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Literature review The problem of disruptive behaviour displayed by primary school children has been an issue in schools for over the last three decades, but has recently resurfaced again as a major social concern. As public concern has risen, so have expectations that this problem area should be managed more effectively by school staff. This review will explore, within a school context, the link between disruptive externalized behaviours and social communication deficits, which are regarded as a key antecedent to disruptive externalized behaviours. In particular, the origins of social communication deficits, displayed by non pathological primary school children, will be explored in order to understand the types of interventions that may be effective for these children. A review of evidence-based social skills training programs and their related successful outcomes will be explored and this will be followed by an analysis of gaps in the research in order to determine future research areas. Empirical report Previous research has focused on the close association between poor social communication skills and behavioural difficulties. However, little attempt has so far been made to examine this relationship in primary school aged children who live in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. In particular there is limited research on the impact of universally presented social communication skills interventions on this group of children. This study explores the notion that children who live in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities and who display disruptive behaviours in school need specially designed social skills intervention programs to meet their specific requirements. Further, this study explores the hypothesis that a universal school-based, teacher-delivered social communication skills intervention, not requiring parental support, will decrease levels of problematic behaviour. Results showed a non-significant decrease in children's levels of problematic behaviours in the Playground environment, but showed a significant reduction in their levels of problematic behaviour in a classroom environment. Gender and school levels appear to have a moderating effect on outcomes. This study concluded that in the short term at least, the type of intervention carried out may have had some beneficial effect for the participants, but this was not sustained over a longer time period. Implications for the use of specific interventions to this population and suggestions for future research are also discussed.

Objectives\ud Despite successful treatment, people living with HIV experience persisting and burdensome multidimensional problems. We aimed to assess the validity, reliability and responsiveness of Positive Outcomes, a patient-reported outcome measure for use in clinical practice.\ud \ud Methods\ud In all, 1392 outpatients in five European countries self-completed Positive Outcomes, PAM-13 (patient empowerment), PROQOL-HIV (quality of life) and FRAIL (frailty) at baseline and 12 months. Analysis assessed: (a) validity (structural, convergent and divergent, discriminant); (b) reliability (internal consistency, test-retest); and (c) responsiveness.\ud \ud Results\ud An interpretable four-factor structure was identified: ‘emotional wellbeing’, ‘interpersonal and sexual wellbeing’, ‘socioeconomic wellbeing’ and ‘physical wellbeing’. Moderate to strong convergent validity was found for three subscales of Positive Outcomes and PROQOL (ρ = −0.481 to −0.618, all p < 0.001). Divergent validity was found for total scores with weak ρ (−0.295, p < 0.001). Discriminant validity was confirmed with worse Positive Outcomes score associated with increasing odds of worse FRAIL group (4.81-fold, p < 0.001) and PAM-13 level (2.28-fold, p < 0.001). Internal consistency for total Positive Outcomes and its factors exceeded the conservative α threshold of 0.6. Test-retest reliability was established: those with stable PAM-13 and FRAIL scores also reported median Positive Outcomes change of 0. Improved PROQOL-HIV score baseline to 12 months was associated with improved Positive Outcomes score (r = −0.44, p < 0.001).\ud \ud Conclusions\ud Positive Outcomes face and content validity was previously established, and the remaining validity, reliability and responsiveness properties are now demonstrated. The items within the brief 22-item tool are designed to be actionable by health and social care professionals to facilitate the goal of person-centred care.