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A recent Registered Replication Report (RRR) of the development of verbal rehearsal during serial recall revealed that children verbalized at younger ages than previously thought, but did not identify sources of individual differences. Here, we use mediation analysis to reanalyze data from the 934 children ranging from 5 to 10 years old from the RRR for that purpose. From ages 5 to 7, the time taken for a child to label pictures (i.e. isolated naming speed) predicted the child's spontaneous use of labels during a visually presented serial reconstruction task, despite no need for spoken responses. For 6- and 7-year-olds, isolated naming speed also predicted recall. The degree to which verbalization mediated the relation between isolated naming speed and recall changed across development. All relations dissipated by age 10. The same general pattern was observed in an exploratory analysis of delayed recall for which greater demands are placed on rehearsal for item maintenance. Overall, our findings suggest that spontaneous phonological recoding during a standard short-term memory task emerges around age 5, increases in efficiency during the early elementary school years, and is sufficiently automatic by age 10 to support immediate serial recall in most children. Moreover, the findings highlight the need to distinguish between phonological recoding and rehearsal in developmental studies of short-term memory.

Turkey has become one of the leading countries for international tourism with more than 31 million tourists in 2011. However, most of this development has been in the mass tourism sector. This has led to a concentration of the tourism activities and infrastructure in Istanbul and along the Aegean and western half of the Turkish Mediterranean coasts while most of the country has remained virtually untouched by international tourism. Although mass international tourism has been crucial for the economic development of the country it has also led to increased discrepancies in development among the provinces. Arguably, mass tourism is also considered less sustainable in the long term so that more sustainable alternatives need to be found to attract tourists to other parts of the country and contribute to a more harmonious development of the country. Among these alternative forms of tourism we found that religious tourism has a great potential for development in Turkey. We used direct observation and a range of secondary sources to assess the development potential of religious tourism in different parts of the country. We found that the greatest potential for development exist in Central and Southeastern Anatolia as well as in the eastern half of the Mediterranean Region and the Eastern Black Sea Region. These areas are blessed with a great variety of religious and cultural sites yet so far have seen very little tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]