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Orientador: Edson Antunes Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Resumo: A pós-menopausa é um evento normal do processo de envelhecimento da mulher, no qual, há diminuição de estrógeno, progesterona e andrógenos. Os sintomas do trato urinário inferior (STUI) são altamente prevalentes na pós-menopausa, e manifestam-se como frequência urinária e urgência, noctúria e irritabilidade do meato uretral, os quais afetam negativamente a percepção de saúde e as atividades diárias. Alguns estudos têm associado STUI com deficiência androgênica. A testosterona é produzida principalmente no ovário, sendo que na pós-menopausa sua produção diminui gradualmente. Estudos clínicos relatam que a terapia de reposição com testosterona é eficaz para problemas sexuais, cognitivos e cardiovasculares durante a pós-menopausa. Entretanto, poucos estudos são voltados para o estudo da deficiência androgênica e sua reposição sobre as alterações do trato urinário inferior. No presente estudo, avaliamos os efeitos da reposição de testosterona em dose fisiológica e supra-fisiológica nas disfunções miccionais in vivo e as alterações do músculo detrusor e uretra in vitro em ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX). Assim, em ratas OVX e falso-operadas (Sham), tratadas ou não com testosterona (ou com respectivo veículo; óleo de rícino), realizamos medidas de peso corpóreo, e pesos do útero, da bexiga, da uretra e da gordura perigonadal, assim como da pressão arterial. Realizamos estudo cistométrico em ratas anestesiadas. Realizamos, ainda, curvas concentração-resposta a carbacol (agonista muscarínico pleno) e mirabegron (agonista ?3-adrenérgico) em bexiga, assim como a angiotensina II e fenilefrina (agonista ?1-adrenérgico) em uretra isolada. A contração neurogênica obtida por estimulação elétrica de campo (EFS) em bexiga isolada foi também investigada. Após 16 semanas de OVX, notamos redução do 65% dos níveis séricos de testosterona total, os quais foram recuperados aos níveis basais pela reposição hormonal com 5 mg/kg de testosterona (intramuscular); ao passo que dose de 10 mg/kg deste andrógeno produziu elevação dos níveis séricos 14 vezes maior do que o grupo OVX. As doses de 5 e 10 mg/kg de testosterona foram referidas como fisiológica e supra-fisiológica, respectivamente. Notamos nas ratas OVX aumento significativo do peso corporal, da gordura perigonadal e da pressão arterial (15%, 58% e 30%, respectivamente), e redução marcante no peso do útero (80%) em comparação ao grupo Sham. Os pesos da bexiga e uretra não foram diferentes entre os grupos Sham e OVX. A reposição com testosterona em dose fisiológica ou supra-fisiológica não modificou estes parâmetros. A OVX provocou alterações miccionais caracterizadas pelo aumento da pressão basal, frequência miccional, pressão limial e pressão pós-miccional. A reposição de testosterona em níveis supra-fisiológicos normalizou as alterações. A resposta contrátil da bexiga ao agonista muscarínico carbacol, assim como a contração neurogênica (EFS; 1 - 32Hz) foram significativamente menores no grupo OVX em comparação ao Sham (P < 0,05). A reposição com testosterona em níveis supra-fisiológicos reverteu a hipocontratilidade vesical. O relaxamento da bexiga ao mirabegron não foi afetado pela ovariectomia; porém, a reposição com testosterona em dose supra-fisiológica potencializou o efeito relaxante da droga (P < 0,05). A OVX provocou hipercontratilidade uretral à angiotensina II e à fenilefrina (0,44 ± 0,04 vs 0,20 ± 0,01 e 0,52 ± 0,03 vs 0,20 ± 0,01, respectivamente). A reposição de testosterona em níveis supra-fisiológicos reverteu a hipercontratilidade à angiotensina II (P < 0,05), mas não afetou significativamente a hipercontratilidade à fenilefrina. A testosterona em níveis supra-fisiológicos normaliza as alterações miccionais em ratas ovariectomizadas, restaura a hipocontratilidade vesical e os padrões contráteis da uretra. A reposição de testosterona pode ter efeitos benéficos nas alterações do trato urinário inferior após tempo prolongado de privação hormonal. Assim, a terapia de reposição com testosterona pode ser uma opção de tratamento farmacológico para as disfunções vesicais presentes na pós-menopausa Abstract: Post-menopause is a normal event in the aging process, a condition characterized by decrease of estrogen, progesterone and androgen. The lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are highly prevalent in postmenopausal women, and include urinary frequency and urgency, nocturia and irritability of the urethral meatus, which affect negatively the health perception and daily activities. Some studies have associated LUTS with androgen deficiency. Testosterone is mainly produced in ovary, and in post-menopause its production decreases gradually. Clinical studies show that testosterone replacement in post-menopause is effective for sexual, cognitive and cardiovascular problems. However, few studies have attempted to explore the effects of androgen deprivation and its replacement in the lower urinary tract dysfunction. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of testosterone replacement at both physiological and supraphysiological doses in the voiding dysfunctions in vivo and the alterations of bladder and urethra smooth muscle in ovariectomized rats (OVX). In OVX, treated or not with testosterone (or its vehicle; castor oil) the body weight, and bladder, urethra and perigonadal fat mass weights, as well as the systolic blood pressure were determined. Cystometric study in anesthetized rats and concentration-response curves to carbachol (muscarinic agonist) and mirabegron (selective ?3-adrenoceptor agonist) in isolated bladder, as well as angiotensin II and phenylephrine (selective ?1-adrenoceptor agonist) in isolated urethra were carried out. The neurogenic contractions in response to electrical-field stimulation (EFS) were also evaluated in isolated bladders. Four months after OVX, we observed a reduction by 65% of serum total testosterone levels, which were restored to baseline levels with 5 mg/kg of testosterone. At 10 mg/kg of testosterone, serum levels of this hormone elevated by 14-fold compared with OVX group. The testosterone doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg were referred as physiological and supraphysiological dose, respectively. OVX rats exhibited significant increases in body weight, perigonadal fat mass and blood pressure (15%, 58% and 30%, respectively), together with a marked reduction in uterus weight (80%) compared with Sham group. The bladder and urethra weights remained unchanged between OVX and Sham groups. Testosterone replacement at physiological or supraphysiological dose did not change these parameters. The OVX rats displayed voiding alterations characterized by increases of basal pressure, urinary frequency, threshold pressure and post-voiding pressure, which were normalized by testosterone replacement at supraphysiological dose. The contractile responses of isolated bladder to the muscarinic agonist carbachol and neurogenic contraction (EFS, 1 - 32Hz) were significantly lower in OVX compared with Sham groups (P < 0.05). Testosterone replacement at supraphysiological dose reversed the bladder hypocontractility. The relaxant responses of bladder to mirabegron were not affected by ovariectomy; however, testosterone replacement at supraphysiological dose potentiated the relaxing responses (P < 0.05). OVX also caused urethral hypercontractility to angiotensin II and phenylephrine (0.44 ± 0.04 vs 0.20 ± 0.01 and 0.52 ± 0.03 vs 0.20 ± 0.01, respectively). Testosterone replacement at supraphysiological dose restored the urethral hypercontractility to angiotensin II (P < 0.05), without affecting the hypercontractility to phenylephrine. Taken together, testosterone at supraphysiological levels normalizes the voiding dysfunction of OVX rats, and restores the bladder hypocontractility and the contractile patterns of the urethra to angiotensin II. Testosterone replacement may have beneficial effects in the lower urinary tract dysfunction after prolonged hormonal deprivation. Thus, replacement therapy with testosterone might be a pharmacological treatment option for the urological complications in postmenopausal women Mestrado Farmacologia Mestra em Farmacologia CAPES 01-P-3488/2014, 01-P-4348/2015, 01-9-1748/2016 FAPESP

Orientador: Edson Antunes Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Resumo: O declínio hormonal na mulher leva à chamada síndrome geniturinária na menopausa (SGM), que compreende, entre outros fatores, de sintomas do trato urinário inferior (STUI) como aumento da frequência miccional, urgência, noctúria e incontinência urinária, os quais impactam negativamente a qualidade de vida e interação social da pessoa. A terapia de reposição hormonal com testosterona vem sendo utilizada em mulheres pós-menopausadas para aliviar certos sintomas da deficiência androgênica como perda da libido, da massa osteomuscular e da função cognitiva. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm se voltado à compreensão dos efeitos desta reposição androgênica na disfunção miccional na pós-menopausa. Estudo prévio do nosso grupo avaliou os efeitos da reposição com testosterona na disfunção miccional de ratas, após 4 meses de ovariectomia (OVX)... O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital Abstract: The hormonal decline in women leads to the so-called genitourinary syndrome on menopause (GSM), that include, among other factors, the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such us increment of urinary frequency, urgency, noctúria and urinary incontinence, affecting negatively the quality of life and social interaction of the person. The hormonal replacement with testosterone has been used in postmenopausal women to relieve certain symptoms of the androgenic deficiency as loss of libido, musculoskeletal mass and cognitive function. However, few studies have focused to understanding of effects of androgenic replacement on voiding dysfunction. A previous study of our group evaluated the effects of testosterone replacement on voiding dysfunction in rats after 4 months of ovariectomy (OVX). Hormonal reduction causes in vivo voiding changes (increment of frequency and the basal, threshold and post- voiding pressures), as well as bladder hypocontractility and urethral hypercontractility in vitro which were reverted by androgen in supraphysiological doses. These protective effects of testosterone were independent of estrogen synthesis, because they remained even after treatment with letrozol (inhibitor of aromatization of testosterone). However, we still do not know the mechanism of action of androgens on the smooth muscle of lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) under physiological and pathological condition (OVX)... The abstract is available with the full electronic document Doutorado Farmacologia Doutora em Farmacologia FAPESP 2017/26564-9 CNPQ 146942/2016-7 CAPES 001

Realizar un procedimiento de trabajo seguro de prevención del riesgo biomecánico para los operarios involucrados en el proceso de transformación de la madera, durante el ejercicio de sus funciones en la empresa “C.I Casa en Madera Ltda.” En esta investigación se identificó el nivel de riesgo biomecánico asociado al sobre esfuerzo, movimientos repetitivos, levantamiento de carga y posturas inadecuadas que adoptan los operarios de la empresa “Comercializadora Internacional Casa en Madera Ltda”, ubicada en la ciudad de Florencia - Departamento del Caquetá, durante los años 2017, 2018 y 2019, la investigación se realizó a través de la aplicación de la encuesta del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el trabajo. (INSHT) complementada con observación y listas de chequeo lo que nos lleva a realizar la actividad de manera técnica, y la aplicación del método descriptivo sobre el número de operarios que realizan tareas con incidencia en el riesgo biomecánico y el tiempo de exposición resultante de la jornada laboral. In this research it was identified the level of biomechanical risk associated to high effort, repetitive movements, load lifting and improper postures that operators of the company “Comercializadora Internacional Casa en Madera Ltda” adopt, company located in Florencia City, Caquetá department, during the years of 2017. 2018 and 2019; the research was made by applying a survey of the Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el trabajo. (INSHT), also through observation and check lists which take us to make the activity in a technical way, plus the implementation of the descriptive method over the number of operators that do the tasks with incidence on the biomechanical risk and the time of exposure as a result of the working hours. Wood industry takes care of processing the wood, from its plantation until its transformation in objects of practical use, going through the extraction, cut, storage or biochemical treatment and moulding, where operators are hired for the transformation of blocks of wood into striped boards mainly for floor, and operators apply their physical force on the lifting and handling of wooden planks that can weigh up to 70 kilos and that makes the task routine in a working day of 8 hours; for this reason some activities were made to identify the level of biomechanical risk associated to muscular skeletal disorders as a main cause for work absenteeism with this symptomatology. In this way, the present study was able to verify the risk of developing skeletal muscle disorders by operators working for the company “C.I Casa en Madera Ltda.”

En la elaboración del presente ensayo se quiere plasmar los impactos que ha tenido las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público en el rubro de Propiedades, Planta y Equipo de la alcaldía de Sutatausa, municipio de Cundinamarca, con información financiera en el periodo de transición del 2017 a 2018, realizando un comparativo entre la normatividad antes y después de la implementación de las Normas Internacionales, mediante el manual de políticas, el avaluó técnico y los estados financieros de la alcaldía en el rubro de propiedades, planta y equipo. La alcaldía de Sutatausa es una entidad sujeta al Marco Normativo Entidades de Gobierno expedido mediante la resolución 533 de 2015 y sus modificaciones definido por la Contaduría General de la Nación, organismo encargado de realizar para todas las entidades del sector público la convergencia de Normas Internacionales y contiene bases, principios acuerdos y reglas para la elaboración y presentación de Estados Financieros con el objetivo de ayudar al control y regulación del ejercicio de las actividades, facilitar la toma de decisiones financieras y presupuestales a un público en general debido a su nueva interpretación. Tabla de Contenidos Resumen........................................................................................................................ iv Abstract........................................................................................................................... v Introducción ................................................................................................................... 1 Objetivo general..............................................................................................................3 Objetivos específicos......................................................................................................3 Pregunta problema ........................................................................................................3 Marco Teórico.................................................................................................................4 Conclusiones..................................................................................................................16 Bibliografía ....................................................................................................................18 In the preparation of this essay we want to capture the effects that the International Accounting Standards for the Public Sector have had on the Property, Plant and Equipment of the Municipality of Sutatausa, Municipality of Cundinamarca, with financial information during the transition period. from 2017 to 2018, the comparison between the regulations before and after the implementation of International Standards, the policy manual, the technical appraisal and the financial statements of the mayor's office in the property, plant and equipment category. The Mayoralty of Sutatausa is an entity in the normative framework of Government Entities issued through resolution 533 of 2015 and its results in the General Accounting Office of the Nation, the body responsible for carrying out all the entities of the public sector the convergence of International Standards and It contains bases, principles, agreements and rules for the preparation and presentation of Financial Statements with the aim of helping to control and regulate the exercise of activities, facilitate the making of financial and budgetary decisions to a general public due to its new interpretation.

Introducción: Teniendo en cuenta que una de las posibles causas de fracaso en los tratamientos endodónticos es la falta de conocimiento de la anatomía de la cavidad pulpar, ya que sin esto el clínico puede omitir la presencia de un conducto accesorio que llevará al fracaso del tratamiento, se requiere el conocimiento de las diferentes configuraciones presentes en el sistema de conductos radiculares antes de comenzar la preparación. Objetivo: Caracterizar de acuerdo a la clasificación Vertucci el sistema de conductos radiculares de primeros premolares inferiores tomados del banco de dientes de la Universidad Santo Tomás por medio de radiovisiografía. Materiales y Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio observacional descriptivo. Se usaron 100 dientes primeros premolares inferiores del banco de dientes de la Universidad Santo Tomás, a cada diente le fue tomada su longitud dental y montado en un posicionador para toma de rx in vitro se tomaron las imágenes radiográficas en posición orto, meso y distoradial, también se tomó la longitud dental radiográfica, información que fue consignada en el instrumento de recolección de datos, las imágenes radiográficas fueron evaluadas por dos observadores individualmente y a diferente horario, teniendo en cuenta las variables: Numero de raíces, Tipo de conducto de acuerdo a clasificación Vertucci, longitud dental y reproducibilidad interoperario. Resultados: Independiente de la angulación, el tipo de conducto que predominó fue el I con una frecuencia de 78% con la angulación ortoradial y de 72% con la angulación distoradial. El conducto tipo VII no se identificó en ninguna de las angulaciones. Mediante la observación clínica se identificaron el número de raíces de los primeros premolares inferiores; el número más frecuentemente identificado fue una raíz en un 67% de las muestras, seguido de dos raíces en un 29% y tres raíces un 4% de la muestra. Se encontró que la mediana de la longitud dental clínica fue de 22,26 mm y de la longitud dental radiográfica de 22,80 mm. Los resultados del análisis de la variación entre las mediciones clínicas y radiográficas mostraron que hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las mediciones de longitud dental clínica y radiográfica (p< 0,001). Se evaluó la reproducibilidad entre los evaluadores mediante el índice kappa. Los resultados mostraron valores de kappa mayores a 0,8 para la angulación Mesoradial y Distoradial (reproducibilidad perfecta) y un valor de 0,66 para la angulación Ortoradial (reproducibilidad sustancial) Conclusiones: Se pudo identificar la compleja variabilidad del sistema de conductos radiculares que presentan los primeros premolares inferiores. La prevalencia del conducto tipo I fue mayor que los demás tipos de conductos en la muestra analizada de 100 primeros premolares inferiores. Seguido del conducto tipo III y V con resultados 10 y 6 % en la angulación distoradial. El conducto tipo II presentó resultados iguales en cualquiera de las angulaciones. Teniendo en cuenta las 3 angulaciones: ortoradial, mesoradial y distoradial, el conducto tipo VII no se identificó en ninguna de las angulaciones. Se identificó que el número más frecuente de raíces fue 1 con un 67% de las muestras seleccionadas, seguido de 2 raíces con un 29%. La longitud dental clínica promedio fue de 22,26 mm y de la longitud dental radiográfica de 22,80 mm. El tipo de angulación ortoradial, mesoradial y distoradial permitió tener una mayor reproducibilidad. Introduction: Bearing in mind that one of the possible causes of failure in endodontic treatments is the lack of knowledge of the anatomy of the pulp cavity, since without this the clinician can omit the presence of an accessory duct that will lead to treatment failure, knowledge of the different configurations present in the root canal system is required before beginning the preparation. Objective: To characterize, according to the Vertucci classification, the system of root canals of the lower first premolars taken from the tooth bank of the Santo Tomás University by means of radiovisiography. Materials and Methods: A descriptive observational study was designed. 100 lower first premolar teeth were used from the tooth bank of the Santo Tomás University, each tooth was taken its dental length and mounted in a positioner for rx taking in vitro radiographic images were taken in ortho, meso and distoradial position, the radiographic dental length was also taken, information that was recorded in the data collection instrument, the radiographic images were evaluated by two observers individually and at different times, taking into account the variables: Number of roots, Type of conduit according to classification Vertucci, dental length and interoperable reproducibility. Results: Regardless of angulation, the type of duct that predominated was I with a frequency of 78% with orthoradial angulation and 72% with distoradial angulation. The type VII conduit was not identified in any of the angulations. Through clinical observation, the number of roots of the first lower premolars was identified; the most frequently identified number was a root in 67% of the samples, followed by two roots in 29% and three roots in 4% of the sample. It was found that the median of the clinical tooth length was 22.26 mm and the radiographic tooth length was 22.80 mm. The results of the analysis of the variation between clinical and radiographic measurements showed that there are statistically significant differences between clinical and radiographic dental length measurements (p