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Objectives: To determine the frequency of repeat Cesarean Section in patients with previous one cesarean section To compare the maternal and perinatal outcome in vaginal birth after Cesarean and repeat caesarean section Material and Methods: This Cross sectional study was conducted at Obstetrics & Gynecology unit1 JPMC Karachi from Jan 2020 to31 Dec2020.A total of 137 women with history of previous one cesarean section were included in this study. All patients’ history and examination was taken. The data was collected on a predesigned Performa. Mean and Standard Deviation for quantitative variables and percentage for categorical qualitative variables. Maternal and perinatal outcomes was compared between women who have VBAC and those who have repeat Cesarean section by using chi-square test with P-values less than or equal to 0.05 significant. Results: The average age of the women was 29.88±3.26 years. Frequency of repeat caesarean section in patients with previous one cesarean section was 52.55%. PPH was observed in 37.96% cases while prolong hospital stay in 28.47%. There were 15.33% still birth, Apgar score less than 7 in 42.34% at 1 minute, and NICU admission was observed in 23.38%. Rate of Postpartum hemorrhage and prolong hospital stay was significantly high in repeated caesarean section. Conclusion: All of the maternal and prenatal outcomes were significantly high in repeated Cesarean section as compare to vaginal deliveries. The trial of labor in women with a single previous caesarean delivery can safely reduce rate of caesarean section. Keywords: Caesarean section, vaginal birth after Cesarean, repeats caesarean section

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is linked with fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity; also it can slow down growth and cognitive development. Several factors contribute to pregnancy outcomes, including LBW deliveries, maternal nutrition, and additional dietary intake. Our study was aimed to identify the frequency and factors associated with LBW mothers in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out at the Obstetrics and Gynaecological Department of Hamdard Hospital, Karachi. A total of 195 healthy pregnant females were enrolled. All the relevant data were collected from March 1st, 2019 to August 31st, 2019 with the help of a structured questionnaire designed specifically for the study where mothers were also asked about consumption of iron, vitamin, and extra meals since they became pregnant. Written, informed consent was taken from all of the participants before data collection. Data analysis was performed using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. A Chi-square test was used for checking associations between the studied maternal factors and the weight of the children. Results: There was a total of 195 pregnant females selected for the study. The frequency of LBW infants was found to be 57 (29.2%) in these women. The mean age of the females was 29.29 ± 5.22 years, 142 (72.8%) of them had a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m2 or more, 102 (52.3%) of them had hemoglobin (Hb) between 10 and 11 mg/dL. The study results further showed that maternal Hb (p=0.02), vitamin C intake (p=0.037), iron intake (p=0.01), and consumption of extra meals during pregnancy (p=0.021) were significantly associated with a LBW of the children. Mothers whose Hb

Objective: Study the frequency of common factors Associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding. Study design: Descriptive Cross sectional. Duration and place of study: this study was conducted at, Jinnah postgraduate Medical center Karachi unit-I from 19 May to 18 November 2015. Material & Methods: A total of 108 mother infant pairs were selected by Non probability consecutive sampling technique, meeting our inclusion criteria. Informed consent was taken after explaining the pros and cons, purpose and procedure of the study. The common factors associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding like age of the mother, gestational age, parity, educational status, working status of the mother, mode of delivery, birth weight of the baby and gender of the baby were evaluated through face to face interview of the mothers . Results: In our study mean age of mothers found to be 26.1 years old. Mean birth interval found to be 3.1years. Mean birth weight of the babies was 2.86 kg. Mean gestational age of the Patients was 38.1weeks. Most of the babies were female 63(58%) other were male 45(42%).Out of 108 patients, 40(37%) received Primary education, 27 (25%) were graduated, 18(17%) were Illiterate, 13(12%) secondary and 10(9%) were Intermediate. Thirty eight (35.2%) belonged to middle class, 56(51.9%) to upper middle class and only 14(13%) to higher class. Fifty eight (53.7%) women were multiparae and 76(70.3%) were employed; And Mostly 66 (61%) delivered through Cesarean -Section. Conclusion: According to this study the main conclusion of Common factors associated to timely initiation of breastfeeding were age of mothers(74.07%) more than 20years , parity 2 or more( 61.1%), educational level secondary and above (50.9%), house wives (32.9%), male sex of infant (41.6%) and Vaginal mode of delivery (38.8%)