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International audience; Organic viticulture is developing rapidly due to consumers demand and state incentives in some EU countries. Nevertheless, it has shown higher inter-annual variability in its environmental impacts than conventional viticulture. Therefore, the organic winegrowers would benei from a better understanding of this variability in order to better address their environmental impacts. A study was conducted in four contrasted pedoclimatic conditions and two contrasted years in terms of climate and of pest and disease pressure. LCAs of organic wine grape was calculated based on detailed inventories of data from the eight real vineyard situations. Main contributor to impacts was diesel combustion. The inter-annual variation was different between the plots. The impacts that varied the most were teh freshwater and soil eco-toxicities, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication and metal depletion. The main agricultural operations contributing to impact variations were desease management due to climatic conditions variations.

La capacité de prise en compte de la pluri-performance (environnementale, qualité des produits, économique) est un facteur clef de compétitivité des entreprises agricoles ; elle suppose de disposer de méthodes d’évaluation multicritère permettant l’évaluation conjointe de ces performances. L’objectif central du projet Qualenvic a été de développer une méthodologie d’évaluation multicritère (Contra Qualenvic) combinant évaluation de la performance environnementale et évaluation de la qualité des produits et appliquée à deux types de production : le lait de vache et le vin. La méthode a été éprouvée sur 30 exploitations laitières de Bretagne et du Cantal et sur 20 itinéraires techniques viticoles du Val de Loire et d’Alsace. L’évaluation environnementale a été réalisée par la méthode d’analyse de cycle de vie adaptée à chacune des filières et l’évaluation de la qualité conduite à travers un ensemble d’indicateurs spécifiques à chacun des produits évalués et définis avec des groupes d’experts scientifiques et professionnels. La méthode Contra Qualenvic mise en œuvre sur l’ensemble de nos cas d’étude a montré tout son intérêt dans la possibilité d’identifier les itinéraires techniques ou exploitations présentant les meilleurs « trade off » entre performance environnementale et qualité des produits. La méthode reste cependant à ajuster en adaptant notamment le système d’évaluation et de notation qui semble trop sévère pour l’instant, par exemple en qualité du lait (lait UHT et fromage) et qualité du raisin., The capacity of consideration of the multi-performance (environmental, quality of products, economic) is a key factor of competitiveness of the agricultural sector and requires assessment method multi-criteria allowing the joint evaluation of these performances. The central objective of the project Qualenvic was to develop a methodology of multi-criteria evaluation (Contra Qualenvic) combining evaluation of the environmental performance and quality of products applied to two types of production: cow milk and wine. The method was applied on 30 dairy exploitations of Brittany and Cantal and on 20 vine technical management routes of the Val de Loire and Alsace. The environmental assessment was performed by the method of life cycle analysis adapted to each sector and the evaluation of the quality driven through a set of indicators specific to each product estimated and defined with groups of scientific and professional experts. The implemented method Contra Qualenvic on the set of our study cases showed all its potential in the possibility of identifying the technical practices or the exploitations presenting the best "trade-off" between environmental performance and quality of products. The method remains however to be adjusted by adapting in particular the system of evaluation and scoring which seems too severe at the moment, for example as the milk (milk and cheese) and quality of the grape.

Organic viticulture is developing rapidly due to consumers demand and state incentives in some EU countries. Nevertheless, it has shown higher inter-annual variability in its environmental impacts than conventional viticulture. Therefore, the organic winegrowers would benei from a better understanding of this variability in order to better address their environmental impacts. A study was conducted in four contrasted pedoclimatic conditions and two contrasted years in terms of climate and of pest and disease pressure. LCAs of organic wine grape was calculated based on detailed inventories of data from the eight real vineyard situations. Main contributor to impacts was diesel combustion. The inter-annual variation was different between the plots. The impacts that varied the most were teh freshwater and soil eco-toxicities, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication and metal depletion. The main agricultural operations contributing to impact variations were desease management due to climatic conditions variations.

Aims: Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), this study aims to compare the environmental impacts of two different viticultural technical management routes (TMRs); integrated and organic) and to identify the operations that contribute the most to the impacts. Methods and results: LCA impact scores were expressed in two functional units : 1 ha of cultivated area and 1 kg of collected grape. We studied all operations from field preparation before planting to the end-of-life of the vine. Inputs and outputs were transformed into potential environmental impacts thanks to SALCA (TM) (V1.02) and USEToxTm (V1.03) methods. Plant protection treatments were a major cause of impact for both TMRs for fuel related impact categories. For both TMRs, the main contributors to natural resource depletion and freshwater ecotoxicity were trellis system installation and background heavy metal emissions, respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that the studied organic TMR has higher impact scores than the integrated TMR for all the chosen impact categories except eutrophication. However, the chosen TMRs are only typical of integrated and organic viticulture in Loire Valley and some emission models (heavy metal, fuel-related emissions, and nitrogen emissions) have to be improved in order to better assess the environmental impacts of viticulture. Soil quality should also be integrated to LCA results in viticulture because this lack may be a disadvantage for organic viticulture. Significance and impact of study: This study is among the first to compare LCA results of an integrated and an organic TMR.

International audience; In the context of protected designation of origin (PDO) wine production, wine organoleptic quality, and hence grape quality is a key target of vineyard management. LCA-based Improvement of Technical Management Routes (TMR) by choice of more environmentally friendly techniques needs to take into account this quality dimension in addition to the yield function usually considered in wine and grape LCAs. The aim of the paper is to present and discuss two proposals for including multi-criteria quality into eco-efficiency assessment of PDO grape production in order to support the choice, design and assessment of vineyard TMRs. We porpose the design of a combined quality index Q relating an observed multi-criteria quality to a atrgeted quality. A set of logical rules of inference (if...then...) was used considering several levels of correspondence of the product to the quality target. From this Index, a Quality Functional Unit (QFU =Q) and a Mass x Quality Functional Unit (MQFU=yield x Q) were defined. For application of Q to grape, a typology of grape quality targets with the different quality criteria and their levels for each grape type was established with expert-oenologists as a basis for Q. We tested the sensitivity of the two indexes to a change of quality target. We implemented the two FUs in LCA calculations on five al viticultural TMRs representing the Middle Loire Valley diversity for production of a same type of wine. The quality index Q was calculated for the five TMRs. The two FUs derived from Q were sensitive to a change of quality target. The LCA results of the five TMRs expressed per MQFU differed from results per QFU and were sensitive to a change of quality target. Results with QFU were close to those obtained with classical FUs (1 kg grapes and 1 ha vines, 1 year) due to minor differences in the value of Q. QFU appeared too restrictive while MQFU allowed accounting for the main function of the system : the production of a given quantity of quality grapes with a target of a given type of wine.

International audience; The life cycle assessment (LCA) quantifies impacts, on the environment components, of the emitted or consumed substances. At a "midpoint" level, the end-user has to deal with results in many impact categories. A new multi-criteria assessment method provieds a solution to aggregate, together, those results. This study's objective is to compare two methods giving a final indicator provided by the result of the LCIA mehtod, in order to help end-users optimize the use of the caclulation results. The LCIA studies have been doe ten grape production plots, with five contrasted vineyard management routes and two contrasted years. The "ReCiPe" characterization methods were used to compare "endpoint" results, with "midpoint" results associated with an aggregarive method : CONTRA, i.e. "transparent Construction of Decision tree" (Bockstaller, 2016) developed for viticulture. The "midpoint+CONTRA-QUALENVIC" method is a new multi-criteria decision analysis method (MCDA), using expert systems, associated to fuzzy logic. In the presented results, both methods have provided a similar ranking for 80 % of the individuals. The presented results show that the "endpoint" mehtod does note clearly differentiate the first five individual. Both methods provide also intermediary criteria. The results obtained by the two methods are consistent, going in the same direction and provide good representation of the indicators results. However, "midpoint" + CONTRA-QUALENVIC" method has the advantage of giving the possibility to go back to details of the "midpoint" impact origin provided by the LCIA.

International audience

Environmental assessment is often required in the field of waste management and often takes the form of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study. This study focuses on the identification of environmental impacts of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) treatment via Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT). The MBT is a waste treatment emerging in France and aiming to separate the different fractions of MSW in order to recover them into matter and energy. This type of treatment is promising but we have little return on its real environmental performances. This MBT plant is composed of a pre-fermentation step (Bio Revolving System (BRS)), an anaerobic digestion step followed by a composting step and a gas and liquid treatment step. The majority of data are collected in situ by measurements and matter balance. The functional unit is “to manage the annual amount of MSW produced by a typical community”. Environmental impacts are assessed via the CML 2001 method. The generated impacts are due to gaseous emissions during refusals incineration and anaerobic digestion for global warming, during compost spreading with the nitrogen leaching as nitrate for eutrophication and during gas treatment with ammonia emission for acidification. Toxicity and ecotoxicity are mainly due to refusals incineration and to heavy metals contained into the spread compost. Energy recovery due to refusals incineration and biogas, and matter recovery due to the spread compost contribute to avoid global warming, acidification and eutrophication. Therefore, MBT is promising under two conditions: (i) an improvement of gaseous emissions knowledge, capture and reduction during biological treatment (composting and digestion), (ii) a better understanding of the opportunities of matter and energy recovery to keep vigilance on the existence of potential rebound effects. However, the question of the relevance of the compost spreading remains because of the dissemination in agricultural soils of trace heavy metals.