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This work proposes a battery-less Near-Field Communication (NFC) milk conductivity sensor for the early-stage detection of bovine mastitis. A proof-of-concept prototype is designed, which is composed of a loop antenna, an NFC microchip, a microcontroller, a custom conductivity sensor and a temperature sensor. A mobile phone is used as a reader, which additionally provides energy to the sensor to power all the electronic components. Since milk conductivity is temperature-dependent, it is also important to measure the temperature. The prototype has a precision better than 2%, which is similar to that of commercial hand-held conductivity meters. Measurements of the conductivity of cows’ milk are made to establish limits that allow healthy cows to be discriminated from those suffering from clinical or subclinical mastitis. To this end, the obtained results are analyzed through ANOVA. The reliability of the method can be improved when milk samples from each quarter are used in the classification. This low-cost device has great potential to be used as on-farm screening tool for the quick identification of bovine mastitis.

Carbon-based nanomaterials are key to developing high-performing electrochemical sensors with improved sensitivity and selectivity. Nonetheless, limitations in their fabrication and integration into devices often constrain their practical applications. Moreover, carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical devices still face problems such as large background currents, poor stability, and slow kinetics. To advance towards a new class of carbon nanostructured electrochemical transducers, we propose the in-situ polymerization and carbonization of furfuryl alcohol (FA) on porous silicon (pSi) to produce a tailored and highly stable transducer. The thin layer of polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) that conformally coats the pSi scaffold transforms into nanoporous carbon when subjected to pyrolysis above 600 °C. The morphological and chemical properties of PFA-pSi were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Their stability and electrochemical performance were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-, [Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+, and hydroquinone. PFA-pSi showed superior electrochemical performance compared to screen-printed carbon electrodes while also surpassing glassy carbon electrodes in specific aspects. Besides, PFA-pSi has the additional advantage of easy tuning of the electroactive surface area. To prove its potential for biosensing purposes, a DNA sensor based on quantifying the partial pore blockage of the pSi upon target hybridization was built on PFA-pSi. The sensor showed a limit of detection of 1.4 pM, outperforming other sensors based on the same sensing mechanism.

Herein, we report a carbon-stabilized porous silicon (pSi)-based electrochemical biosensing platform for the label- and amplification-free detection of bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments that facilitates pan-bacterial detection. The sensing approach combines thermally carbonized pSi (THCpSi) structures as novel porous electrochemical transducers, and a highly sensitive sensing mechanism based on partial blockage of the pores caused by hybridization of 16S rRNA gene fragment to the DNA capture probe immobilized within the pores. Pore blockage upon RNA hybridization was quantified via differential pulse voltammetry as a decrease in the oxidation current of the redox pair ([Fe(CN)6]3/4−) added to the measuring solution. The use of carbon-stabilized pSi to build the biosensor has additional benefits: it favors high density of the immobilized bioreceptors and a large electroactive surface area, both further enhancing the overall sensitivity of the biosensor. The easily adjustable pSi morphology is key to design diagnostic tools fit-for-purpose. By tailoring the pore diameter, pore blockage upon analyte hybridization can be maximized, thus enhancing sensitivity. By tailoring film thickness, the surface area can be adjusted to optimize the amount of immobilized bioreceptors and the electroactive surface area. An excellent sensing performance was achieved by building the biosensor on THCpSi structures featuring a 27 nm pore diameter and a 1.6 μm film thickness, whose external surface was coated with a thin layer of silicon nitride (Si3N4), the latter contributing to maximize the pore blockage. The biosensor achieved a limit of detection of 2.3 pM when tested in 5% fetal bovine serum.

Com a evolução da transformação digital, o desenvolvimento constante de ferramentas digitais é cada vez mais notório. O uso da tecnologia está presente no dia a dia das pessoas e a Inteligência Artificial já foi introduzida nesta rotina, seja no uso da Alexa ou da Siri, pertencentes respectivamente à Amazon e à Apple, seja nos atendimentos on-line via chatbot, indo adiante em uma lista que pode ser estendida para outras diversas funcionalidades. Esta transformação gera mudança de comportamento de consumidores e empresas. Nesta perspectiva, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral identificar quais são os impactos causados pela Inteligência Artificial nas estratégias de marketing digital das companhias. Durante a realização da pesquisa, foram discutidos aspectos desde a definição do marketing e sua evolução até a maneira em que os algoritmos aprendem os padrões de consumo dos clientes para preverem o que é que desejam no momento. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, por meio de entrevistas com profissionais que trabalham com as tecnologias de Inteligência Artificial aplicadas em suas operações e por eles foram trazidos os pontos de vistas dessas teorias na realidade e com o ponto de vista das organizações. De um modo geral, pode-se concluir que a Inteligência Artificial quando utilizada e estruturada integralmente com os dados e processos empresariais, a empresa fica apta a transmitir e entregar o que o cliente quer e quando quer de forma personalizada, alterando essa relação entre empresa-cliente e ocasionando um nível de eficiência e eficácia nas estratégias de marketing. Todavia, este avanço gera desafios de adaptação à cultura de dados e tecnologia nas empresas.

Background The effect of different drugs on ischemia and reperfusion (I/R; induced oxygen free radical damage) was examined in small bowel tissue because the intestine is extremely sensitive to this pathology. Different drugs (allopurinol and dantrolene) can remove oxygen free radicals or inhibit the mechanisms leading to their generation, thus reducing mucosal lesions. We investigated the protective potential of combination therapy in the intestine against I/R damage. Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats were separated into 8 groups: one sham (control), one I/R (ischemia 60 min + reperfusion at 24 h), and 6 groups treated with allopurinol, dantrolene, or combination therapy. The grade of injury in the small bowel was established by the lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidant enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in tissue samples. Moreover, the collected samples were subjected to histological study. Results Combination therapy preserved normal enzymatic levels compared to the I/R groups (p

This article reviews the recent advances in the field of batteryless near-field communication (NFC) sensors for chemical sensing and biosensing. The commercial availability of low-cost commercial NFC integrated circuits (ICs) and their massive integration in smartphones, used as readers and cloud interfaces, have aroused great interest in new batteryless NFC sensors. The fact that coil antennas are not importantly affected by the body compared with other wireless sensors based on far-field communications makes this technology suitable for future wearable point-of-care testing (PoCT) devices. This review first compares energy harvesting based on NFC to other energy-harvesting technologies. Next, some practical recommendations for designing and tuning NFC-based tags are described. Power transfer is key because in most cases, the energy harvested has to be stable for several seconds and not contaminated by undesired signals. For this reason, the effect of the dimensions of the coils and the conductivity on the wireless power transfer is thoroughly discussed. In the last part of the review, the state of the art in NFC-based chemical and biosensors is presented. NFC-based tags (or sensor tags) are mainly based on commercial or custom NFC ICs, which are used to harvest the energy from the RF field generated by the smartphone to power the electronics. Low-consumption colorimeters and potentiostats can be integrated into these NFC tags, opening the door to the integration of chemical sensors and biosensors, which can be harvested and read from a smartphone. The smartphone is also used to upload the acquired information to the cloud to facilitate the internet of medical things (IoMT) paradigm. Finally, several chipless sensors recently proposed in the literature as a low-cost alternative for chemical applications are discussed.

The former Artistic and Industrial Recreation Pavilion, which was designed by Antonio Palacios (1874–1945) and built for the Galician Regional Exhibition held in 1909 in Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, north-western Spain), and which currently houses a nursery school, was completely restored in 2018. The main purpose of the restoration was to recover the original exterior colour of the building. For this purpose, a study was undertaken to identify the original colour of the paintwork by first consulting historical archives and then conducting a micromorphological analysis of stratigraphic paint samples by stereomicroscopic examination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Three reformations of the building are documented: one carried out in 1926, when the metal roof was replaced with a tile roof; another conducted between 1967 (when the old pavilion was described as a "destroyed building") and the mid-1970s (when it began to be used as a nursery); and finally, another in 1981, when the building was repainted. The analytical results revealed layers of white or yellow ochre (vanilla) paint corresponding to different periods. The presence of titanium (Ti) in the paint was used as a marker of its age, as titanium white was first formulated in 1921. The original layers include Zn in their composition, indicating that zinc oxide (ZnO) was the pigment used in the “snow” white paint probably used on the building in its first years of existence. In all cases, the pigment base is lime mixed with silicates, kaolin and other clays.

Introducción: Los estímulos y consecuencias que proporciona la succión de una alimentación imitada afectan al desarrollo de las estructuras máxilo-mandibulares, hecho a tener en cuenta de cara a interceptar precozmente patologías estomatológicas en el ámbito de la atención primaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los parámetros sociodemográficos, hábitos parafuncionales orales y maloclusiones asociados a una lactancia artificial prolongada. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico observacional, descriptivo e inferencial sobre una muestra aleatoria de 343 preescolares. El trabajo de campo radicó en un cuestionario de salud oral cuyas variables de estudio estaban relacionadas con las características sociodemográficas y hábitos de salud oral. En una ficha de exploración odontológica un investigador calibrado registró los datos derivados de la exploración intraoral y extraoral. Para el análisis de los mismos se utilizó el programa SPSS Statistics 25.0 para Windows, mediante el procedimiento descriptivo y de frecuencias, tablas de contingencia, prueba de Chi-cuadrado y análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: El 62,6% de preescolares alimentados con biberón y de forma prolongada hicieron uso del chupete durante más tiempo, presentando con mayor frecuencia succión digital (66,7%), onicofagia (58,7%), bruxismo (61,4%) y respiración oral (50%). Con respecto a las características oclusales destaca en el plano anteroposterior el escalón recto (53,9%) y la sobremordida en el plano vertical (59,4%). La mayoría de progenitores que optaron por esta forma de lactancia eran trabajadores manuales cualificados o semicualificados con estudios de segundo grado. En el análisis de regresión logística, el uso prolongado de biberón se asocia significativamente con el origen de progenitor extranjero (OR=1,702; I.C. 95%=1,069-2,709; p=0,025), el uso prolongado de chupete (OR=2,547; I.C. 95%=1,580-4,104; p

The methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential for malaria parasites and also for several human pathogenic bacteria, thus representing an interesting target for future antimalarials and antibiotics and for diagnostic strategies. We have developed a DNA aptamer (D10) against Plasmodium falciparum 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), the second enzyme of this metabolic route. D10 binds in vitro to recombinant DXR from P. falciparum and Escherichia coli, showing at 10 µM a ca. 50% inhibition of the bacterial enzyme. In silico docking analysis indicates that D10 associates with DXR in solvent-exposed regions outside the active center pocket. According to fluorescence confocal microscopy data, this aptamer specifically targets in P. falciparum in vitro cultures the apicoplast organelle where the MEP pathway is localized and is, therefore, a highly specific marker of red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium vs. naïve erythrocytes. D10 is also selective for the detection of MEP+ bacteria (e.g., E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) vs. those lacking DXR (e.g., Enterococcus faecalis). Based on these results, we discuss the potential of DNA aptamers in the development of ligands that can outcompete the performance of the well-established antibody technology for future therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.

This work studies the feasibility of using a battery-less Near-Field Communication (NFC) potentiostat for the next generation of electrochemical point-of-care sensors. A design based on an NFC microchip, a microcontroller, and a custom potentiostat based on an operational amplifier is presented. A proof-of-concept prototype has been designed and used to quantify glucose concentration using commercial glucose test strips from chronoamperometry measurements. The device is harvested and the sensor is read using a mobile phone. The prototype uses an antenna loop covered with ferrite sheets to ensure stable operation of the electronics when the mobile phone is used as reader. The use of ferrite reduces the detuning caused by the proximity of the metal parts of the mobile phone. A comparison with a commercial glucometer device is provided. Results obtained using a commercial glucometer and those provided by the proposed potentiostat show an excellent agreement.

Rapid, sensitive, selective and portable virus detection is in high demand globally. However, differentiating non-infectious viral particles from intact/infectious viruses is still a rarely satisfied sensing requirement. Using the negative space within monolayers of polystyrene (PS) spheres deposited directly on gold electrodes, we fabricated tuneable nanochannels decorated with target-selective bioreceptors that facilitate the size-selective detection of intact viruses. Detection occurred through selective nanochannel blockage of diffusion of a redox probe, [Fe(CN)6]3/4−, allowing a quantifiable change in the oxidation current before and after analyte binding to the bioreceptor immobilised on the spheres. Our model system involved partial surface passivation of the mono-assembled PS spheres, by silica glancing angle deposition, to confine bioreceptor immobilisation specifically to the channels and improve particle detection sensitivity. Virus detection was first optimised and modelled with biotinylated gold nanoparticles, recognised by streptavidin immobilised on the PS layer, reaching a low limit of detection of 37 particles/mL. Intact, label-free virus detection was demonstrated using MS2 bacteriophage (~23–28 nm), a marker of microbiological contamination, showing an excellent limit of detection of ~1.0 pfu/mL. Tuneable nanochannel geometries constructed directly on sensing electrodes offer label-free, sensitive, and cost-efficient point-of-care biosensing platforms that could be applied for a wide range of viruses.

In naturally occurring bovine mastitis, effects of infection depend on the host inflammatory response, including the effects of secreted cytokines. Knowledge about the inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in milk cells of free-stall barn dairy cows and in naturally occurring mastitis is lacking as most studies focus on induced mastitis. Hereby, the aim of the study was to determine inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in the milk of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The following examinations of milk samples were performed: differential counting of somatic cells (SCC), bacteriological examination, and immunocytochemical analysis. Mean SCC increased in subclinical and clinical mastitis cases. The number of pathogenic mastitis-causing bacteria on plates increased in subclinical mastitis cases but decreased in clinical mastitis. The inflammatory and regulatory markers in the milk cells of healthy cows showed the highest mean cell numbers (%). In mastitis cases, immunoreactivity was more pronounced for IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Data about subclinical and clinical mastitis demonstrate inflammatory responses to intramammary infection driven by IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-17A. Moreover, the host defense response in mastitis is characterized by continuation or resolution of initial inflammation. IL-12 and INF-γ immunoreactivity was recognized to differ mastitis cases from the relative health status.

Accurate spatial distribution information of native, mixed, and tame grasslands is essential for maintaining ecosystem health in the Prairie. This research aimed to use the latest monitoring technology to assess the remaining grasslands in Saskatchewan’s mixed grassland ecoregion (MGE). The classification approach was based on 78 raster-based variables derived from big remote sensing data of multispectral optical space-borne sensors such as MODIS and Sentinel-2, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) space-borne sensors such as Sentinel-1. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a data dimensionality reduction technique to mitigate big data load and improve processing time. Random Forest (RF) was used in the classification process and incorporated the selected variables from 78 satellite-based layers and 2385 reference training points. Within the MGE, the overall accuracy of the classification was 90.2%. Native grassland had 98.20% of user’s accuracy and 88.40% producer’s accuracy, tame grassland had 81.4% user’s accuracy and 93.8% producer’s accuracy, whereas mixed grassland class had very low user’s accuracy (45.8%) and producer’s accuracy 82.83%. Approximately 3.46 million hectares (40.2%) of the MGE area are grasslands (33.9% native, 4% mixed, and 2.3% tame). This study establishes a novel analytical framework for reliable grassland mapping using big data, identifies future challenges, and provides valuable information for Saskatchewan and North America decision-makers.

Allopurinol is a well-known antioxidant that protects tissue against ischemia and reperfusion injury, blocking purine catabolism, and possibly reducing TNF-α and other cytokines. It also plays a significant role in reducing the inflammatory processes by inhibiting chemotaxis and other inflammatory mediators. The objective of this study was to define the role of allopurinol regarding kidney ischemic injury particularly as to its effect on inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 response. One hundred and twenty five rats were subjected to warm renal ischemia. Five more animals were included as sham. Animal survival and plasma levels of lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione, urea, creatinine, and cytokines were determined. Inflammatory parameters (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were measured in all groups by quantitative immunosorbent assay. Further, immunohistological and histopathological studies were carried out on animals treated prior to, or following reperfusion with 10 and 50 mg/kg of Allopurinol. The statistical analysis included ANOVA and Fisher test as well as χ2 test. Significance was reached at a p < 0.05. The results of this study indicated that Allopurinol protected against kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury since significantly better results of survival, biochemical analysis, and histopathological testing were observed in treated animals as compared to ischemic controls. In conclusion, Allopurinol protected ischemic kidneys through a mechanism associated with downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1 β, and IL-6, in addition to other well-known effects such as decreased lipid peroxidation and neutrophil activity. It also increased antioxidant capacity and diminished endogenous peroxidase stain in renal ischemic tissue. Therefore, this experiment showed an effectiveness of allopurinol protection against proteomic and morphological damage.

A label-free electrochemical detection platform for the sensitive and rapid detection of Flightless I (Flii) protein, a biomarker of wound chronicity, has been developed using nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) membranes modified with Flii antibody recognition sites. The electrochemical detection is based on the nanochannel blockage experienced upon Flii capture by immobilized antibodies within the nanochannels. This capture impedes the diffusion of redox species [[Fe(CN)6]4−/3−] toward a gold electrode attached at the backside of the modified NAA membrane. Partial blockage causes a decrease in the oxidation current of the redox species at the electrode surface which is used as an analytical signal by the reported biosensor. The resulting biosensing system allows detection of Flii at the levels found in wounds. Two types of assays were tested, sandwich and direct, showing

A novel pore blockage-based electrochemical immunosensor based on the combination of 100 nm-magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as signal enhancers, and 200 nm-pore diameter nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) membranes, as sensing platform, is reported. A peptide conjugate mimicking flightless I (Flii), a wound healing biomarker, was chosen as target analyte. The sensing platform consists of an anti-Flii antibody (Ab1)-modified NAA membrane attached onto a gold electrode. Anti-KLH antibody (Ab2)-modified MNPs (MNP-Ab2) were used to selectively capture the Flii peptide conjugate in solution. Sensing was based on pore blockage of the Ab1-modified NAA membrane caused upon specific binding of the MNP-Ab2-analyte complex. The degree of pore blockage, and thus the concentration of the Flii peptide conjugate in the sample, was measured as a reduction in the oxidation current of a redox species ([Fe(CN)6]4−) added in solution. We demonstrated that pore blockage is drastically enhanced by applying an external magnetic field at the membrane backside to facilitate access of the MNP-Ab2-analyte complex into the pores, and thus ensure its availability to bind to the Ab1-modified NAA membrane. Combining the pore blockage-based electrochemical magnetoimmunosensor with an externally applied magnetic field, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 ng/ml of Flii peptide conjugate was achieved, while sensing in the absence of magnetic field could only attain a LOD of 1.2 μg/ml. The developed sensing strategy is envisaged as a powerful solution for the ultra-sensitive detection of an analyte of interest present in a complex matrix.

Combined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme® was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, Origanum vulgare L., Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite.

Local granite has been used throughout history in Galicia (NW Spain), forming the basis of much of the region’s architecture. Like any other rock, granite provides an ecological niche for a multitude of organisms that form biofilms that can affect the physical integrity of the stone. In this study, for the first time, characterization of the microbial consortium forming biofilms that developed on historical rural granite buildings is carried out using a combination of culture-dependent and next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. Results pointed to differences in biofilm composition on the studied rural granite buildings and that of previously analyzed urban granite buildings, especially in terms of abundance of cyanobacteria and lichenized fungi. Exposure was corroborated as an important factor, controlling both the diversity and abundance of microorganisms on walls, with environmental factors associated with a northern orientation favoring a higher diversity of fungi and green algae, and environmental factors associated with the west orientation determining the abundance of lichenized fungi. The orientation also affected the distribution of green algae, with one of the two most abundant species, Trentepohlia cf. umbrina, colonizing north-facing walls, while the other, Desmococcus olivaceus, predominated on west-facing walls.

Renal injuries are relatively common in cases of abdominal trauma. Adhesives and sealants can be used to repair and preserve damaged organs. Using a rat model, this study explores the activity of different matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) during the healing of renal injuries treated by two biological adhesives (TachoSil and GelitaSpon) and a new synthetic elastic cyanoacrylate (Adhflex).Renal traumatic injuries were experimentally induced in 90 male Wistar rats by a Stiefel Biopsy Punch in the anterior aspect of the left kidney. Animals were divided into five groups: 1, sham non-injured (n = 3); 2, non-treated standard punch injury (n = 6); 3, punch injury treated with TachoSil (n = 27); 4, punch injury treated with GelitaSpon (n = 27); and, 5, punch injury treated with Adhflex (n = 27). Wound healing was evaluated 2, 6, and 18 days after injury by determining the expression of MMPs, and the histopathological evolution of lesions.Histologically, the wound size at 6 days post-injury was larger in Adhflex-treated samples than in the other treatments, but the scarring tissue was similar at 18 days post-injury. Only the MMPs subtypes 1, 2, 8, 9, and 13 were sufficiently expressed to be quantifiable. Both time since injury and treatment type had a significant influence on MMPs expression. Two days after injury, the expression of MMP8 and MMP9 was predominant. MMP2 expression was greater 6 days after injury. The Adhflex-treated group had a significantly higher MMPs expression than the other treatment groups at all healing stages.All three sealant treatments induced almost similar expression of MMPs than untreated animals indicating a physiological healing process. Given that all renal trauma injuries must be considered emergencies, both biological and synthetic adhesives, such as Adhflex, should be considered as a treatment options.

Heart disease is currently one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. The electrocardiogram is an important source of information for identifying these conditions, therefore, becomes necessary to seek an advanced system of diagnosis based on these signals. In this paper we used samples of electrocardiograms of MIT-related database with ten types of pathologies and a rate corresponding to normal (healthy patient), which are processed and used for extraction from its two branches of a wide range of features. Next, various techniques have been applied to feature selection based on genetic algorithms, principal component analysis and mutual information. To carry out the task of intelligent classification, 3 different scenarios have been considered. These techniques allow us to achieve greater efficiency in the classification methods used, namely support vector machines (SVM) and decision trees (DT) to perform a comparative analysis between them. Finally, during the development of this contribution, the use of very non-invasive devices (2 channel ECG) was analyzed, we could practically classify them as wearable, which would not need interaction by the user, and whose energy consumption is very small to extend the average life of the user been on it.

Introduction. Etymologically the word ileus comes from the Greek eileos, which means rolling or turning. It is described as the temporary delay of gastrointestinal motility. It is recognized worldwide that postoperative ileus is one of the main complications after surgery and represents an important problem due to its high healthcare cost. Research has been done regarding the preventive use of physical and pharmacological measures, such as prokinetics, for the management of postoperative ileus. Methods. Clinical-therapeutic, comparative, prospective longitudinal follow-up research, with non-probabilistic convenience sampling, made up of four groups with 25 patients each, treated in the General Surgery Service between May and August 2021. Results. The patients had a mean age of 49.4 ± 19.6 years and 53% were male; 86% of patients had bowel sounds within 24 hours after the operation. The first bowel movement in patients who ingested espresso coffee was 42.6 hours and for those in the American coffee group it was at 43.4 hours compared to 89.4 hours in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The use of coffee is recommended as a safe and economical measure to start the diet as an alternative to the traditional fashion, becoming an option for the management of postoperative ileus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]