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2. Lack of regional pathways impact on surgical delay: Analysis of the Orthopaedic Trauma Hospital Outcomes–Patient Operative Delays (ORTHOPOD) study

Author

Stevenson, Iain, Yoong, Andrel, Rankin, Iain, Dixon, James, Lim, Jun Wei, Sattar, Mariam, McDonald, Stephen, Scott, Sharon, Davies, Helen, Jones, Louise, Nolan, Michelle, McGinty, Rebecca, Stevenson, Helene, Bowe, David, Sim, Francis, Vun, James, Strain, Ritchie, Giannoudis, Vasileios, Talbot, Christopher, Gunn, Christopher, Le, Ha Phuong Do, Bradley, Matthew, Lloyd, William, Hanratty, Brian, Lim, Yizhe, Brookes-Fazakerley, Steven, Varasteh, Amir, Francis, Jonathan, Choudhry, Nameer, Malik, Sheraz, Vats, Amit, Evans, Ashish, Garner, Madeleine, King, Stratton, Zbaeda, Mohamed, Diamond, Owen, Baker, Gavin, Napier, Richard, Guy, Stephen, McCauley, Gordon, King, Samuel, Edwards, Gray, Lin, Benjamin, Davoudi, Kaveh, Haines, Samuel, Raghuvanshi, Manav, Buddhdev, Pranai, Karam, Edward, Nimmyel, Enoch, Ekanem, George, Lateef, Razaq, Jayadeep, JS, Crowther, Ian, Mazur, Karolina, Hafiz, Nauman, Khan, Umair, Chettiar, Krissen, Ibrahim, Amr, Gopal, Prasanth, Tse, Shannon, Lakshmipathy, Raj, Towse, Claudia, Al-Musawi, Hashim, Walmsley, Matthew, Aspinall, Will, Metcalfe, James, Moosa, Aliabbas, Crome, George, Abdelmonem, Mohamed, Lakpriya, Sathya, Hawkins, Amanda, Waugh, Dominic, Kennedy, Matthew, Elsagheir, Mohamed, Kieffer, Will, Oyekan, Adekinte, Collis, Justin, Raad, Marjan, Raut, Pramin, Baker, Markus, Gorvett, Alexander, Gleeson, Hannah, Fahmy, John, Walters, Sam, Tinning, Craig, Chaturvedi, Abhishek, Russell, Heather, Alsawada, Osama, Sinnerton, Robert, Crane, Evan, Warwick, Catherine, Dimascio, Lucia, Ha, Taegyeong Tina, King, Thomas, Engelke, Daniel, Chan, Matthew, Gopireddy, Rajesh, Deo, Sunny, Vasarhelyi, Ferenc, Jhaj, Jasmeet, Dogramatzis, Kostas, McCartney, Sarah, Ardolino, Toni, Fraig, Hossam, Hiller-Smith, Ryan, Haughton, Benjamin, Greenwood, Heather, Stephenson, Nicola, Chong, Yuki, Sleat, Graham, Saedi, Farid, Gouda, Joe, Ravi, Sanjeev Musuvathy, Henari, Shwan, Imam, Sam, Howell, Charles, Theobald, Emma, Wright, Jan, Cormack, Jonathan, Borja, Karlou, Wood, Sandy, Khatri, Amulya, Bretherton, Chris, Tunstall, Charlotte, Lowery, Kathryn, Holmes, Benjamin, Nichols, Jennifer, Bashabayev, Beibit, Wildin, Clare, Sofat, Rajesh, Thiagarajan, Aarthi, Abdelghafour, Karim, Nicholl, James, Abdulhameed, Ahmed, Duke, Kathryn, Maling, Lucy, McCann, Matthew, Masud, Saqib, Marshman, James, Moreau, Joshua, Cheema, Kanwalnaini, Rageeb, Peter Morad, Mirza, Yusuf, Kelly, Andrew, Hassan, Abdul, Christie, Alexander, Davies, Angharad, Tang, Cary, Frostick, Rhiannon, Pemmaraju, Gopalakrishna, Handford, Charles, Chauhan, Govind, Dong, Huan, Choudri, Mohammed Junaid, Loveday, David, Bawa, Akshdeep, Baldwick, Cheryl, Roberton, Andrew, Burden, Eleanor, Nagi, Sameer, Johnson-Lynn, Sarah, Guiot, Luke, Kostusiak, Milosz, Appleyard, Thomas, Mundy, Gary, Basha, Amr, Abdeen, Bashar, Robertson-Smith, Bill, Hussainy, Haydar Al, Reed, Mike, Jamalfar, Aral, Flintoft, Emily, McGovern, Julia, Alcock, Liam, Koziara, Michal, Ollivere, Benjamin, Zheng, Amy, Atia, Fady, Goff, Thomas, Slade, Henry, Teoh, Kar, Shah, Nikhil, Al-Obaedi, Ossama, Jamal, Bilal, Bell, Stuart, Macey, Alistair, Brown, Cameron, Simpson, Cameron, Alho, Roberto, Wilson, Victoria, Lewis, Charlotte, Blyth, Daniel, Chapman, Laura, Woods, Lisa, Katmeh, Rateb, Pasapula, Chandra, Youssef, Hesham, Tan, Jerry, Famure, Steven, Grazette, Andrew, Lloyd, Adam, Beaven, Alastair, Jackowski, Anna, Piper, Dani, Lotfi, Naeil, Chakravarthy, Jagannath, Elzawahry, Ahmed, Trew, Christopher, Neo, Chryssa, Elamin-Ahmed, Hussam, Ashwood, Neil, Wembridge, Kevin, Eyre-Brook, Alistair, Greaves, Amy, Watts, Anna, Stedman, Tobias, Ker, Andrew, Wong, Li Siang, Fullarton, Mairi, Phelan, Sean, Choudry, Qaisar, Qureshi, Alham, Moulton, Lawrence, Cadwallader, Craig, Jenvey, Cara, Aqeel, Aqeel, Francis, Daniel, Simpson, Robin, Phillips, Jon, Matthews, Edward, Thomas, Ellen, Williams, Mark, Jones, Robin, White, Tim, Ketchen, Debbie, Bell, Katrina, Swain, Keri, Chitre, Amol, Lum, Joann, Syam, Kevin, Dupley, Leanne, O'Brien, Sarah, Ford, David, Chapman, Taya, Zahra, Wajiha, Guryel, Enis, McLean, Elizabeth, Dhaliwal, Kawaljit, Regan, Nora, Berstock, James, Deano, Krisna, Donovan, Richard, Blythe, Andrew, Salmon, Jennifer, Craig, Julie, Hickland, Patrick, Matthews, Scott, Brown, William, Borland, Steven, Aminat, Akinsemoyin, Stamp, Gregory, Zaheen, Humayoon, Jaibaji, Monketh, Egglestone, Anthony, Sampalli, Sridhar Rao, Goodier, Henry, Gibb, Julia, Islam, Saad, Ranaboldo, Tom, Theivendran, Kanthan, Bond, Georgina, Richards, Joanna, Sanghera, Ranjodh, Robinson, Karen, Fong, Angus, Tsang, Bonita, Dalgleish, James, McGregor-Riley, Jonathan, Barkley, Sarah, Eardley, William, Elhassan, Almutasim, Tyas, Ben, Chandler, Henry, McVie, James, Wei, Nicholas, Negus, Oliver, Baldock, Thomas, Ravi, Kuppuswamy, Qazzaz, Layth, Mohamed, Muawia, Sivayoganthan, Sriharan, Poole, William, Slade, George, Beaumont, Hugo, Beaumont, Oliver, Taha, Rowa, Lever, Caroline, Sood, Abhay, Moss, Maximillian, Khatir, Mohammed, Trompeter, Alex, Jeffers, Aisha, Brookes, Charlotte, Dadabhoy, Maria, Bhattacharya, Rajarshi, Singh, Abhinav, Beer, Alexander, Hodgson, Harry, Rahman, Kashed, Barter, Reece, Mackinnon, Thomas, Frasquet-Garcia, Antonio, Aldarragi, Ameer, Warner, Christian, Pantelides, Christopher, Attwood, Joseph, Al-Uzri, Muntadhir, Qaoud, Qaiys Abu, Green, Stephen, Osborne, Alex, Griffiths, Alexandra, Emmerson, Benjamin, Slater, Duncan, Altahoo, Hasan, Scott, Helen, Rowland, David, O'Donnell, Janine, Edwards, Taff, Hafez, Ahmed, Khan, Basharat, Crane, Emily, Axenciuc, Rostislav, Al-Habsi, Ruqaiya, McAlinden, Gavan, Sterne, Jonathan, Wong, Matthew Lynch, Patil, Sunit, Ridha, Ali, Rasidovic, Damir, Searle, Henry, Choudhry, Jamaal, Farhan-Alanie, Muhamed M, Tanagho, Andy, Sharma, Sidharth, Thomas, Suresh, Smith, Ben, McMullan, Mark, Winstanley, Robert, Mirza, Saqeb, Hamlin, Katharine, Elgayar, Lugman, Larsen, Matthew P, Eissa, Mohamed, Stevens, Samuel, Hopper, Graeme P, Fang Soh, Terrence Chi, Doorgakant, Ashtin, Yogeswaran, Apimaan, Myatt, Darren, Mahon, Joseph, Ward, Nicholas, Reid, Susan, Deierl, Krisztian, Brogan, Declan, Little, Max, Deakin, Sue, Baines, Elliott, Jones, Georgie, Boulton, Helen, Douglas, Trixie, Jeyaseelan, Lucky, Abdale, Abdirizak, Islam, Aminul, Atkinson, Kate V, Mohamedfaris, Khalid, Mmerem, Kingsley, Jamal, Shazil, Wharton, Danielle, Rana, Anurag, McAllister, Ross, Sasi, Sijith, Thomas, Terin, Pillai, Anand, Flaherty, David, Khan, Munir, Akkena, Sudheer, Shandala, Yaseen, Lankester, Benedict, Hainsworth, Louis, Ahmed, Hussam Elamin, Walshaw, Thomas, Walker, Reece, and Eardley, William G.P.

Published
2023
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3. ORthopaedic trauma hospital outcomes - Patient operative delays (ORTHOPOD) Study: The management of day-case orthopaedic trauma in the United Kingdom

Author

Stevenson, Iain, Yoong, Andrel, Rankin, Iain, Dixon, James, Lim, Jun Wei, Sattar, Mariam, McDonald, Stephen, Scott, Sharon, Davies, Helen, Jones, Louise, Nolan, Michelle, McGinty, Rebecca, Stevenson, Helene, Bowe, David, Sim, Francis, Vun, James, Strain, Ritchie, Giannoudis, Vasileios, Talbot, Christopher, Gunn, Christopher, Le, Ha Phuong Do, Bradley, Matthew, Lloyd, William, Hanratty, Brian, Lim, Yizhe, Brookes-Fazakerley, Steven, Varasteh, Amir, Francis, Jonathan, Choudhry, Nameer, Malik, Sheraz, Vats, Amit, Evans, Ashish, Garner, Madeleine, King, Stratton, Zbaeda, Mohamed, Diamond, Owen, Baker, Gavin, Napier, Richard, Guy, Stephen, McCauley, Gordon, King, Samuel, Edwards, Gray, Lin, Benjamin, Davoudi, Kaveh, Haines, Samuel, Raghuvanshi, Manav, Buddhdev, Pranai, Karam, Edward, Nimmyel, Enoch, Ekanem, George, Lateef, Razaq, Jayadeep, JS, Crowther, Ian, Mazur, Karolina, Hafiz, Nauman, Khan, Umair, Chettiar, Krissen, Ibrahim, Amr, Gopal, Prasanth, Tse, Shannon, Lakshmipathy, Raj, Towse, Claudia, Al-Musawi, Hashim, Walmsley, Matthew, Aspinall, Will, Metcalfe, James, Moosa, Aliabbas, Crome, George, Abdelmonem, Mohamed, Lakpriya, Sathya, Hawkins, Amanda, Waugh, Dominic, Kennedy, Matthew, Elsagheir, Mohamed, Kieffer, Will, Oyekan, Adekinte, Collis, Justin, Raad, Marjan, Raut, Pramin, Baker, Markus, Gorvett, Alexander, Gleeson, Hannah, Fahmy, John, Walters, Sam, Tinning, Craig, Chaturvedi, Abhishek, Russell, Heather, Alsawada, Osama, Sinnerton, Robert, Crane, Evan, Warwick, Catherine, Dimascio, Lucia, Ha, Taegyeong Tina, King, Thomas, Engelke, Daniel, Chan, Matthew, Gopireddy, Rajesh, Deo, Sunny, Vasarhelyi, Ferenc, Jhaj, Jasmeet, Dogramatzis, Kostas, McCartney, Sarah, Ardolino, Toni, Fraig, Hossam, Hiller-Smith, Ryan, Haughton, Benjamin, Greenwood, Heather, Stephenson, Nicola, Chong, Yuki, Sleat, Graham, Saedi, Farid, Gouda, Joe, Ravi, Sanjeev Musuvathy, Henari, Shwan, Imam, Sam, Howell, Charles, Theobald, Emma, Wright, Jan, Cormack, Jonathan, Borja, Karlou, Wood, Sandy, Khatri, Amulya, Bretherton, Chris, Tunstall, Charlotte, Lowery, Kathryn, Holmes, Benjamin, Nichols, Jennifer, Bashabayev, Beibit, Wildin, Clare, Sofat, Rajesh, Thiagarajan, Aarthi, Abdelghafour, Karim, Nicholl, James, Abdulhameed, Ahmed, Duke, Kathryn, Maling, Lucy, McCann, Matthew, Masud, Saqib, Marshman, James, Moreau, Joshua, Cheema, Kanwalnaini, Rageeb, Peter Morad, Mirza, Yusuf, Kelly, Andrew, Hassan, Abdul, Christie, Alexander, Davies, Angharad, Tang, Cary, Frostick, Rhiannon, Pemmaraju, Gopalakrishna, Handford, Charles, Chauhan, Govind, Dong, Huan, Choudri, Mohammed Junaid, Loveday, David, Bawa, Akshdeep, Baldwick, Cheryl, Roberton, Andrew, Burden, Eleanor, Nagi, Sameer, Johnson-Lynn, Sarah, Guiot, Luke, Kostusiak, Milosz, Appleyard, Thomas, Mundy, Gary, Basha, Amr, Abdeen, Bashar, Robertson-Smith, Bill, Hussainy, Haydar Al, Reed, Mike, Jamalfar, Aral, Flintoft, Emily, McGovern, Julia, Alcock, Liam, Koziara, Michal, Ollivere, Benjamin, Zheng, Amy, Atia, Fady, Goff, Thomas, Slade, Henry, Teoh, Kar, Shah, Nikhil, Al-Obaedi, Ossama, Jamal, Bilal, Bell, Stuart, Macey, Alistair, Brown, Cameron, Simpson, Cameron, Alho, Roberto, Wilson, Victoria, Lewis, Charlotte, Blyth, Daniel, Chapman, Laura, Woods, Lisa, Katmeh, Rateb, Pasapula, Chandra, Youssef, Hesham, Tan, Jerry, Famure, Steven, Grazette, Andrew, Lloyd, Adam, Beaven, Alastair, Jackowski, Anna, Piper, Dani, Lotfi, Naeil, Chakravarthy, Jagannath, Elzawahry, Ahmed, Trew, Christopher, Neo, Chryssa, Elamin-Ahmed, Hussam, Ashwood, Neil, Wembridge, Kevin, Eyre-Brook, Alistair, Greaves, Amy, Watts, Anna, Stedman, Tobias, Ker, Andrew, Wong, Li Siang, Fullarton, Mairi, Phelan, Sean, Choudry, Qaisar, Qureshi, Alham, Moulton, Lawrence, Cadwallader, Craig, Jenvey, Cara, Aqeel, Aqeel, Francis, Daniel, Simpson, Robin, Phillips, Jon, Matthews, Edward, Thomas, Ellen, Williams, Mark, Jones, Robin, White, Tim, Ketchen, Debbie, Bell, Katrina, Swain, Keri, Chitre, Amol, Lum, Joann, Syam, Kevin, Dupley, Leanne, O'Brien, Sarah, Ford, David, Chapman, Taya, Zahra, Wajiha, Guryel, Enis, McLean, Elizabeth, Dhaliwal, Kawaljit, Regan, Nora, Berstock, James, Deano, Krisna, Donovan, Richard, Blythe, Andrew, Salmon, Jennifer, Craig, Julie, Hickland, Patrick, Matthews, Scott, Brown, William, Borland, Steven, Aminat, Akinsemoyin, Stamp, Gregory, Zaheen, Humayoon, Jaibaji, Monketh, Egglestone, Anthony, Sampalli, Sridhar Rao, Goodier, Henry, Gibb, Julia, Islam, Saad, Ranaboldo, Tom, Theivendran, Kanthan, Bond, Georgina, Richards, Joanna, Sanghera, Ranjodh, Robinson, Karen, Fong, Angus, Tsang, Bonita, Dalgleish, James, McGregor-Riley, Jonathan, Barkley, Sarah, Eardley, William, Elhassan, Almutasim, Tyas, Ben, Chandler, Henry, McVie, James, Wei, Nicholas, Negus, Oliver, Baldock, Thomas, Ravi, Kuppuswamy, Qazzaz, Layth, Mohamed, Muawia, Sivayoganthan, Sriharan, Poole, William, Slade, George, Beaumont, Hugo, Beaumont, Oliver, Taha, Rowa, Lever, Caroline, Sood, Abhay, Moss, Maximillian, Khatir, Mohammed, Trompeter, Alex, Jeffers, Aisha, Brookes, Charlotte, Dadabhoy, Maria, Bhattacharya, Rajarshi, Singh, Abhinav, Beer, Alexander, Hodgson, Harry, Rahman, Kashed, Barter, Reece, Mackinnon, Thomas, Frasquet-Garcia, Antonio, Aldarragi, Ameer, Warner, Christian, Pantelides, Christopher, Attwood, Joseph, Al-Uzri, Muntadhir, Qaoud, Qaiys Abu, Green, Stephen, Osborne, Alex, Griffiths, Alexandra, Emmerson, Benjamin, Slater, Duncan, Altahoo, Hasan, Scott, Helen, Rowland, David, O'Donnell, Janine, Edwards, Taff, Hafez, Ahmed, Khan, Basharat, Crane, Emily, Axenciuc, Rostislav, Al-Habsi, Ruqaiya, McAlinden, Gavan, Sterne, Jonathan, Wong, Matthew Lynch, Patil, Sunit, Ridha, Ali, Rasidovic, Damir, Searle, Henry, Choudhry, Jamaal, Farhan-Alanie, Muhamed M, Tanagho, Andy, Sharma, Sidharth, Thomas, Suresh, Smith, Ben, McMullan, Mark, Winstanley, Robert, Mirza, Saqeb, Hamlin, Katharine, Elgayar, Lugman, Larsen, Matthew P, Eissa, Mohamed, Stevens, Samuel, Hopper, Graeme P, Fang Soh, Terrence Chi, Doorgakant, Ashtin, Yogeswaran, Apimaan, Myatt, Darren, Mahon, Joseph, Ward, Nicholas, Reid, Susan, Deierl, Krisztian, Brogan, Declan, Little, Max, Deakin, Sue, Baines, Elliott, Jones, Georgie, Boulton, Helen, Douglas, Trixie, Jeyaseelan, Lucky, Abdale, Abdirizak, Islam, Aminul, Atkinson, Kate V, Mohamedfaris, Khalid, Mmerem, Kingsley, Jamal, Shazil, Wharton, Danielle, Rana, Anurag, McAllister, Ross, Sasi, Sijith, Thomas, Terin, Pillai, Anand, Flaherty, David, Khan, Munir, Akkena, Sudheer, Shandala, Yaseen, Lankester, Benedict, Hainsworth, Louis, Baldock, Thomas E., Walshaw, Thomas, Walker, Reece, and Eardley, William P.G.

Published
2023
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11. Depiction of personal protective equipment in popular war films.

Author

Naumann, David N., Toman, Emma, Bentley, Conor, and Beaven, Alastair

Subjects
PERSONAL protective equipment, WAR films, HEARING protection, EYE protection, MILITARY personnel
Abstract

Background. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn by military personnel to protect from combat trauma. War films may not represent PPE accurately, even when considered realistic. There is a risk that the subtle influence of films may subvert the understanding of PPE amongst military personnel and civilians. Methods. An observational study compared the depiction of PPE within popular war films to real-life. Films were included if they depicted land-based warfare. Depiction of helmets, body armour, eye protection, gloves, combat boots and hearing protection was compared to benchmarks. Trends in PPE over time were analysed using linear regression. Results. There were 73 combat scenes viewed from 16 films. Combat boots were the most depicted (72 scenes; 99%); hearing protection was the least (two scenes; 3%). There were statistically significant differences in PPE adherence between real life and films for all items of PPE (p < 0.05), except for combat boots (p = 0.621). There were improvements over time for all PPE except for hearing protection. Conclusions. PPE adherence in modern war films is poor, but has improved over time. There is a hypothetical risk that this has a negative impact on perceptions by both civilians and military personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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15. Combat Application Tourniquet fares well in a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear dress state

Author

Beaven, Alastair, Sellon, E, Ballard, M, and Parker, P

Abstract

IntroductionThere is a need for a military tourniquet to control catastrophic haemorrhage in a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) threat environment. No published data exist as to the efficacy of tourniquets while wearing British military CBRN individual protective equipment (IPE).Methods12 volunteers from the counter CBRN instructors’ course allowed testing on 24 legs. A Combat Application Tourniquet (C-A-T) was applied to all volunteers at the level of the midthigh. 12 legs were tested while wearing CBRN IPE (both operator and simulated casualty), and the control group of 12 legs was tested while wearing conventional combat dress state (both operator and simulated casualty). The order of leg laterality and dress state were sequenced according to a prerandomised system. Efficacy was measured via use of an ultrasound probe at the popliteal artery. Tourniquets were considered effective if arterial flow was completely occluded on ultrasound imaging. Data were collected on time to successful application, failure of tourniquets and pain scores as rated by the visual analogue scale (1–10).ResultsThere were no failures of tourniquet application in the CBRN group, and two failures (17%) in the control group. Failures were pain threshold exceeded (n=1) and tourniquet internal strap failure (n=1). The mean application time for the CBRN group was 28.5 s (SD 11.7) and 23.7 s (SD 9.8) for the conventional combat group. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.27). The median CBRN pain score was 2.0 (IQR 2.0–3.5). The median control pain score was 4.0 (IQR 3–6). This was a statistically significant difference (p=0.002).ConclusionC-A-Ts applied to simulated casualties in CBRN IPE at the midthigh are at least as efficacious as those applied to the midthigh in a conventional combat dress state. The pain experienced was less in CBRN IPE than when in a conventional combat dress state.

Published
2021
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16. An adapted Clavien-Dindo scoring system in trauma as a clinically meaningful nonmortality endpoint

Author

Naumann, David N., primary, Vincent, Laura E., additional, Pearson, Nicola, additional, Beaven, Alastair, additional, Smith, Iain M., additional, Smith, Kieran, additional, Toman, Emma, additional, Dorrance, Helen R., additional, Porter, Keith, additional, Wade, Charles E., additional, Cotton, Bryan A., additional, Holcomb, John B., additional, and Midwinter, Mark J., additional

Published
2017
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27. Combat Application Tourniquet fares well in a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear dress state.

Author

Beaven A, Sellon E, Ballard M, and Parker P

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Over Studies, Equipment Design methods, Humans, Male, Military Medicine instrumentation, Military Medicine methods, Military Medicine statistics & numerical data, Military Personnel statistics & numerical data, Prospective Studies, Tourniquets trends, Biohazard Release trends, Chemical Hazard Release trends, Equipment Design standards, Radioactive Hazard Release trends, Tourniquets standards
Abstract

Introduction: There is a need for a military tourniquet to control catastrophic haemorrhage in a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) threat environment. No published data exist as to the efficacy of tourniquets while wearing British military CBRN individual protective equipment (IPE)., Methods: 12 volunteers from the counter CBRN instructors' course allowed testing on 24 legs. A Combat Application Tourniquet (C-A-T) was applied to all volunteers at the level of the midthigh. 12 legs were tested while wearing CBRN IPE (both operator and simulated casualty), and the control group of 12 legs was tested while wearing conventional combat dress state (both operator and simulated casualty). The order of leg laterality and dress state were sequenced according to a prerandomised system. Efficacy was measured via use of an ultrasound probe at the popliteal artery. Tourniquets were considered effective if arterial flow was completely occluded on ultrasound imaging. Data were collected on time to successful application, failure of tourniquets and pain scores as rated by the visual analogue scale (1-10)., Results: There were no failures of tourniquet application in the CBRN group, and two failures (17%) in the control group. Failures were pain threshold exceeded (n=1) and tourniquet internal strap failure (n=1). The mean application time for the CBRN group was 28.5 s (SD 11.7) and 23.7 s (SD 9.8) for the conventional combat group. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.27). The median CBRN pain score was 2.0 (IQR 2.0-3.5). The median control pain score was 4.0 (IQR 3-6). This was a statistically significant difference (p=0.002)., Conclusion: C-A-Ts applied to simulated casualties in CBRN IPE at the midthigh are at least as efficacious as those applied to the midthigh in a conventional combat dress state. The pain experienced was less in CBRN IPE than when in a conventional combat dress state., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2021
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