693 results on '"Bazilevskaya, G. A."'
Search Results
2. Helium fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment from the minimum to the maximum solar activity for solar cycle 24
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Marcelli, N., Boezio, M., Lenni, A., Menn, W., Munini, R., Aslam, O. P. M., Bisschoff, D., Ngobeni, M. D., Potgieter, M. S., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Galper, A. M., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Merge, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Mikhailov, V. V., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sotgiu, A., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry fundamental information regarding their origin and propagation. When observed at the Earth, these spectra are significantly affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field that permeates the heliosphere, changing significantly over an 11-year solar cycle. Energy spectra of GCRs measured during different epochs of solar activity provide crucial information for a thorough understanding of solar and heliospheric phenomena. The PAMELA experiment had collected data for almost ten years (15th June 2006 - 23rd January 2016), including the minimum phase of solar cycle 23 and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24. In this paper, we present new spectra for helium nuclei measured by the PAMELA instrument from January 2010 to September 2014 over a three Carrington rotation time basis. These data are compared to the PAMELA spectra measured during the previous solar minimum providing a picture of the time dependence of the helium nuclei fluxes over a nearly full solar cycle. Time and rigidity dependencies are observed in the proton-to-helium flux ratios. The force-field approximation of the solar modulation was used to relate these dependencies to the shapes of the local interstellar proton and helium-nuclei spectra., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures
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- 2022
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3. Development of a Method for Recovery of the Energy Spectra of Precipitating Electrons from the Data of Measurements in the Atmosphere
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Makhmutov, V. S., Maurchev, E. A., Bazilevskaya, G. A., and Mironova, I. A.
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- 2023
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4. Isolated Solar Cosmic Ray Events Caused by Energetic Storm Particles (ESPs)
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Daibog, E. I., and Logachev, Yu. I.
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- 2023
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5. Lithium and Beryllium Isotopes in the PAMELA Experiment
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Bogomolov, E. A., Vasilyev, G. I., Menn, W., Adriani, O., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Barbarino, G. C., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bonvicini, V., Bongi, M., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Voronov, S. A., Galper, A. M., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Casolino, M., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Castellini, G., Cafagna, F., Kvashnin, A. A., Kvashnin, A. N., Koldobskiy, S. A., Lagoida, I. A., Leonov, A. A., Mayorov, A. G., Malakhov, V. V., Martucci, M., Marcelli, L., Merge, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., and Yurkin, Y. T.
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- 2023
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6. Solar-Cycle Variations of South-Atlantic Anomaly Proton Intensities Measured With The PAMELA Mission
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Bruno, A., Martucci, M., Cafagna, F. S., Sparvoli, R., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Galper, A. M., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Kvashnin, A. N., Lenni, A., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Marcelli, L., Marcelli, N., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Merge', M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Mikhailov, V. V., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sotgiu, A., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Zharaspayev, T. R.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
We present a study of the solar-cycle variations of >80 MeV proton flux intensities in the lower edge of the inner radiation belt, based on the measurements of the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) mission. The analyzed data sample covers an ~8 year interval from 2006 July to 2014 September, thus spanning from the decaying phase of the 23rd solar cycle to the maximum of the 24th cycle. We explored the intensity temporal variations as a function of drift shell and proton energy, also providing an explicit investigation of the solar-modulation effects at different equatorial pitch angles. PAMELA observations offer new important constraints for the modeling of low-altitude particle radiation environment at the highest trapping energies., Comment: accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters
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- 2021
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7. Study of the 27-day variations in GCR fluxes during 2007-2008 based on PAMELA and ARINA observations
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Modzelewska, R., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Boezio, M., Koldashov, S. V., Krainev, M. B., Marcelli, N., Mayorov, A. G., Mayorova, M. A., Munini, R., Troitskaya, I. K., Yulbarisov, R. F., Luo, X., Potgieter, M. S., and Aslam, O. P. M.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,High Energy Physics - Experiment ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
Using measurements from the PAMELA and ARINA spectrometers onboard the RESURS DK-1 satellite, we have examined the 27-day intensity variations in galactic cosmic ray (GCR) proton fluxes in 2007-2008. The PAMELA and ARINA data allow for the first time a study of time profiles and the rigidity dependence of the 27-day variations observed directly in space in a wide rigidity range from ~300 MV to several GV. We find that the rigidity dependence of the amplitude of the 27-day GCR variations cannot be described by the same power-law at both low and high energies. A flat interval occurs at rigidity R = <0.6-1.0> GV with a power-law index gamma = - 0.13+/-0.44 for PAMELA, whereas for R >= 1 GV the power-law dependence is evident with index gamma = - 0.51+/-0.11. We describe the rigidity dependence of the 27-day GCR variations for PAMELA and ARINA data in the framework of the modulation potential concept using the force-field approximation for GCR transport. For a physical interpretation, we have considered the relationship between the 27-day GCR variations and solar wind plasma and other heliospheric parameters. Moreover, we have discussed possible implications of MHD modeling of the solar wind plasma together with a stochastic GCR transport model concerning the effects of corotating interaction regions., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures
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- 2021
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8. Searching for Sources of Solar Cosmic Rays in Weak Events
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Daibog, E. I., and Logachev, Yu. I.
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- 2023
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9. Time dependence of the flux of helium nuclei in cosmic rays measured by the PAMELA experiment between July 2006 and December 2009
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Marcelli, N., Boezio, M., Lenni, A., Menn, W., Munini, R., Aslam, O. P. M., Bisschoff, D., Ngobeni, M. D., Potgieter, M. S., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Galper, A. M., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Mergè, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Mikhailov, V. V., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sotgiu, A., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
Precise time-dependent measurements of the Z = 2 component in the cosmic radiation provide crucial information about the propagation of charged particles through the heliosphere. The PAMELA experiment, with its long flight duration (15th June 2006 - 23rd January 2016) and the low energy threshold (80 MeV/n) is an ideal detector for cosmic ray solar modulation studies. In this paper, the helium nuclei spectra measured by the PAMELA instrument from July 2006 to December 2009 over a Carrington rotation time basis are presented. A state-of-the-art three-dimensional model for cosmic-ray propagation inside the heliosphere was used to interpret the time-dependent measured fluxes. Proton-to-helium flux ratio time profiles at various rigidities are also presented in order to study any features which could result from the different masses and local interstellar spectra shapes.
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- 2020
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10. Fifty years of studying the GCR intensity during inversion of heliospheric magnetic fields I. Observations
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Krainev M. B., Bazilevskaya G. A., Kalinin M. S., Mihaylov V. V., Svirzhevskaya A. K., and Svirzhevsky N. S.
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heliosphere ,heliospheric magnetic fields (hmf) ,inversion of hmf ,galactic cosmic rays (gcr) ,gcr modulation ,long-term gcr variations ,22-year gcr intensity variation ,gcr during hmf inversion ,Astrophysics ,QB460-466 - Abstract
The effects of the 22-year variation of solar magnetic fields in the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity were first observed and interpreted as manifestations of inversion of the high-latitude solar magnetic field in properties of heliospheric magnetic fields by the Lebedev Physical Institute team in 1973. Since then, these effects have been studied already for 50 years. The situation with the heliospheric magnetic field is clear for periods of medium and low sunspot activity — the heliosphere consists of two unipolar “hemispheres” separated by a wavy global heliospheric current sheet and characterized by a general polarity A (unit quantity with the sign of the radial component of the heliospheric magnetic field in the northern hemisphere). Yet there is no consensus on what the inversion of the heliospheric magnetic field is and which effects in the GCR intensity are connected with this phenomenon. In this article, we briefly formulate general concepts of the 22-year variation in characteristics of the Sun, heliosphere, and GCR intensity and discuss the observed effects in the GCR intensity, which we attribute to the heliospheric magnetic field reversal. Models for this phenomenon and the results of GCR intensity calculations with these models will be discussed in the next article.
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- 2023
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11. Manifestation of solar wind corotating interaction regions in GCR intensity variations
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Krainev M. B., Kalinin M. S., Bazilevskaya G. A., Svirzhevskaya A. K., Svirzhevsky N. S., Luo X., Aslam O., Shen F., Ngobeni M., and Potgieter M.
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heliosphere ,corotating interaction regions ,galactic cosmic rays ,gcr modulation ,long-term gcr variations ,27-day gcr intensity variation ,mhd approximation ,monte carlo method ,Astrophysics ,QB460-466 - Abstract
The regions of interaction between solar wind streams of different speed, known as corotating interaction regions, form an almost constantly existing structure of the inner heliosphere. Using observational data on the main characteristics of the heliosphere, important for GCR modulation, and the results of 3D MHD modeling of corotating interaction regions, and Monte Carlo simulation of recurrent GCR variations, we analyze the importance of the corotating interaction regions for longitude-averaged characteristics of the heliosphere and GCR propagation, and possible ways for simulating long-term GCR intensity variations with respect to the corotating interaction regions.
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- 2023
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12. Comparing Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares and High-Energy Solar Energetic Particles
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de Nolfo, G. A., Bruno, A., Ryan, J. M., Dalla, S., Giacalone, J., Richardson, I. G., Christian, E. R., Stochaj, S. J., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Boezio, M., Martucci, M., Mikhailov, V. V., and Munini, R.
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Physics - Space Physics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Little is known about the origin of the high-energy and sustained emission from solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares (LDGRFs), identified with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), and now Fermi. Though Fermi/Large Area Space Telescope (LAT) has identified dozens of flares with LDGRF signature, the nature of this phenomenon has been a challenge to explain both due to the extreme energies and long durations. The highest-energy emission has generally been attributed to pion production from the interaction of >300 MeV protons with the ambient matter. The extended duration suggests that particle acceleration occurs over large volumes extending high in the corona, either from stochastic acceleration within large coronal loops or from back precipitation from coronal mass ejection driven shocks. It is possible to test these models by making direct comparison between the properties of the accelerated ion population producing the gamma-ray emission derived from the Fermi/LAT observations, and the characteristics of solar energetic particles (SEPs) measured by the Payload for Matter-Antimatter Exploration and Light Nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) spacecraft in the energy range corresponding to the pion-related emission detected with Fermi. For fourteen of these events we compare the two populations -- SEPs in space and the interacting particles at the Sun -- and discuss the implications in terms of potential sources. Our analysis shows that the two proton numbers are poorly correlated, with their ratio spanning more than five orders of magnitude, suggesting that the back precipitation of shock-acceleration particles is unlikely the source of the LDGRF emission., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ
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- 2019
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13. Study of Forbush Decrease Recovery Times by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-Nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) Experiment
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Lagoida, I. A., Voronov, S. A., Mikhailov, V. V., Boezio, M., Munini, R., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Bogomolov, E. A., Bonvicini, V., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Casolino, M., Galper, A. M., Koldobskiy, S. A., Kvashnin, A. N., Lenni, A., Leonov, A. N., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Marcelli, N., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A., Mergè, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Panico, B., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Rodenko, S., Sotgiu, A., Sparvoli, R., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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- 2023
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14. Catalogs of Solar Proton Events as a Tool for Studying Space Weather
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Vlasova, N. A., Logachev, Yu. I., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Ginzburg, E. A., Daibog, E. I., Ishkov, V. N., Kalegaev, V. V., Lazutin, L. L., Nguyen, M. D., Surova, G. M., and Yakovchuk, O. S.
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- 2022
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15. On the Reproduction of the Solar Activity Variations in the Range 2–40 Months in the Interplanetary Medium
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Kalinin, M. S., Krainev, M. B., Makhmutov, V. S., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., Svirzhevsky, N. S., and Stozhkov, Yu. I.
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- 2022
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16. Solar energetic particle events observed by the PAMELA mission
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Bruno, A., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Boezio, M., Christian, E. R., de Nolfo, G. A., Martucci, M., Merge', M., Mikhailov, V. V., Munini, R., Richardson, I. G., Ryan, J. M., Stochaj, S., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bellotti, R., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Despite the significant progress achieved in recent years, the physical mechanisms underlying the origin of solar energetic particles (SEPs) are still a matter of debate. The complex nature of both particle acceleration and transport poses challenges to developing a universal picture of SEP events that encompasses both the low-energy (from tens of keV to a few hundreds of MeV) observations made by space-based instruments and the GeV particles detected by the worldwide network of neutron monitors in ground-level enhancements (GLEs). The high-precision data collected by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) satellite experiment offer a unique opportunity to study the SEP fluxes between $\sim$80 MeV and a few GeV, significantly improving the characterization of the most energetic events. In particular, PAMELA can measure for the first time with good accuracy the spectral features at moderate and high energies, providing important constraints for current SEP models. In addition, the PAMELA observations allow the relationship between low and high-energy particles to be investigated, enabling a clearer view of the SEP origin. No qualitative distinction between the spectral shapes of GLE, sub-GLE and non-GLE events is observed, suggesting that GLEs are not a separate class, but are the subset of a continuous distribution of SEP events that are more intense at high energies. While the spectral forms found are to be consistent with diffusive shock acceleration theory, which predicts spectral rollovers at high energies that are attributed to particles escaping the shock region during acceleration, further work is required to explore the relative influences of acceleration and transport processes on SEP spectra., Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables
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- 2018
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17. Lithium and Beryllium isotopes with the PAMELA experiment
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Menn, W., Bogomolov, E. A., Simon, M., Vasilyev, G., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Mergè, M, Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors - Abstract
The cosmic-ray lithium and beryllium ($^{6}$Li, $^{7}$Li, $^{7}$Be, $^{9}$Be, $^{10}$Be) isotopic composition has been measured with the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA, which was launched into low-Earth orbit on-board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15th 2006. The rare lithium and beryllium isotopes in cosmic rays are believed to originate mainly from the interaction of high energy carbon, nitrogen and oxygen nuclei with the interstellar medium (ISM), but also on "tertiary" interactions in the ISM (i.e. produced by further fragmentation of secondary beryllium and boron). In this paper the isotopic ratios $^{7}$Li/$^{6}$Li and $^{7}$Be/($^{9}$Be + $^{10}$Be) measured between 150 and 1100 MeV/n using two different detector systems from July 2006 to September 2014 will be presented., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1512.06535
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- 2018
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18. Evidence of energy and charge sign dependence of the recovery time for the December 2006 Forbush event measured by the PAMELA experiment
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Munini, R., Boezio, M., Bruno, A., Christian, E. C., de Nolfo, G. A., Di Felice, V., Martucci, M., Merge, M., Richardson, I. G., Ryan, J. M., Stochaj, S., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Potgieter, M. S.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
New results on the short-term galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity variation (Forbush decrease) in December 2006 measured by the PAMELA instrument are presented. Forbush decreases are sudden suppressions of the GCR intensities which are associated with the passage of interplanetary transients such as shocks and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). Most of the past measurements of this phenomenon were carried out with ground-based detectors such as neutron monitors or muon telescopes. These techniques allow only the indirect detection of the overall GCR intensity over an integrated energy range. For the first time, thanks to the unique features of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer, the Forbush decrease commencing on 2006 December 14, following a CME at the Sun on 2006 December 13 was studied in a wide rigidity range (0.4 - 20 GV) and for different species of GCRs detected directly in space. The daily averaged GCR proton intensity was used to investigate the rigidity dependence of the amplitude and the recovery time of the Forbush decrease. Additionally, for the first time, the temporal variations in the helium and electron intensities during a Forbush decrease were studied. Interestingly, the temporal evolutions of the helium and proton intensities during the Forbush decrease were found in good agreement, while the low rigidity electrons (< 2 GV) displayed a faster recovery. This difference in the electron recovery is interpreted as a charge-sign dependence introduced by drift motions experienced by the GCRs during their propagation through the heliosphere.
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- 2018
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19. Ten Years of PAMELA in Space
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Munini, R., Mori, N., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
The PAMELA cosmic ray detector was launched on June 15th 2006 on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite, and during ten years of nearly continuous data-taking it has observed new interesting features in cosmic rays (CRs). In a decade of operation it has provided plenty of scientific data, covering different issues related to cosmic ray physics. Its discoveries might change our basic vision of the mechanisms of production, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. The antimatter measurements, focus of the experiment, have set strong constraints to the nature of Dark Matter. Search for signatures of more exotic processes (such as the ones involving Strange Quark Matter) was also pursued. Furthermore, the long-term operation of the instrument had allowed a constant monitoring of the solar activity during its maximum and a detailed and prolonged study of the solar modulation, improving the comprehension of the heliosphere mechanisms. PAMELA had also measured the radiation environment around the Earth, and it detected for the first time the presence of an antiproton radiation belt surrounding our planet. The operation of Resurs-DK1 was terminated in 2016. In this article we will review the main features of the PAMELA instrument and its constructing phases. Main part of the article will be dedicated to the summary of the most relevant PAMELA results over a decade of observation
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- 2018
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20. Unexpected cyclic behavior in cosmic ray protons observed by PAMELA at 1 AU
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Pizzella, G., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Physics - Space Physics ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Protons detected by the PAMELA experiment in the period 2006-2014 have been analyzed in the energy range between 0.40-50 GV to explore possible periodicities besides the well known solar undecennial modulation. An unexpected clear and regular feature has been found at rigidities below 15 GV, with a quasi-periodicity of $\sim$450 days. A possible Jovian origin of this periodicity has been investigated in different ways. The results seem to favor a small but not negligible contribution to cosmic rays from the Jovian magnetosphere, even if other explanations cannot be excluded., Comment: article 4 figures, 1 table
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- 2018
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21. Proton fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment from the minimum to the maximum solar activity for the 24th solar cycle
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Martucci, M., Munini, R., Boezio, M., Di Felice, V., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Marcelli, N., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Monaco, E. Mocchiutti A., Mori, N., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Potgieter, M. S., and Raath, J. L.
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Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
Precise measurements of the time-dependent intensity of the low energy ($<50$ GeV) galactic cosmic rays are fundamental to test and improve the models which describe their propagation inside the heliosphere. Especially, data spanning different solar activity periods, i.e. from minimum to maximum, are needed to achieve comprehensive understanding of such physical phenomenon. The minimum phase between the 23$^{rd}$ and the 24$^{th}$ solar cycles was peculiarly long, extending up to the beginning of 2010 and followed by the maximum phase, reached during early 2014. In this paper, we present proton differential spectra measured from January 2010 to February 2014 by the PAMELA experiment. For the first time the galactic cosmic ray proton intensity was studied over a wide energy range (0.08-50 GeV) by a single apparatus from a minimum to a maximum period of solar activity. The large statistics allowed the time variation to be investigated on a nearly monthly basis. Data were compared and interpreted in the context of a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model describing the galactic cosmic rays propagation through the heliosphere., Comment: article, 4 figures. Accepted for publication on The Astrophysical Journal Letters (January 2018)
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- 2018
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22. Secondary positrons and electrons measured by PAMELA experiment
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Mikhailov, V. V., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F. S., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobsky, S., Krutkov, S. Yu., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Mikhailova, Yu. V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Merge, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Papini, P., Palma, F., Panico, B., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Runtso, M. F., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Yu. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasiliev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Yu. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
We present a measurements of electron and positron fluxes below the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in wide energy range from 50 MeV to several GeV by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer. The instrument was launched on June 15th 2006 on-board the Resurs-DK satellite on low orbit with 70 degrees inclination and altitude between 350 and 600 km. The procedure of trajectories calculations in the geomagnetic field separates stably trapped and albedo components produced in interactions of cosmic ray protons with the residual atmosphere from galactic cosmic rays. Features of spatial distributions of secondary electrons and positrons in the near Earth space, including the South Atlantic Anomaly, were investigated., Comment: XXV ECRS 2016 Proceedings - eConf C16-09-04.3
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- 2017
23. Atmospheric Effects during the Precipitation of Energetic Electrons
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Makhmutov, V. S., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Mironova, I. A., Sinnhuber, M., Rozanov, E., Sukhodolov, T., Gvozdevsky, B. B., and Svirzhevsky, N. S.
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- 2021
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24. Space–Time Structure of Energetic Electron Precipitations according to the Data of Balloon Observations and Polar Satellite Measurements on February 1–6, 2015
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Kugusheva, A. D., Kalegaev, V. V., Vlasova, N. A., Petrov, K. A., Bazilevskaya, G. A., and Makhmutov, V. S.
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- 2021
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25. Statistical Links between Solar Cosmic Rays, Type-II Radio Emission, and Coronal Mass Ejections
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Logachev, Yu. I., Daibog, E. I., Vlasova, N. A., Ginzburg, E. A., Ishkov, V. N., Lazutin, L. L., Nguyen, M. D., Surova, G. M., and Yakovchuk, O. S.
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- 2021
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26. Features of Solar Proton Events and Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares in the 24th Solar Cycle
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Daibog, E. I., Logachev, Yu. I., Vlasova, N. A., Ginzburg, E. A., Ishkov, V. N., Lazutin, L. L., Nguyen, M. D., Surova, G. M., and Yakovchouk, O. S.
- Published
- 2021
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27. Geomagnetically trapped, albedo and solar energetic particles: trajectory analysis and flux reconstruction with PAMELA
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Bruno, A., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Christian, E. C., De Donato, C., de Nolfo, G. A., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergé, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Ryan, J. M., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stochaj, S., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
- Subjects
Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
The PAMELA satellite experiment is providing comprehensive observations of the interplanetary and magnetospheric radiation in the near-Earth environment. Thanks to its identification capabilities and the semi-polar orbit, PAMELA is able to precisely measure the energetic spectra and the angular distributions of the different cosmic-ray populations over a wide latitude region, including geomagnetically trapped and albedo particles. Its observations comprise the solar energetic particle events between solar cycles 23 and 24, and the geomagnetic cutoff variations during magnetospheric storms. PAMELA's measurements are supported by an accurate analysis of particle trajectories in the Earth's magnetosphere based on a realistic geomagnetic field modeling, which allows the classification of particle populations of different origin and the investigation of the asymptotic directions of arrival., Comment: Accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research, 2016. 21 pages, 7 figures
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- 2016
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28. Time dependence of the electron and positron components of the cosmic radiation measured by the PAMELA experiment between July 2006 and December 2015
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S. A., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Merge, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Potgieter, M. S., and Vos, E. E.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
Cosmic-ray electrons and positrons are a unique probe of the propagation of cosmic rays as well as of the nature and distribution of particle sources in our Galaxy. Recent measurements of these particles are challenging our basic understanding of the mechanisms of production, acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays. Particularly striking are the differences between the low energy results collected by the space-borne PAMELA and AMS-02 experiments and older measurements pointing to sign-charge dependence of the solar modulation of cosmic-ray spectra. The PAMELA experiment has been measuring the time variation of the positron and electron intensity at Earth from July 2006 to December 2015 covering the period for the minimum of solar cycle 23 (2006-2009) till the middle of the maximum of solar cycle 24, through the polarity reversal of the heliospheric magnetic field which took place between 2013 and 2014. The positron to electron ratio measured in this time period clearly shows a sign-charge dependence of the solar modulation introduced by particle drifts. These results provide the first clear and continuous observation of how drift effects on solar modulation have unfolded with time from solar minimum to solar maximum and their dependence on the particle rigidity and the cyclic polarity of the solar magnetic field., Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures
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- 2016
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29. PAMELA's measurements of geomagnetic cutoff variations during the 14 December 2006 storm
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., de Nolfo, G. A., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mikhailov, M. Mergé V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
- Subjects
Physics - Space Physics ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,High Energy Physics - Experiment - Abstract
Data from the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) satellite experiment were used to measure the geomagnetic cutoff for high-energy (>80 MeV) protons during the 14 December 2006 geomagnetic storm. The variations of the cutoff latitude as a function of rigidity were studied on relatively short timescales, corresponding to spacecraft orbital periods (94 min). Estimated cutoff values were compared with those obtained by means of a trajectory tracing approach based on a dynamical empirical modeling of the Earth's magnetosphere. We found significant variations in the cutoff latitude, with a maximum suppression of about 7 deg at lowest rigidities during the main phase of the storm. The observed reduction in the geomagnetic shielding and its temporal evolution were related to the changes in the magnetospheric configuration, investigating the role of interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind and geomagnetic parameters. PAMELA's results represent the first direct measurement of geomagnetic cutoffs for protons with kinetic energies in the sub-GeV and GeV region., Comment: 26 pages, 6 figures and 1 table. Accepted for publication in Space Weather
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- 2016
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30. Measurements of Cosmic-Ray Hydrogen and Helium Isotopes with the PAMELA experiment
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M, Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
The cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium ($^1$H, $^2$H, $^3$He, $^4$He) isotopic composition has been measured with the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA, which was launched into low-Earth orbit on-board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15th 2006. The rare isotopes $^2$H and $^3$He in cosmic rays are believed to originate mainly from the interaction of high energy protons and helium with the galactic interstellar medium. The isotopic composition was measured between 100 and 1100 MeV/n for hydrogen and between 100 and 1400 MeV/n for helium isotopes using two different detector systems over the 23rd solar minimum from July 2006 to December 2007., Comment: 22 pages, 17 figures, Accepted for publication on the Astrophysical Journal
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- 2015
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31. Time dependence of the e^- flux measured by PAMELA during the July 2006 - December 2009 solar minimum
- Author
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Merge, M, Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Potgieter, M. S., and Vos, E. E.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
Precision measurements of the electron component in the cosmic radiation provide important information about the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy not accessible from the study of the cosmic-ray nuclear components due to their differing diffusion and energy-loss processes. However, when measured near Earth, the effects of propagation and modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere, particularly significant for energies up to at least 30 GeV, must be properly taken into account. In this paper the electron (e^-) spectra measured by PAMELA down to 70 MeV from July 2006 to December 2009 over six-months time intervals are presented. Fluxes are compared with a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model of solar modulation that reproduces the observations remarkably well., Comment: 40 pages, 18 figures, 1 table
- Published
- 2015
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32. PAMELA's measurements of geomagnetic cutoff variations during solar energetic particle events
- Author
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Bruno, A., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bravar, U., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Christian, E. C., De Donato, C., de Nolfo, G. A., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Lee, M., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Ryan, J. M., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stochaj, S., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Zverev, V. G.
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
Data from the PAMELA satellite experiment were used to measure the geomagnetic cutoff for high-energy ($\gtrsim$ 80 MeV) protons during the solar particle events on 2006 December 13 and 14. The variations of the cutoff latitude as a function of rigidity were studied on relatively short timescales, corresponding to single spacecraft orbits (about 94 minutes). Estimated cutoff values were cross-checked with those obtained by means of a trajectory tracing approach based on dynamical empirical modeling of the Earth's magnetosphere. We find significant variations in the cutoff latitude, with a maximum suppression of about 6 deg for $\sim$80 MeV protons during the main phase of the storm. The observed reduction in the geomagnetic shielding and its temporal evolution were compared with the changes in the magnetosphere configuration, investigating the role of IMF, solar wind and geomagnetic (Kp, Dst and Sym-H indexes) variables and their correlation with PAMELA cutoff results., Comment: Conference: The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), 30 July - 6 August, 2015, The Hague, The Netherlands, Volume: PoS(ICRC2015)287
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- 2015
33. PAMELA's measurements of geomagnetically trapped and albedo protons
- Author
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Bruno, A., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bravar, U., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Christian, E. C., De Donato, C., de Nolfo, G. A., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Lee, M., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Ryan, J. M., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stochaj, S., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Zverev, V. G.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
Data from the PAMELA satellite experiment were used to perform a detailed measurement of under-cutoff protons at low Earth orbits. On the basis of a trajectory tracing approach using a realistic description of the magnetosphere, protons were classified into geomagnetically trapped and re-entrant albedo. The former include stably-trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly, which were analyzed in the framework of the adiabatic theory, investigating energy spectra, spatial and angular distributions; results were compared with the predictions of the AP8 and the PSB97 empirical trapped models. The albedo protons were classified into quasi-trapped, concentrating in the magnetic equatorial region, and un-trapped, spreading over all latitudes and including both short-lived (precipitating) and long-lived (pseudo-trapped) components. Features of the penumbra region around the geomagnetic cutoff were investigated as well. PAMELA observations significantly improve the characterization of the high energy proton populations in near Earth orbits., Comment: Conference: The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), 30 July - 6 August, 2015, The Hague, The Netherlands, Volume: PoS(ICRC2015)288
- Published
- 2015
34. Solar energetic particle events: trajectory analysis and flux reconstruction with PAMELA
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Bruno, A., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bravar, U., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Christian, E. C., De Donato, C., de Nolfo, G. A., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Lee, M., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Ryan, J. M., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stochaj, S., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Zverev, V. G.
- Subjects
Physics - Space Physics ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
The PAMELA satellite experiment is providing first direct measurements of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) with energies from about 80 MeV to several GeV in near-Earth space, bridging the low energy data by other space-based instruments and the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) data by the worldwide network of neutron monitors. Its unique observational capabilities include the possibility of measuring the flux angular distribution and thus investigating possible anisotropies. This work reports the analysis methods developed to estimate the SEP energy spectra as a function of the particle pitch-angle with respect to the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) direction. The crucial ingredient is provided by an accurate simulation of the asymptotic exposition of the PAMELA apparatus, based on a realistic reconstruction of particle trajectories in the Earth's magnetosphere. As case study, the results for the May 17, 2012 event are presented., Comment: Conference: The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2015), 30 July - 6 August, 2015, The Hague, The Netherlands, Volume: PoS(ICRC2015)085
- Published
- 2015
35. Heliospheric Magnetic Field and The Parker Model
- Author
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Svirzhevsky, N. S., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Kalinin, M. S., Krainev, M. B., Makhmutov, V. S., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., and Stozhkov, Yu. I.
- Published
- 2021
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36. Structure of the Heliospheric Magnetic Field and Galactic Cosmic Ray Modulation
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Kalinin, M. S., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Krainev, M. B., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., and Svirzhevsky, N. S.
- Published
- 2021
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37. Search for anisotropies in cosmic-ray positrons detected by the PAMELA experiment
- Author
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Giaccari, U., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
The PAMELA detector was launched on board of the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15, 2006. Data collected during the first four years have been used to search for large-scale anisotropies in the arrival directions of cosmic-ray positrons. The PAMELA experiment allows for a full sky investigation, with sensitivity to global anisotropies in any angular window of the celestial sphere. Data samples of positrons in the rigidity range 10 GV $\leq$ R $\leq$ 200 GV were analyzed. This article discusses the method and the results of the search for possible local sources through analysis of anisotropy in positron data compared to the proton background. The resulting distributions of arrival directions are found to be isotropic. Starting from the angular power spectrum, a dipole anisotropy upper limit \delta = 0.166 at 95% C.L. is determined. Additional search is carried out around the Sun. No evidence of an excess correlated with that direction was found., Comment: The value of the dipole anisotropy upper limit has been changed. The method is correct but there was a miscalculation in the relative formula
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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38. On the mechanisms of the quasi-biennial oscillations in the GCR intensity
- Author
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Krainev, M., Bazilevskaya, G., Kalinin, M., Svirzhevskaya, A., and Svirzhevsky, N.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a well-known quasi-periodical variation with characteristic time 0.5-4 years in different solar, heliospheric and cosmic ray characteristics. In this paper a hypothesis is checked on the causes of the apparent lack of correlation between solar and heliospheric QBOs, then the possible mechanisms of QBO in the GCR intensity are discussed as well as the idea of the same nature of the step-like changes and Gnevyshev Gap effects in the GCR intensity. Our main conclusions are as follows: 1) In the first approximation the hypothesis is justified that the change in the sunspot and QBO cycles in the transition from the Sun to the heliosphere is due to 1) the different magnitude and time behavior of the large-scale and small-scale photospheric solar magnetic fields and 2) the stronger attenuation of the small-scale fields in this transition. 2) As the QBO in the HMF strength influences both the diffusion coefficients and drift velocity, it can give rise to the complex QBO in the GCR intensity with respect to the dominating HMF polarity. The description of drift velocity field for the periods of the HMF inversion is suggested, although it has drawbacks. 3) As the conditions in the heliosphere are quite different around the sunspot maximum and during the periods of low solar activity (both with respect to the HMF polarity distribution and with the presence or absence of the large-scale barriers), the suggestion that both the step-like changes of the GCR intensity and Gnevyshev Gap effect could have the same nature, looks questionable., Comment: 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands, 30 July - 6 August, 2015, paper ID 439, 8 pages. Proceedings of Science, 2015
- Published
- 2015
39. GCR intensity during the sunspot maximum phase and the inversion of the heliospheric magnetic field
- Author
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Krainev, M., Bazilevskaya, G., Kalinin, M., Svirzhevskaya, A., and Svirzhevsky, N.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
The maximum phase of the solar cycle is characterized by several interesting features in the solar activity, heliospheric characteristics and the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity. Recently the maximum phase of the current solar cycle (SC) 24, in many relations anomalous when compared with solar cycles of the second half of the 20-th century, came to the end. The corresponding phase in the GCR intensity cycle is also in progress. In this paper we study different aspects of the sunspot, heliospheric and GCR behavior around this phase. Our main conclusions are as follows: 1) The maximum phase of the sunspot SC 24 ended in 06.2014, the development of the sunspot cycle being similar to those of SC 14, 15 (the Glaisberg minimum). The maximum phase of SC 24 in the GCR intensity is still in progress. 2) The inversion of the heliospheric magnetic field consists of three stages, characterized by the appearance of the global heliospheric current sheet (HCS), connecting all longitudes. In two transition dipole stages beside the global HCS there are additional local HCSs, while the inversion stage lies between two transition dipole ones and there is no global HCS in this stage. The inversion stage of the current SC 24 is the longest when compared with those for SC 21-23. The second transition dipole stage and hence the whole inversion period of the heliospheric magnetic field in SC 24 provisionally ended in 08.2014. 3) The behavior of the GCR intensity in the period of the sunspot maximum phase and the inversion of the heliospheric magnetic fields for SC 21-23 demonstrates all the characteristic features for this period: the two-gap structure corresponding to two-peak structure in the sunspot activity, and the energy hysteresis. In the current SC 24 the GCR intensity shows rather unusual features and we should wait for one or even two years to see the whole picture., Comment: 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands, 30 July - 6 August, 2015, paper ID 437, 8 pages. Proceedings of Sciences, 2015. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1411.7532
- Published
- 2015
40. Re-Entrant Albedo Proton Fluxes Measured by the PAMELA Experiment
- Author
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergé, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
We present a precise measurement of downward-going albedo proton fluxes for kinetic energy above $\sim$ 70 MeV performed by the PAMELA experiment at an altitude between 350 and 610 km. On the basis of a trajectory tracing simulation, the analyzed protons were classified into quasi-trapped, concentrating in the magnetic equatorial region, and un-trapped spreading over all latitudes, including both short-lived (precipitating) and long-lived (pseudo-trapped) components. In addition, features of the penumbra region around the geomagnetic cutoff were investigated in detail. PAMELA results significantly improve the characterization of the high energy albedo proton populations at low Earth orbits., Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics
- Published
- 2015
41. PAMELA's Measurements of Magnetospheric Effects on High Energy Solar Particles
- Author
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bravar, U., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Christian, E. C., De Donato, C., de Nolfo, G. A., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Lee, M., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergé, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Ryan, J. M., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stochaj, S., Stozhkov, Y. I., Thakur, N., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
The nature of particle acceleration at the Sun, whether through flare reconnection processes or through shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), is still under scrutiny despite decades of research. The measured properties of solar energetic particles (SEPs) have long been modeled in different particle-acceleration scenarios. The challenge has been to disentangle to the effects of transport from those of acceleration. The Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) instrument, enables unique observations of SEPs including composition and the angular distribution of the particles about the magnetic field, i.e. pitch angle distribution, over a broad energy range (>80 MeV) -- bridging a critical gap between space-based measurements and ground-based. We present high-energy SEP data from PAMELA acquired during the 2012 May 17 SEP event. These data exhibit differential anisotropies and thus transport features over the instrument rigidity range. SEP protons exhibit two distinct pitch angle distributions; a low-energy population that extends to 90{\deg} and a population that is beamed at high energies (>1 GeV), consistent with neutron monitor measurements. To explain a low-energy SEP population that exhibits significant scattering or redistribution accompanied by a high-energy population that reaches the Earth relatively unaffected by dispersive transport effects, we postulate that the scattering or redistribution takes place locally. We believe these are the first comprehensive measurements of the effects of solar energetic particle transport in the Earth's magnetosheath., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Back-Tracing and Flux Reconstruction for Solar Events with PAMELA
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Bruno, A., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bravar, U., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Christian, E. C., De Donato, C., de Nolfo, G. A., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Lee, M., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergé, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Ryan, J. M., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stochaj, S., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Zverev, V. G.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
The PAMELA satellite-borne experiment is providing first direct measurements of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) with energies from $\sim$80 MeV to several GeV in near-Earth space. Its unique observational capabilities include the possibility of measuring the flux angular distribution and thus investigating possible anisotropies related to SEP events. This paper focuses on the analysis methods developed to estimate SEP energy spectra as a function of the particle pitch angle with respect to the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). The crucial ingredient is provided by an accurate simulation of the asymptotic exposition of the PAMELA apparatus, based on a realistic reconstruction of particle trajectories in the Earth's magnetosphere. As case study, the results of the calculation for the May 17, 2012 event are reported., Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures
- Published
- 2014
43. Trapped proton fluxes at low Earth orbits measured by the PAMELA experiment
- Author
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Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Danilchenko, I. A., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergé, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Zverev, V. G.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
We report an accurate measurement of the geomagnetically trapped proton fluxes for kinetic energy above > 70 MeV performed by the PAMELA mission at low Earth orbits (350-610 km). Data were analyzed in the frame of the adiabatic theory of charged particle motion in the geomagnetic field. Flux properties were investigated in detail, providing a full characterization of the particle radiation in the South Atlantic Anomaly region, including locations, energy spectra and pitch angle distributions. PAMELA results significantly improve the description of the Earth's radiation environment at low altitudes placing important constraints on the trapping and interaction processes, and can be used to validate current trapped particle radiation models., Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. On the description of the GCR intensity in the last three solar minima
- Author
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Kalinin, M. S., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Krainev, M. B., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., and Svirzhevsky, N. S.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
We discuss the main characteristic features in the heliospheric parameters important for the GCR intensity modulation for the last three solar minima (1986--1987, 1996--1997 and 2008--2009). The model for the GCR intensity modulation is considered and the set of the model parameters is chosen which allows the description of the observed GCR intensity distributions at the moments of the maximum GCR intensity in two solar minima (1987 and 1997) normal for the second half of the last century. Then we try to describe with the above model and set of parameters the unusually soft GCR energy spectra at the moments of the maximum GCR intensity in the last solar minimum between cycles 23 and 24 (2009). Our main conclusion is that the most simple way to do so is to reduce the size of the modulation region and, probably, change the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. The change of both parameters is substantiated by the observations of the solar wind and heliospheric magnetic field., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, paper icrc2013-0297 reported at 33-rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brasil, 2013
- Published
- 2014
45. Temporal and energy behavior of cosmic ray fluxes in the periods of low solar activity
- Author
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Kalinin, M. S., Krainev, M. B., Makhmutov, V. S., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., and Svirzhevsky, N. S.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
Modulation of galactic cosmic ray intensity is governed by several mechanisms including diffusion, convection, adiabatic energy losses and drift. Relative roles of these factors change in the course of an 11-year solar cycle. That can result in the changes in the energy dependence of the 11-year cosmic ray modulation. The minimum between the solar cycles 23 and 24 was extremely deep and long-lasting which led to the record high cosmic ray fluxes low-energy particles dominating. This was a signature of unusually soft energy spectrum of the cosmic rays. In this work we examine the energy dependence of the 11-year modulation during the last three solar cycles and argue that a soft energy spectrum was observed in the minimum of each cycle however only for particles below of energy around 10 GeV. From mid 1980s the energy dependence of cosmic rays became softer from minimum to minimum of solar activity. The work is based on the cosmic ray data of the spacecraft, balloon-borne and the ground-based observations., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, paper icrc2013-0274 reported at 33-rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brasil, 2013
- Published
- 2014
46. Modeling the time and energy behavior of the GCR intensity in the periods of low activity around the last three solar minima
- Author
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Krainev, M. B., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Kalinin, M. S., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., and Svirzhevsky, N. S.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Physics - Space Physics - Abstract
Using the simple model for the description of the GCR modulation in the heliosphere and the sets of parameters discussed in the accompanying paper we model some features of the time and energy behavior of the GCR intensity near the Earth observed during periods of low solar activity around three last solar minima. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying these features in the GCR behavior, we use the suggested earlier decomposition of the calculated intensity into the partial intensities corresponding to the main processes (diffusion, adiabatic losses, convection and drifts)., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, paper icrc2013-0305 reported at 33-rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brasil, 2013
- Published
- 2014
47. Comparison of the Results on Precipitation of High-Energy Electrons in the Stratosphere and on Satellites
- Author
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Dyusembekova, A. S., Kalinin, M. S., Krainev, M. B., Makhmutov, V. S., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., Svirzhevsky, N. S., Stozhkov, Yu. I., and Tulekov, E. A.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Characteristic Features of Solar Cosmic Rays in the 21st–24th Solar-Activity Cycles According to Data from Catalogs of Solar Proton Events
- Author
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Bazilevskaya, G. A., Daibog, E. I., Logachev, Yu. I., Vlasova, N. A., Ginzburg, E. A., Ishkov, V. N., Lazutin, L. L., Nguyen, M. D., Surova, G. M., and Yakovchouk, O. S.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Boron Isotopes in the PAMELA Experiment.
- Author
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Bogomolov, E. A., Vasilyev, G. I., Menn, W., Adriani, O., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Barbarino, G. C., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bonvicini, V., Bongi, M., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Voronov, S. A., Galper, A. M., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
- Subjects
BORON isotopes ,GALACTIC cosmic rays ,NUCLEAR energy ,ISOTOPIC analysis ,PARTICLES (Nuclear physics) ,ISOTOPES - Abstract
In this work, a new analysis of the isotopic composition of boron nuclei (B) in galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) in the range of rigidities of 1–5 GV (nuclear energies 0.1–1.5 GeV/nucleon) was carried out using data from the PAMELA space experiment 2006–2014 on the rigidity of detected nuclei and their velocity (time-of-flight analysis and ionization losses in the instrument's multilayer calorimeter). The new results of the PAMELA experiment expand the energy range of previous measurements, are consistent with the few existing data, and indicate deviations of the B isotope ratios from the GALPROP simulation data for the GCR, similar to the deviations for the Li and Be isotopes in the PAMELA data, which can be interpreted as evidence of observation against the background of the GCR of the contribution of several local sources from explosions of nearby (hundreds of parsecs) supernovae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Modulation Effects in Cosmic Rays during a Period of Anomalously Low Solar Activity
- Author
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Stozhkov, Y. I., Makhmutov, V. S., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Svirzhevsky, N. S., Svirzhevskaya, A. K., and Philippov, M. V.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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