion‐based (MCvD) systems. In this paper, a slope‐based detection scheme is proposed, which acts based on the behavior of the steepest part of the channel impulse response (CIR) in the presence of the ISI. The impacts of the receiver volume (VR$V_{R}$), number of the released molecules, and relative symbol interval (RSI$RSI$) on the performance of bit error rate (BER$BER$) is investigated. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed slope‐based detection scheme effectively improves the accuracy of the data detection in the low and the high data rate communications in comparison with similar works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work represents a simple and efficient synthesis of novel 2-amino-N'-(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)-hexahydroquinoline-3-carbohydrazide derivatives via the multi-component reaction of diverse anilines, dimedone, 9-fluorenone, cyanoacetohydrazide, and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of piperidine as a catalyst. The proposed approach has some advantages as good yields, green medium, short reaction times, simple work-up, and purification process with no chromatographic technique compared with other methods. Supplemental data for this article is available online at at the publisher's website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isatin and related derivatives are synthetically versatile substrates. These compounds can form a wide range of heterocyclic structures. These characteristics make isatin and its derivatives attractive to many research groups. There are lots of review articles about these compounds, but none of them focus on green solvents. This review, with the point of green chemistry, summarizes recent reactions of isatin, especially in water and aqueous media, during the period from 2018 to 2021. We believe this gives some insight and helps to bring about new ideas for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural frequency characteristics of functionally graded multilayer hybrid composite cylindrical shell panel reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are scrutinized in the present study for the first time. Effective material properties of the composite media are evaluated using a modified micromechanical model based on the Halpin-Tsai approach and rule of mixtures. First order shear deformation theory of shells, Hamilton's principle and finite element procedure are applied to obtain the effective stiffness and mass matrices of the structure. After validating accuracy of the presented solution procedure with the published literatures, influence of broad range of factors such as number of multilayers, weight fraction and distribution pattern of GPLs and CNTs reinforcements, CNTs and GPLs volume fraction index for the nonlinear distributions, thickness and length ratio of the shell panel, span angle, Winkler elastic foundation stiffness parameter and different boundary condition are presented and their trends are discussed in several tabular and graphical data in detail. Results denotes that cylindrical shells composed of three phases can make use of the advantages of both CNTs and GPLs reinforcing elements and can significantly improve the free vibration behavior of shell. • Investigating the natural frequencies of FG multilayer hybrid nanocomposite cylindrical shell panel reinforced by GPLs and CNTs for the first time. • Studying the effects of Winkler-type elastic foundation on the natural frequencies. • Deriving governing equations based on FSDT, Hamilton's principle and FEM. • A full comprehensive study considering the effects of the number of multilayers, weight fraction and distribution of GPLs and CNTs, CNTs and GPLs volume fraction index, thickness and length ratio, span angle, Winkler elastic foundation stiffness parameter and BCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To development of environmentally friendly catalysts, Lewis acids water‐stable catalysts, and Lewis acid‐surfactant‐combined catalysts, can be used for reactions in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new multi-component reaction for the synthesis of novel and diverse spiro-imidazo pyridine-indene derivatives named spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]indeno[2,1-e]pyridine-5,1′-indene and indenylidene-1H-spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-7,1′-indene was successfully developed by the reaction between heterocyclic ketene aminals (generated from 1,1-bis(methylthio)-2-nitro ethylene and diamine) and [1,2′-biindenylidene]-1′,3,3′-trione (bindone) (in situ generated from self-condensation of 1,3-indandion) by using malononitrile as a promoter or as one of the precursors respectively in the presence of p-TSA as the acid catalyst in EtOH as reaction medium under reflux conditions. Depending on whether the reaction is single-step or two-step, malononitrile can act as a promoter or reactant. The convenient one-pot operation, straightforward isolation without using additional purification methods, and the use of a variety of diamines and cysteamine hydrochloride causing a variety of structural products are attractive aspects of the present approach. The synthesized bindone and final product contains active methylene and this active site can be involved in further reactions to synthesize more complex heterocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate and to compare the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on sperm parameters both before and after cryopreservation. In this regard, 24 freshly ejaculated semen samples from normozoospermic men were included in this study. Each semen sample was randomly divided into three groups (1 ml aliquot for each group): the control group (group one) underwent conventional sperm cryopreservation (n = 24), group two underwent pre-freezing PBM exposure (810 nm, diode laser, and 0.6 J/cm2) (n = 24), and group three underwent post freezing and thawing PBM exposure (n = 24). Indicators of sperm quality, including total sperm motility (TSM), progressive sperm motility (PSM), DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation levels, apoptosis-like changes, and gene expression levels of protamine (PRM) 1, PRM2, and adducin 1 alpha (ADD1), were investigated in a blinded style. Due to the beneficial effect of pre-freezing PBM therapy, group 2 exhibited the highest TSM and PSM levels compared to groups 1 and 3. At the same time, DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced in the group 2 compared to the group 1 (p = 0.024 p = 0.016, respectively). Evaluation of apoptotic/necrotic changes revealed that parameters including early apoptosis, dead, and necrotic cells decreased in the group 2 compared to the either groups 1 (p = 0. 008, p = 0. 032, p = 0. 02, respectively) or group 3 (p = 0.037, p = 0.108, p = 0.083). There were no significant differences in the expression levels of PRM1, PRM2, and ADD1 among the study groups. Based on our results, PBM therapy prior to cryopreservation, even in the normal semen samples, plays a significant protective role against cryo-damage by preserving the functional parameters of spermatozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the influence of administering different protocols of preconditioned diabetic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSs) with photobiomodulation in vitro, and photobiomodulation in vivo on the number of mast cells (MCs), their degranulation, and wound strength in the maturation step of a Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infectious wound model in rats with type one diabetes. An MRSA-infectious wound model was generated on diabetic animals, and they were arbitrarily assigned into five groups (G). G1 were control rats. In G2, diabetic ADS were engrafted into the wounds. In G3, diabetic ADS were engrafted into the wound, and the wound was exposed to photobiomodulation (890 nm, 890 ± 10 nm, 80 Hz, 0.2 J/cm2) in vivo. In G4, preconditioned diabetic ADS with photobiomodulation (630 and 810 nm; each 3 times with 1.2 J/cm2) in vitro were engrafted into the wound. In G5, preconditioned diabetic ADS with photobiomodulation were engrafted into the wound, and the wound was exposed to photobiomodulation in vivo. The results showed that, the maximum force in all treatment groups was remarkably greater compared to the control group (all, p = 0.000). Maximum force in G4 and G5 were superior than that other treated groups (both p = 0.000). Moreover, G3, G4, and G5 showed remarkable decreases in completely released MC granules and total numbers of MC compared to G1 and G2 (all, p = 0.000). We concluded that diabetic rats in group 5 showed significantly better results in terms of accelerated wound healing and MC count of an ischemic infected delayed healing wound model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: While a wound caused by a minor cutaneous incision routinely heals in a short time, wounds from major surgical operations might need numerous days to heal and may leave an obvious cicatrix. The use of blue light therapy (BLT) to destroy infectious microorganisms and disrupt biofilm formation could be an efficient method for healing ulcers. This systematic review focused on the effects of BLT in different preclinical in vivo studies and clinical models of skin wound healing. Furthermore, this study attempted to determine what main light parameters should be tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Methods: The online databases PubMed.gov, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched using the keywords "blue light" and "wound healing" according to PRISMA guidelines. No publication time limit was enforced. Results: A total of 858 articles were identified, and 17 articles in three distinct categories were included for review. They comprised two articles on humans, fourteen articles on healthy animals, and one article on diabetic animals. Conclusion: Some studies have shown that the application of BLT on preclinical and clinical models of wound healing in vivo is able to significantly accelerate the healing process. Few studies, however, have explored the bactericidal effect of BLT on skin injury repair in burn patients. Further preclinical investigations designed to provide a better understanding of the bactericidal effect of BLT using standardized protocols, different BLT wavelengths, and different stages of the wound healing process of infected wounds and ulcers in healthy and diabetic animals should be carried out before clinical trials can be considered. BLT could eventually be a good option for treating infected chronic wounds, including those in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new categories of Michael acceptors: N′‐benzylidene‐2‐cyano‐2‐oxophenanthren acetohydrazides and N′‐benzylidene‐2‐cyano‐2‐oxoindolin acetohydrazides, have been successfully synthesized via a one‐pot three‐component reaction using cyanoacetohydrazide, aromatic aldehydes and 9,10‐phenanthroquinone or isatin in a mixture of water and ethanol in the presence of nano sized SiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst at reflux conditions. The new efficient approach involves two chemo‐selective sequences of hydrazone formation and Knoevenagel condensation. The benefits of this process include availability of starting compounds, simplicity of operation and work‐up procedure, good to excellent yields, the use of green solvents and high chemo‐selectivity of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 50% of infertility is caused by men. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of photobiomodulation on spermatogenesis in a busulfan-induced infertile mouse as a testicular degeneration treatment. Thirty-two adult NMRI male mice were divided into 4 groups: control, busulfan, PBMT 0.03 J/cm2, and laser 0.2 J/cm2. In the study, azoospermia was induced by busulfan as a testicular degeneration, and then, they were treated using photobiomodulation therapy at 0.03 J/cm2 and 0.2 J/cm2 energy densities. Sperm parameters, stereological analysis, serum testosterone levels, together with SDH activity, MDA production oxidized as a marker for lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSSG) and glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ATP production as well as TUNEL assay were assessed. Photobiomodulation therapy with 0.03 J/cm2 energy densities group revealed a significant increase the testosterone hormone level and spermatogenic cells with the reduction of apoptotic cells and marked increase in GSH, ATP, and SDH levels and decrease the levels of MDA and ROS production in the busulfan-induced mice when compared with the control and sham groups. In conclusion, the photobiomodulation therapy (0.03 J/cm2 energy density) may provide benefits on the spermatogenesis following busulfan injection and might be an alternative treatment to the patients with oligospermia and azoospermia in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple synthesis of new series of functionalized chromene derivatives through an efficient, one‐pot, multicomponent reaction of nitroketene N,S‐acetals, salicylaldehydes, and cyanoacetohydrazide in ethanol at ambient temperature in good to high yields is reported. This novel efficient method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, absence of catalyst, simple work‐up, and the non‐chromatographic purification of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes critically to the mortality, morbidity, and economic problem of illness globally. Exercise is a share of everyone's life. Some evidence-based studies have frequently shown a progressive correlation between physical activity and good health. Objective. The effects of daily exercise on cardiomyocyte size, collagen content (fibrosis), and releasing mast cells (MCsʼ) tryptase of the model of myocardial infarction (MI) were assessed. Methods. 40 rats were coincidentally spread into sham+inertia (control), sham+exercise, infarction+inertia, and infarction+exercise groups. An experimental model of acute MI was induced in infarction groups. One week after surgery, exercising groups were allowed to an aerobic exercise program for six weeks. At the endpoint of the study, all examinations were performed. Results. We found lesser fibrosis in sham+exercise and infarction+exercise groups compared to sham+inertia and infarction+inertia groups, respectively (p = 0.023 , p = 0.001). Also, infarction groups were significantly lower than sham groups (p < 0.05) and the infarction+exercise group was significantly lower than the infarction+inertia group (p < 0.05). The effect of exercise on MCs while increased MC density and degranulation occur at the site of fibrosis, we demonstrated that exercise decreases both total MC density and degranulation in both sham and infarction groups (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry examinations were significantly higher expression of MCsʼ tryptase in infarction groups than sham groups (p < 0.05 , p < 0.0001). Conclusion. Exercise improves fibrosis and cardiac function in both healthy and MI rats by inhibiting released MCsʼ tryptase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High voltage gain dc–dc converters are widely used in various applications like low-voltage sustainable sources. In traditional boost converters, the voltage gain is limited by high voltage stress, high current ripple, and low efficiency due to employing a high duty cycle ratio. In this article, we propose converters that are a combination of four substructures, namely active switched inductor, passive switched inductor, switched capacitor cell, as well as an auxiliary switch with nonisolated configuration. The proposed structures have high voltage gain compared to the conventional either switched inductor-based or switched capacitor-based ones in addition to a low duty cycle ratio. By adding an auxiliary switch, the efficiency is improved, particularly for high voltage gains. The principle of operation and steady-state analysis are discussed in detail. Also, simulation results from PSCAD/EMTDC software are validated by a prototype built for experimental examination. The results demonstrated that the voltage gain and efficiency could be improved by utilizing the auxiliary switch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel stochastic-robust approach is developed for energy communities. • Individual and collective assets are considered and analysed. • The problem is solved using a novel three-stage procedure. • Operating cost is incremented 77$ when the degree of robustness grows. • Collective storage systems help to reduce unserved demand and wasted generation. This paper presents an extended model for aggregation of operational settings of droop-controlled Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in Microgrid (MG) planning, thus deriving in a novel problem named Optimal Siting, Sizing and Setting (OSSS) of DERs. The proposed approach precisely deals with the power flow formulation for autonomous MG as an essential constraint for accurate results. Furthermore, the proposed OSSS model considers the frequency and voltage dependence characteristic of loads. The problem casts in multi-objective formulation to consider different technical, power quality and controlling aspects. This will help the designer to provide efficient decision for allocation of DERs. The effects of realistic load model as well as power sharing error index are elaborately investigated in simulation results. The model is thus further validated and its usefulness demonstrated. Finally, the performance of multi-objective OSSS model is verified by comparing the results with the previous simplified models presented in the recently published literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adiponectin and its receptors are expressed in the male reproductive system, which play a role in regulating male sex hormones and fertility. Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide (STZ-NA i.p) in rats and after performing the trainings, adiponectin gene expression and its receptors in the testis were evaluated using real time PCR, and blood serum was then used in order to assess FSH, LH and testosterone. The STZ-NA significantly increased the fasting blood glucose, gene expression of adiponectin AdipoR1 in the testicles of diabetic rats. A significant reduction in serum testosterone and LH levels were observed in the diabetic group. Resistance and endurance training decreased blood glucose, adiponectin and AdipoR1 gene, and also increased the serum testosterone and LH levels in diabetic rats. Overall, our data suggest the role played by training in improve expression of adiponectin and AdipoR1 gene by increasing the serum testosterone and LH levels in type 2 diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Diabetes mellitus results in weakened wound healing by disturbing one or more physiological actions in the aforementioned steps. Topics include diabetic foot ulcers are extremely resilient to routine treatment protocols, and enhancement of wound healing remains goal of numerous cure stratagems; and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells can improve wound healing in subjects with diabetes mellitus by giving rise to epidermal cells and granulation tissue creation.

Synthesis of functionalized 2-pyridone derivatives from thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-6-carbohydrazides or tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carbohydrazides was developed using acetic acid as solvent at 70°C. Various carbohydrazides could be applied to this protocol, and the desired 2-pyridone products were isolated in excellent yields by simple filtration. This method has several additional advantages, such as simple operation, mild reaction conditions, simple work up, easy product isolation, and preparation of potentially bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple synthesis of oxoquinoline carboxamide derivatives via one-pot, multi-component reaction of enaminones derived from the addition of dimedone to various anilines with aromatic aldehydes and cyanoacetamide is described. Optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of products were obtained, when EtOH/H2O (1:1) was used as the solvent at 80 °C, in the presence of piperidine as the catalyst. The reactions are completed within 5–25 min, in good to high yields (74–85%). This protocol involves Michael reaction, imine-enamine tautomerization, and cyclization sequences. The structures of products were deduced from their IR, mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra. This method includes some important aspects including simple operation under mild conditions, easy accessibility of reactants, workup procedure, high atom economy, and the use of ethanol/water as a green media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibroblast plays a key role in wound healing, and the advantages of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) secretome in wound healing have previously been reported. In the present study, we investigated the impact of human bone marrow MSC-conditioned media (CM) on skin wound healing in diabetic rats and found that some improvements occurred mainly through fibroblast functions. Then, we scrutinized the impact of MSC-CM treatment on fibroblast cellular behavior by culturing human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) in a high-glucose (HG) medium, as an in vitro diabetic model. In vivo findings revealed significant improvements in some healing kinetics of diabetic wound which received MSC-CM. Particularly, MSC-CM-treated diabetic wounds reached considerably higher percentages of wound closure. Also, the granulation tissue of these wound had less pronounced inflammatory response, better tissue remodeling, and more vascularization compared with non-treated diabetic ones. Gene expression analyses indicated that MSC-CM treatment leads to upregulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) genes. In addition, a significantly higher cell viability/proliferation, migration, and bFGF gene expression were observed when MSC-CM was used to treat HDFs in HG culture media. Based on these findings, it is suggested that MSC-CM could promote wound repair and skin regeneration, in some major processes, via improvement of cellular behaviors of fibroblasts in the diabetic microenvironment. The beneficial advantages of mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned media on fibroblast cellular behaviors and wound healing may lead to establish a novel approach as an alternative therapeutic procedure to cure chronic wounds in diabetic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical inactivity is the major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of resistance training and endurance training on diabetic-related metabolic parameters in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of six rats each: control group (C), diabetic group (D), resistance training group (RES) and endurance training group (END). T2D was induced intraperitoneally using nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg). The training period was 70 days. The irisin, betatrophin, insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profiles were measured in the serum of all rats. Results: Diabetes significantly increased serum levels of FBG (p < 0.001), which were decreased significantly after the administration of training (p < 0.001). Training administration had a significant effect in normalizing serum lipid profiles (p < 0.001) and it was shown to increase the serum levels of irisin, betatrophin (p < 0.001) and insulin (END: p < 0.001 and resistance training: p < 0.05). It was also found that the endurance training was more effective in improving this parameters when compared with resistance training (p < 0.05). In addition, the irisin revealed a significant positive association with betatrophin (END: p < 0.01 and resistance training: p < 0.05) and insulin (END: p < 0.01 and RES: p < 0.05) values in diabetic groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that endurance training was more effective in diabetic related metabolic derangement compared with resistance training. This effect is probably due to better regulation of irisin, betatrophin and insulin relative to resistance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathophysiologic conditions associated with diabetes mellitus affect mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and this phenomenon may lead to some diabetic secondary complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of photobiomodulation (PBM) on rat diabetic MSC (DMSC) behavior in vitro. For the purpose of PBM, we used helium-neon laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm at three different energy densities (0.5, 1, 2 J/cm2) and radiation periodicity of once, twice, and thrice. The survival, proliferation, and apoptosis in the normal MSCs (NMSCs), DMSCs, and diabetic MSCs, which were laser irradiated (DMSCs+L), were assessed using MTT assay, Ki67 immunofluorescence staining, and TUNEL assay, respectively. Our results demonstrated that DMSCs have significantly lower survival (P < 0.05) and proliferation rates (P < 0.001), and dramatically higher population doubling time (PDT, P < 0.001) and apoptosis rates (P < 0.001) as compared to NMSCs. Moreover, PBM with energy density of 1 J/cm2 and the periodicity of 1 or 2 times could improve diabetic MSC capabilities in the term of survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Considering these findings, it is suggested that PBM could improve the ability of diabetic MSCs in vitro prior to transplantation or may rise their capabilities in their native niche in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The one‐pot four‐component synthesis of highly functionalized fused hydroxyl dihydropyrroles and dihydropyrazines from readily available diamines, 1,1‐bis (methylsulfanyl)‐2‐nitroethene, phenylglyoxal monohydrates, and C‐H acids have been developed. This strategy provides an efficient, catalyst‐free approach for easy access to various new hydroxyl‐dihydropyrrole and dihydropyrazine rings in good to high yields. The products were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, mass, and X‐ray crystal structure analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: We investigated the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and chicken embryo extract (CEE), alone and in combination, on tissue viability of skin flaps, and mast cells (MCs), in an experimental random skin flap (RSF) rat model. Materials and Methods: A 30 mm × 80 mm RSF was made on the dorsum of each of the forty rats, which were then divided into four groups. One group did not receive any treatment and served as the control, the second group received BMMSCs, the third group received CEE + BMMSCs, and the fourth group received CEE. For BMMSC treatment, 6 × 109 BMMSCs were injected into twelve separate injection sites of each flap. Seven days after RSF surgery, the remaining viable part of each flap was measured and examined to determine the number of blood vessels, MCs, and degranulated MCs. Results: The CEE, CEE + BMMSC, and BMMSC groups displayed significantly higher levels of flap viability (ANOVA test: p = 0.000; LSD test for all groups: p = 0.000), and a greater number of vessels (ANOVA test: p = 0.000; LSD test: p = 0.000, 0.002, and 0.012, respectively), compared with the control group. The flap viability was poorer in the BMMSC group than in the CEE and CEE + BMMSC groups. The BMMSC group also had a greater number of degranulated and total MCs, compared with the CEE and CEE + BMMSC groups. Conclusions: We observed biostimulatory effects of BMMSCs, CEE, and CEE + BMMSCs on flap viability and vessel numbers, compared to the control group. MCs produced in response to BMMSC treatment have an inhibitory effect on the RSFs survival in an ischemic tissue model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic began in 2019 as a result of the advent of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. At present, there are a limited number of approved antiviral agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, and Paxlovid have been approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19 infections. Research has shown that the main protease enzyme (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role in the enzymatic processing of viral polyproteins. This makes Mpro an interesting therapeutic target for combating infections caused by emerging coronaviruses. Methods: The pharmacological effects of pyrroles and their derivatives have a wide range of applications. In our study, we focused on synthesizing nine novel derivatives of 2-arylamino-dihydro-indeno[1,2-b] pyrrol-4(1H)-one, with a particular emphasis on their antiviral properties. Using in silico studies involving molecular docking and DFT analyses in the gas phase using the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) basis set, we studied these compounds with respect to their interactions with the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. The results of the docking analysis revealed that the synthesized compounds exhibited favorable inhibitory effects. Notably, compound 5f demonstrated the highest effectiveness against the target protein. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties of the synthesized derivatives of 2-arylamino-dihydroindeno[1,2-b] pyrrol-4(1H)-one indicated their potential as promising candidates for further development as inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2. However, it is imperative to determine the in vitro efficacy of these compounds through comprehensive biochemical and structural analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a semi-analytical formulation is developed to examine the swelling-induced finite bending of a functionally graded hydrogel strip, when the strip is embedded in a solvent bath of an assigned chemical potential. The cross-link density of the hydrogel polymeric network varies through the strip thickness either linearly or exponentially. As a result of inhomogeneous swelling ratio through the hydrogel strip thickness, the strip bends in a circle. In contrast to earlier solution methods, the initial configuration is mapped to the deformed state without assuming any intermediary virtual state, using a total deformation gradient tensor. The swelling response of the hydrogel is studied utilizing the Flory–Huggins model for the free energy changes due to the mixing and deformation of the hydrogel network. In order to validate the presented method, FEM is employed to solve the finite bending of the functionally graded hydrogel strip. Using the presented method, the effects of the hydrogel network cross-link density distribution on the radial and tangential stress fields, strip bending curvature, and semi-angle are studied. In contrast to hydrogel-based multilayers, continuous stress and deformation field are found for the functionally graded hydrogel strip. Also, multiple tangential stress-free axes are observed for functionally graded hydrogel strips under bending configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast and convenient protocol for the synthesis of a new class of piperidin-1-ium 6-amino-4-aryl-3,5-dicyano-1,4-dihydropyridine-2-thiolate (piperidinium salt) derivatives is developed by the one-pot, three-component reactions of cyanothioacetamide, aromatic aldehydes and piperidine in dichloromethane at room temperature. The features such as operational simplicity, mild conditions, absence of catalyst, high yields in short reaction times, simple purification process with no chromatographic technique make the protocol highly attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burn wound treatment is difficult and one of the most challenging problems in the clinic. Researchers have examined the applications of mesenchymal stem cells as a cell-based therapy for skin regeneration. But the role of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (hBM-MSC-CM) in the treatment of burn injury remains unclear. This research aims at detecting whether hBM-MSC-CM can increase the wound healing of deep second-degree burns in male rats. In this study, 32 adult male rats per each time point were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control group, (2) sham group (DMEM), (3) common treatment group (CT), and (4) conditioned media group (CM). A 3 × 3 cm circular burn was created on the back of the rats. On postsurgical days 7, 15, and 28, the wound closure area of each wound was measured and then the skin samples were removed and analyzed using stereological methods. Wound closure area was significantly increased in the CM and CT groups on the 15th and the 28th day after burn injury compared to the control and DMEM groups. The stereological parameters and immunohistochemistry analysis of the wounds revealed significantly improved healing in the CM group compared to the control and other groups. It is concluded that these findings indicate that hBM-MSC-CM promotes skin wound healing by increasing cell proliferation, regulating collagen synthesis and collagen composition, and inducing angiogenesis at the injury site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of isatin‐based spiro‐fused derivatives were prepared, via three‐component reaction of N‐alkyl‐1‐(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethenamine derived from the addition of various amines to nitroketene dithioacetal with isatin derivatives and 4‐hydroxycoumarin in ethanol as a solvent at reflux. The significant advantages of this protocol include simple operation under mild conditions, easy purification, good yields, and catalyst‐free approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a pH-responsive drug release system based on cadmium telluride quantum dots capped by fluorescent dye-labeled poly (N -(2-(2-amino-ethylamino)-ethyl methacrylamide) metal-chelating polymer. Fluorescent dye is a model for an active molecule which shows our polymer can be attached to bioactive agents such as antibody or a functional drug. Furthermore, it indicates the success of ligand exchange between anchor groups on polymer surface and QDs. The polymer was synthesized using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, resulting in polymers with controllable molecular weights and low polydispersities. The use of diethylenetriamine allows obtaining hydrophilic polymers with amine functional groups available for conjugation with QDs. Furthermore, the amine moieties of the polymer guarantee the pH sensitivity of the system. The obtained nano carrier was monodispersed with very small diameter around 4.5 nm which confirmed by TEM. The obtained nanoparticles show low cytotoxicity in cell viability studies. The release rates of doxorubicin (DOX) anticancer drug conjugates were studied at pH 5.4 and pH 7.4. The release behavior for DOX in pH 7.4 (pH of normal cells) is <1%, while it is high at pH 5.4 (pH of cancer cells). Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes thermochemical properties and decomposition characteristics of polybutadiene acrylonitrile acrylic acid (PBAN). The thermal behavior of PBAN samples containing various amounts of nitrile groups was determined by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC). The results indicate that nitrile content in PBAN affects thermal behavior markedly. The influence of heating rate on the DSC behavior of the PBAN was investigated, while thermal decomposition of these compounds followed the first-order law. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy and frequency factor for these compounds were obtained from the DSC data by non-isothermal methods. Also the impact of different ratio of nitrile content in PBAN on glass transition temperature (Tg) of this terpolymer was measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple one-pot three-component synthesis of fused thiouracils from readily available starting materials including 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, aromatic aldehydes and 6-amino-2-thiouracil in good yields is described. The sequences of cascade reactions include Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition and cyclocondensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A simple method for the synthesis of acenaphtho[1,2- b ]indolindenedione derivatives and acenaphtho[1,2- b ]indolone derivatives via four-component reaction is described. The reaction between dimedone, arylamines, acenaphthoquinone, and 1,3-indondione in refluxing ethanol under catalyst-free conditions are produced the title compounds. The advantages of this method are: environmental friendly, short reaction time, easy work-up, and high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examined the effects of Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) irradiation and PBM on cellular function and cutaneous wound healing. Topic include blood perfusion enhanced after ASC + PBM treatment, Park et al. stated that PBM was an active biostimulator of ASCs in vascular regeneration, which improved ASC viability and encouraged growth factor release in the ischemic hind limbs.

A novel library of pyrano[3,2- c ]chromene-3-carbonitrile and benzo[ g ]chromene-3-carbonitrile containing an aroyl or acetyl group moiety at 4-position has been extended by successive three-component reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin or 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with phenylglyoxal monohydrate and a CH-acid like malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate/methyl cyanoacetate/cyanoacetamide under mild condition in ethanol. This approach for the preparation of novel polysubstituted pyrano[3,2- c ]chromene and benzo[ g ]chromene is distinguished with high atom-economy, good to high efficiencies, mild and metal-free conditions, simple workup and easy purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of novel thiazolo/oxazolo pyridine derivatives were synthesized via an efficient, one-pot, multi-component reaction of enamines derived from the addition of cysteamine hydrochloride/ethanolamine to 1,1-bis(methylthio)-2-nitroethene with aromatic aldehydes and cyanoacetohydrazide in the presence of catalytic amount of Et3N. This reaction includes some important aspects like simple operation under mild conditions, high atom economy, easy accessibility of reactants, simple workup procedure, and the use of EtOH/H2O as a green reaction medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and efficient one‐pot synthesis of tetrahydroacenaphtho[1,2‐b]indolone derivatives via four‐component reaction of 5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione (dimedone), arylamines, acenaphthoquinone, and active methylene compounds under catalyst‐free conditions is described. The reactions were carried out under mild conditions using ethanol as solvent. Advantages of this method include simple experimental and workup procedure, readily available starting materials, and high yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An efficient one-pot synthesis of new types of pyrrolo/pyrido[1,2-a][1,3]diazepines by using the seven-membered ring HKA, an activated methylene compound, and either arylglyoxal monohydrates or salicylaldehyde is described. This method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions and absence of catalyst and provides an entry point to pyrrolo/pyrido and diazepine ring structures.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three component reaction of aromatic aldehydes and 1,3‐indandione in the presence of 4‐amino‐6‐hydroxy‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine is catalyzed by active kappa‐carrageenan under mild conditions to afford the desired products in clean reaction profiles. The kappa carrageenan sources are bioavailable and are extracted from Chondrus crispus, a red seaweed. The catalyst could be prepared by mixing of kappa‐carrageenan in a mechanical mortar for 5 min in a simple step. Good yields with superior atom economy, green and recyclable catalyst with natural source, and simple work‐up are the main advantages of the method for the synthesis of dihydropyridopyrimidines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the in vitro effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) on bony cells and related stem cells. In this study, we aim to systematically review the published scientific literature which explores the use of LLLT and LIPUS to biostimulate the activity or the proliferation of bony cells or stem cells in vitro. We searched the database PubMed for LLLT or LIPUS, with/without bone, osteoblast, osteocyte, stem cells, the human osteosarcoma cell line (MG63), bone-forming cells, and cell culture (or in vitro). These studies were subdivided into categories exploring the effect of LLLT or LIPUS on bony cells, stem cells, and other related cells. 75 articles were found between 1987 and 2016; these included: 50 full paper articles on LLLT and 25 full papers on LIPUS. These articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in our review. A detailed and concise description of the LLLT and the LIPUS protocols and their individual effects on bony cells or stem cells and their results are presented in five tables. Based on the main results and the conclusions of the reviewed articles in the current work, both, LLLT and LIPUS, apply a biostimulatory effect on osteoblasts, osteocytes, and enhance osteoblast proliferation and differentiation on different bony cell lines used in in vitro studies, and therefore, these may be useful tools for bone regeneration therapy. Moreover, in consideration of future cell therapy protocols, both, LLLT and LIPUS (especially LLLT), enhnce a significant increase in the initial number of SCs before differentiation, thus increasing the number of differentiated cells for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and healing. Further studies are necessary to determine the LLLT or the LIPUS parameters, which are optimal for biostimsulating bony cells and SCs for bone healing and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]