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Mucins secreted by mucus-producing cells are glycoproteins with many important functions such as antimi crobial effect, lubricity and physical barrier. The structure and function of mucins may be different in various tissues. Therefore, we designed our study to reveal the current state of mucin chemistry in the glands located in the partridge's esophagus. The esophagus of total 10 adult partridges, five female and five male, whose carcasses were slaughtered in a private breeding farm were used. The extracted esophageal tissues were fixed in 10% formol-alcohol. Tissues were blocked following routine histologicalprocedures, and histological and histochemical staining techniques were applied to 5 μm thick sections from the blocks. While distinguishing the cervical and thoracic parts of the esophagus, it was observed that the glands were localized in the lamina propria and had the characteristics of simple alveolar glands or simple branched alveolar glands containing two or three secretory units. It was also determined that esophageal glands contain neutral, acidic (COOH and sulfate groups) and N-acetylsialomucins. Thus, it was concluded that the histological structure of the esophagus and the histochemical properties of mucins were relatively similar to other poul- try species.

WOS:000768642300001 PMID: 35288975 In most mammals, leptin plays central and peripheral roles in a wide range of metabolic activities including feed consumption and digestion, energy expenditure and the regulation of carbohydrate-fat accumulation. Ghrelin is a strong appetite-stimulating hormone, while obestatin has the opposite effect of ghrelin. The latter is released during feeding, causing a sense of satiety. This study aimed to reveal if the metabolic hormones, as well as OB-R and GHS-R, were present in bull and ram abomasums. Streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method was implemented to determine the expressions and localizations of metabolic hormones and their receptors, and obestatin. Immunoreactivity for leptin and obestatin was present in the cytoplasms of luminal and glandular cells, while smooth muscle cells were immunoreactant for ghrelin, in both bull and ram abomasums. Immunoreactivity for OB-R was present in luminal and glandular cell, parietal cell cytoplasms, and blood vessels. Immunoreactivity for GHS-R, on the other hand, was found in glandular epithelial cell cytoplasms and parietal cell cytoplasms, in both bull and ram abomasums. Leptin immunoreactivity was detected in the glandular epithelial cells and stroma, and particularly in the parietal cells. Ghrelin immunoreactivity was not observed in glandular epithelial cells. Obestatin immunoreactivity was found intensely in the bull abomasum, while moderate immunoreactivity was observed in the ram abomasums. As such, leptin, ghrelin and obestatin hormones were expressed in bull and ram abomasums, similar to the abomasums of other species. It is believed that these hormones play important roles in the digestive system activities and the regulation of energy in bulls and rams.

WOS:000784009800001 Abstract: Cytokeratins are intermediate fi lament proteins found in epithelial cells. Specifi c cytokeratin expression has been suggested to mark diff erent epithelial cell line and also to associate with mammary stem/progenitor cells. However, a comparative analysis of the expression of cytokaratins in the mammary gland during the late lactation and involution periods was limited. Here, the aim of the present study is to evaluate CK8, CK18 and CK19 expressions of the mammary gland in cows during late lactation and involution periods, immunohistochemically. Th e lobe and lobule structure were prominent in the mammary tissue in the late lactation period, but the amount of connective tissue started to increase, and epithelial cells found on the walls of the alveoli had diff erent appearances based on their secretion status. Th e walls of the ducts were covered by simple columnar epithelial cells during late lactation. CK8 and CK18 showed strong expressions in the epithelial cells of several alveoli and ducts inside the lobes and lobules in the late lactation and involution periods. In both late lactation and involution periods, there was no CK19 expression in the mammary gland tissue. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that CK8 and CK18 were expressed in the alveolar and ductal epithelial cells of the mammary gland in cows in the late lactation and involution periods, but CK19 was not expressed. Th us, our study fi ndings revealed the role of CK8 and CK18 in mammary epithelial diff erentiation and maintenance of the normal mammary epithelial layer. Öz: Sitokeratinler, epitel hücrelerinde bulunan ara filament proteinlerindendir. Ekspresyonları organ veya dokuya özgüdür ve epitel hücrelerinin tanımlanmasına izin verir, ayrıca meme kök/progenitor hücreler arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyar. Bununla birlikte, geç laktasyon ve involüsyon dönemlerinde meme bezinde sitokaratinlerin ekspresyonunun karşılaştırmalı bir analizi sınırlıydı. Bu çalışmanın amacı, geç laktasyon ve involüsyon dönemlerinde ineklerde meme bezinde CK8, CK18 ve CK19 ekspresyonunu immünohistokimyasal olarak değerlendirmektir. Geç laktasyon döneminde meme bezi dokusunda lob veya lobül yapıları belirgindi, ancak bağ dokusu miktarı artmaya başlamıştı ve alveol duvarında bulunan epitel hücreleri salgı durumuna göre farklı görünümlere sahipti. Geç laktasyon süresince kanalların duvarları tek katlı kolumnar epitel hücreleri ile örtülmüştü. CK8 ve CK18, geç laktasyon ve involusyon dönemlerinde lob ve lobüllerin içindeki kalın epitel hüclerinde güçlü ekspresyonlar göstermiştir. Hem geç laktason döneminde hem de involusyon dönemlerinde meme bezi dokusunda CK 19 ekpresyonu yoktu. Sonuç olaral geç laktasyon ve involusyon döneminde ineklerde meme bezinin alveolar ve duktal epitel hücrelerinde CK8 ve CK18’in eksprese edildiği, ancak CK19’un eksprese edilmediği gösterildi. Böylece, çalışma bulgularımız CK8 ve CK18’in meme epitel farklılaşması ve normal meme epitel tabakasının korunmasındaki rolünü ortaya koydu.

Parts have complex geometries are easily produced byadditive manufacturing method. This practicality in production carries dentalimplant designs to a very advanced level. The possibilities of the digital agewith additive manufacturing bring different perspectives to the search foreconomical solutions in dental implant design and production. Geometries whichhave significant potentials to be able to apply to the designs allowsresearchers to make optimum improvements. Solid dental implants produced frombiocompatible materials are placed in the jawbone to support dental prostheses.The alveolar bone located on the jawbone is a living tissue that cancontinuously regulate itself in response to external physiological andmechanical loads, surrounds the tooth root and fixes it in place. Resorption(resorption) can occur in the alveolar bone due to hereditary factors,insufficient oral care, inflammation and external variable load factors.Resorbed jawbone can cause orthopedic problems such as implant loosening. Inthis study, a new implant design has been studied in order to minimize boneresorptions caused by mechanical load and complications from the implant.Literature studies support the porous structures to be efficient for bonegrowth and regeneration in vivo conditions. The porous structure is used toensure the living bone tissue to be able to grow spirally into the implant inimplant design. This porous structure has been optimized with the latticestructure oriented topological approach and the mechanical strength of theimplant has been controlled. Problems such as boundary conditions of complexgeometries, loadings and material behavior are solved by the finite elementmethod.

Çalışma hücre iskeletinin yapısına giren vimentin proteininin boğa ve koç testis, epididimis, duktus deferens ve rete testis deki lokalizasyonlarını ortaya koymak amacıyla planlandı. Araştırmada, 8 adet sağlıklı, yetişkin boğa ve koçtan alınan doku örnekleri kullanıldı. İmmunohistokimyasal boyamalar için Strept-ABC boyama metodu uygulandı. Bu çalışmada, boğalarda ve koçlarda incelenen alanlarda vimentin immunoreaktivitelerinin dağılımının farklı olmadığı görüldü. Vimentin immunoreaktivitesi, seminifer tubüllerdeki Sertoli hücrelerinin perinüklear sitoplazmalarında, intertubüler alanlarda Leydig hücrelerinde ve rete testis epitelleri ile kan damarı endotellerinde belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, Sertoli ve Leydig hücreleri ile rete testis epitel hücrelerinin vimentin intermediyer filamanlarını içermesi, boğa ve koç testislerinde bu yapıların mezenşimal kökenli olduğunun belirtisidir. Ayrıca vimentin filamentlerinin Leydig hücrelerinde pozitif boyanması mikrotubüllerin hücresel salgı ürünlerinin taşınmasında aktif bir rol oynadığının göstergesidir. Böylelikle vimentin filamentlerinin erkek genital sistemde hücre iskeletine desteklik sağlama, spermatogenezisin olgunlaşması ve korunması gibi önemli rolleri üstlendiği gösterilmiştir. This study was planned to determine the immunohistological localization of vimentin proteins that which enters the structure of the cytoskeleton, in bull and ram testes, epididymis, ductus deferens and rete testis. The testis, epididymis, deferens and rete testis patterns taken from eight healthy, adult, male bull and ram formed the material of our study. For the determination of the localization of vimentin, a strept-ABC immunohistochemical staining procedure was applied. In this study it was observed that, the distribution of vimentin immunoreactivities was not different in the areas examined in bulls and rams. The vimentin immunoreactivity was determined in perinuclear cytoplasm of Sertoli cells, epithelium of tubuli recti and rete testis, and endothelium of blood vessels. In conclusion, the vimentin is found in the Sertoli and Leydig cells and epithelium of rete testis suggest that those structures are derived from mesoderm. In addition, the positive staining of the vimentin filaments in Leydig cells indicates that the microtubules play an active role in the transport of cellular secretory products. Thus, it has been shown that vimentin filaments play important roles such as providing support to the cytoskeleton in the male genital system, maturation and protection of spermatogenesis.

Tuba uterina, memeli üremesinde çok önemli bir rol oynar ve oosit olgunlaşması, sperm kapasitasyonu, döllenme ve gamet ve embriyoların taşınması için en uygun ortamı sağlar. ErB ailesi reseptörlerinin tuba uterinanın fonksiyonlarında etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Birçok araştırmacı ErbB1/HER1 ve ErbB2/HER2 reseptörlerinin seksual ya da menstrual siklus süresince tuba uterinanın luminal epitel, bağdoku ve düz kas hücrelerinden değişen yoğunluklarda ekspresse olduğunu göstermişlerdir. Sunulan çalışmada, erbB1/HER1 ve erbB2/HER2 reseptörlerinin ekspresyonu immunohistokimyasal olarak incelendi. Bu çalışmada 23 farklı holştayn ineğin ovaryum, uterus ve tuba uterinadan doku örnekleri alındı. Sonuç olarak, seksual siklus süresince erbB1/HER1 ve erbB2/HER2 reseptörlerinin inek tuba uterinasında hücre tiplerine göre değişen yoğunluklarda lokalize olması, bu reseptörlerin inek tuba uterinasında önemli fizyolojik etkilere sahip olabileceğini akla getirdi.

Karaciğerin çeşitli hasarlardan sonra yenilenmesi, metabolizmanın ve detoksifikasyon gibi önemli fonksiyonlarının sürdürülmesi için gerekli bir olaydır. Rejenerasyon olayı histolojik olarak çok iyi bir şekilde tanımlanmıştır. Özellikle ilgi çekici olan, karaciğer rejenerasyonunun farklı fazlarını kontrol eden sitokinler ve büyüme faktörleridir. Vasküler endotelyal büyüme faktörü (VEGF) mikrovasküler geçirgenliği arttırır ve endotelyal hücreler için spesifik bir mitojendir ve anjiyogenezde önemli bir rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Sunulan çalışmada, VEGF ve reseptörlerin (fltl / fms, flkl / KDR ve flt4) ekspresyonu immünohistokimyasal olarak incelendi. Bu çalışmada 10 adet sıçan kullanıldı. VEGF ve reseptörleri için pozitif immünoreaksiyon, sıçan karaciğerindeki hepatositler ile kan damarlarının endotel ve düz kas hücrelerinde belirlendi. Bununla birlikte, vena sentralis çevresindeki hepatositlerde flt1/fms immünreaktivitesi VEGF, flk1/KDR ve flt4 ile karşılaştırıldığında oldukça güçlü idi. Sonuç olarak, VEGF ve reseptörlerin (flt1 / fms, flk1 / KDR ve flt4) sıçan karaciğerinin fizyolojik değişikliklerinde önemli roller oynadığını göstermektedir.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada amaç, inek plasentasında gebelik süresince Leptin, Ghrelin ve Obestatin ile reseptörlerinin hücre lokalizasyonları ve olası fizyolojik fonksiyonlarının belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda 44 adet gebe Holstein inek uterusu ve plasentası kullanıldı. Uterus ve plasentaların gebeliğin hangi dönemine ait olduğunu belirlemek için fötusların alın-sağrı uzunluğu ölçülüp, yaş tayinleri yapıldı. Doku örnekleri ise gebe kornunun plasentomal ve interplasentomal olmak üzere iki farklı bölgesinden alınarak %10 nötral formalin solüsyonunda tespit edildi. Rutin histolojik takipten sonra parafinde bloklanan dokulardan 5 mikrometre kalınlığında kesitler alınarak lamlara yerleştirildi. Elde edilen kesitlerde leptin, ghrelin ve obestatin ve bunlara ait reseptörleri (Lep-R, GHS-R, GPR39) belirlemek amacıyla strepavidin peroksidaz yöntemi ile boyandı. Bulgular: Gebelik süresince plasentanın fötal trofoblast ve maternal epitel hücrelerinde, uterusun luminal ve bez epitel hücrelerinin sitoplazmalarında leptin, ghrelin ve obestatin ve bunlara ait reseptörleri (Lep-R, GHS-R, GPR39) için pozitif immunreaksiyonlar belirlendi. Fötomaternal stromal hücreler ve uterusdaki stromal hücrelerin bu faktörler için zayıf immunreaksiyonlar gösterdiği gözlendi. Özellikle obestatinin fötal trofoblastlarda gebeliğin her üç döneminde de güçlü bir ekspirasyon gösterdiği saptandı. Sonuç: İneklerde gebeliğin farklı dönemlerinde plasentanın föto-maternal bölümü ile interplasentomal bölgedeki uterus mukozasından leptin, ghrelin, obestatin ve bunlara ait reseptörleri (Lep-R, GHS-R, GPR39) değişik oranlarda lokalize olması, diğer memeli türlerinde olduğu gibi plasental gelişimde ve gebeliğin devamlılığında bu faktörlerin ineklerde de önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Plasentasyon süresince leptin, ghrelin, obestatin ve bunlara ait reseptörleri (Lep-R, GHS-R, GPR39) lokalize oldukları bu hücrelerin büyümesi, farklılaşması, migrasyonu ve hayatta kalma sürelerinin düzenlenmesinde fizyolojik bir rol oynayabileceğini güçlü bir şekilde desteklemiştir. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the cell localization and possible physiological functions of Leptin, Ghrelin and Obestatin and Receptors during pregnancy in cow placenta. Materials and Methods: In our study, 44 pregnant Holstein cow uterus and placenta were used. To determine the period of pregnancy of the uterus and placenta, the forehead-rump length of the fetuses were measured and age determinations were made. Tissue samples were taken from placentomal and interplasentomal pregnant cornu, and fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution. Following routine histological procedure, the tissues were blocked in paraffin. 5 micrometer sections were taken from the prepared blocks and placed on slides. In the sections obtained, to determine leptin, ghrelin and obestatin and its receptors (Lep-R, GHS-R, GPR39) strepavidin peroxidase method was applied. Results: Localization of leptin, ghrelin, obestatin and its receptors (Lep-R, GHS-R, GPR39) from the uterine mucosa in the interplasentomal region and the feto maternal part of the placenta at different periods of pregnancy in cows, It has shown that these factors are important in placental development and maintenance of pregnancy, as in other mammalian species. İt strongly supported that leptin, ghrelin, obestatin and their receptors (Lep-R, GHS-R, GPR39) may play a physiological role in growth, differentiation, migration and regulation of survival time during placentation. Dicle Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (DÜBAP) tarafından (Proje No: VETERİNER.19.005) kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

It is known that ghrelin, obestatin and leptin are involved in many biological processes such as appetite-energy regulation, growth hormone release and cell proliferation. In addition to these biological activities of in human and rodents, direct effects of these hormones on reproductive functions and regulation of smooth muscle contractions have gained importance in recent years. In mammals, gonadal functions are regulated by using a complex network of autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signals. The signals involved in the control of energy balance regulate reproductive functions by acting on different hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis. The underlying molecular mechanism of gonad is poorly understood and appears to be controlled on genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Ghrelin, obestatin and leptin, three recently discovered hormones, are especially coexpressed in endocrine cells. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the immunohistochemical expression and potential biological activity of bull and ram deferent ducts (DD) in relation to the tissue concentration of ghrelin, obestatin and leptin. Ghrelin, obestatin and leptin expression observed in the DD sections were restricted to the cytoplasm of the epithelial and muscle cells. Both ghrelin and leptin expressions were found in smooth muscle cells in muscular layer of DD and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, and obestatin expression was found in the basal epithelial cells of the luminal epithelium. In conclusion, ghrelin, obestatin and leptin were expressed in varying concentrations in epithelial and muscle cells as well as blood vessels of the deferent ducts of both species. Given the multifunctional biological roles of these peptide hormones, we can suggest that these hormones function in the contraction and hypertrophy of smooth muscles, proliferation or apoptosis of epithelial and muscle cells in DD. Key words: deferent ducts; ghrelin; leptin; obestatin; ruminant; physiological function  IZRAA½ANJE IN BIOLOA KA AKTIVNOST GRELINA, OBESTATINA IN LEPTINA V SEMENOVODU PRI BIKU IN OVNU Povzetek: Znano je, da so grelin, obestatin in leptin vkljuAeni v Aitevilne bioloAike procese, kot so uravnavanje apetita, sproAiAanje rastnega hormona in spodbujanje delitev celic. Poleg omenjenih bioloAikih uAinkov pri ljudeh in glodavcih so v zadnjih letih postali znani tudi njihovi neposredni uAinki na delovanje spolnega sistema in uravnavanje kontrakcije gladkih miAiic. Pri sesalcih je delovanje spolnih A¾lez uravnano z zapleteno mreA¾o avtokrinih, parakrinih in endokrinih sporoAil. SporoAila, ki sodelujejo pri nadzoru energetskega ravnoteA¾ja v telesu pogosto vplivajo tudi na delovanje spolnega sistema z vplivom na hipotalamusno-hipofizno-spolno os. Osnovni molekularni mehanizem delovanja spolnih A¾lez je slabo raziskan, na njegovo delovanje pa vplivajo genetski, okoljski in hormonski dejavniki. Grelin, obestatin in leptin so trije hormoni, ki v telesu sodelujejo pri urejanju in ohranjanju energetskega ravnoteA¾ja. Namen raziskave je bil preuAiti imunohistokemiAno izraA¾anje in potencialno bioloAiko aktivnost grelina, obestatina in leptina v semenovodu bikov in ovnov. Grelin, obestatin in leptin so izraA¾eni v semenovodu in so bili omejeni na citoplazmo epitelijskih in miAiiAnih celic. Grelin in leptin sta bila izraA¾ena v gladkih miAiiAnih celicah miAiiAne plasti semenovoda in gladkih miAiiAnih celicah krvnih A¾il. Obestatin je bil izraA¾en v bazalnih epitelijskih celicah svetline semenovoda. Grelin, obestatin in leptin so torej izraA¾eni v razliAnih koncentracijah v epitelnih in miAiiAnih celicah ter krvnih A¾ilah v semenovodu pri biku in ovnu. Glede na raznolike bioloAike vloge teh peptidnih hormonov lahko predvidevamo, da ti hormoni morda sodelujejo pri krAenju in hipertrofiji gladkih miAiic ter pri mnoA¾enju ali apoptozi epitelijskih in miAiiAnih celic v semenovodu. KljuAne besede: semenovod; grelin; leptin; obestatin; bik; oven; fizioloAika funkcija

It is known that ghrelin, obestatin and leptin are involved in many biological processes such as appetite-energy regulation, growth hormone release and cell proliferation. In addition to these biological activities of in human and rodents, direct effects of these hormones on reproductive functions and regulation of smooth muscle contractions have gained importance in recent years. In mammals, gonadal functions are regulated by using a complex network of autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signals. The signals involved in the control of energy balance regulate reproductive functions by acting on different hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis. The underlying molecular mechanism of gonad is poorly understood and appears to be controlled on genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Ghrelin, obestatin and leptin, three recently discovered hormones, are especially co-expressed in endocrine cells. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the immunohistochemical expression and potential biological activity of bull and ram deferent ducts (DD) in relation to the tissue concentration of ghrelin, obestatin and leptin. Ghrelin, obestatin and leptin expression observed in the DD sections were restricted to the cytoplasm of the epithelial and muscle cells. Both ghrelin and leptin expressions were found in smooth muscle cells in muscular layer of DD and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, and obestatin expression was found in the basal epithelial cells of the luminal epithelium. In conclusion, ghrelin, obestatin and leptin were expressed in varying concentrations in epithelial and muscle cells as well as blood vessels of the deferent ducts of both species. Given the multifunctional biological roles of these peptide hormones, we can suggest that these hormones function in the contraction and hypertrophy of smooth muscles, proliferation or apoptosis of epithelial and muscle cells in DD.

Varma et. al. [Ars Combin. 100 (2011) 193-204] introduced the concept of the Konhauser matrix polynomials. In this paper, we obtain some generating functions for these matrix polynomials. Finally, we focus on some special cases.

We investigate relationships joining the order continuity of a norm in a Banach lattice and some composition properties of L-weakly and M-weakly compact operators. Our results improve Proposition 3.6.16 from [5].