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Nose-to-brain (N2B) drug delivery is a promising technique for the treatment of brain diseases. It allows a drug to enter the brain without passing through the blood–brain barrier. However, the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa can restrict the amount of drug absorbed. Recent studies of non-thermal plasma (NTP) have shown improvement in in vitro drug delivery to cells and tissues. However, whether NTP treatments can enhance the in vivo delivery of drugs for neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD) into the brain via the N2B technique remains unclear. The drug used in this study was galantamine hydrobromide. Galantamine is used to treat patients with mild to moderate AD. Based on the principle of NTP, a type of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, which we called spiral DBD microplasma, was designed. It was inserted into the nose of a rat to a depth of 2 mm. The spiral DBD microplasma was driven by a sinusoidal voltage for 4 min, followed by the immediate administration of galantamine. The effect of the microplasma treatment on the distribution of galantamine in the brain was evaluated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). The results showed a high distribution of galantamine in the left and right brain hemispheres of the rat treated with plasma discharge compared to a control treated without plasma discharge. The spiral DBD microplasma is a novel contribution to DBD plasma designs. In addition, this technique for drug delivery has also created a novel approach with potential for becoming a non-invasive method of enhancing drug distribution in the brain for the treatment of neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are multipurpose agents effective in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes while also achieving weight loss and risk reduction of major cardiovascular (CV) events and chronic kidney disease progression. With their increased utility in diabetes, obesity, CV health and renal protection, the use of GLP-1RAs has increased. However, with this increased use, there have also been increased reports of associated kidney adverse events, including case reports of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) associated with GLP-1RA use. We report the data from the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS) in relation to GLP-1RA use and adverse kidney events, with acute kidney injury being the most common. In addition, we report two cases of semaglutide-associated biopsy-proven AIN and one with associated podocytopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first case of biopsy-proven AIN with podocytopathy associated with semaglutide use. Both patients experienced complete remission shortly after discontinuing semaglutide and undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Further analysis of the FAERS database revealed 17 cases of proteinuria and 1 case of glomerulonephritis associated with semaglutide in the FAERS database, however no further information was available. While further research is needed to establish causality, this case series adds to the growing body of literature that semaglutide is associated with AIN and adds a new association, semaglutide with AIN and podocytopathies. While the overall clinical and mortality benefits of GLP-1RAs may outweigh the rarer risks, prescribers need to be aware of these associations, particularly as the use of GLP-1RAs continues to expand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Pratylenchus species identified during a survey of Pratylenchus quasitereoides incidence at four locations of the grainbelt of Western Australia is described. Morphological and morphometric features indicated the previously undescribed morphotypes in nematode mixtures encountered were conspecific to P. curvicauda, and were clearly distinguishable from nine common Pratylenchus spp. Typical features of P. curvicauda were its body length (415–540 µm), which was curved to a c-shaped with a maximum body diameter of 20 µm, and the nature of its tail; 34 µm long, 2.8 µm wide at the anus and a typical ventrally arcuate with a round terminus. Sequenced for the first time, the sequences of the partial 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-partial 28S (80 clones, 14 individual nematodes) and the 28S-D3 (17 clones) regions of the rDNA of P. curvicauda had overall mean distances of 0.013 and 0.085, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses with sequences of both segments of the rDNA clearly showed the P. curvicauda isolates as monophyletic, distinct from ca 40 Pratylenchus species. Notably, it was distinct from Pratylenchus species present in Australia including P. quasitereoides and a Western Australia isolate of P. thornei. Further research into the biology of P. curvicauda is needed to facilitate development of strategies for its management, if it is an important pest.

This extensive review can assist the researcher in assembling and constricting the study's hypothesis on the molecular mechanism of CKD, which is more prevalent in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. It targets the role of urinary biomarkers and their importance compared to serum markers involved in CKD-associated T2D patients. This review highlights the significance of urinary exosomal RNAs, including expressions of miRNA and ncRNA, involved in the molecular diagnosis of renal injury. Next-generation sequencing and ncRNASeqScan serve as an emerging bioinformatic tool to predict the ncRNAs in urinary exosomes and to pattern transcriptomes extensively. Urinary biomarkers of CKD provide a primary target source in the prognosis of the disease, whereas their levels in serum are significantly high after the progression of CKD. Hence, biomarkers are heterogeneous groups of factors executing several molecular mechanisms involved in various signal transduction pathways occurring on the cell surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to determine the levels of interleukin-6 in COVID-19 patients and see if these inflammatory markers can speculate the extremity of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, previous work on serum ferritin levels in COVID-19 patients has been conducted by the authors as a presumptive observational study [11]. The study's inclusion criteria comprised 100 individuals who were over the age of 18 and were diagnosed with COVID-19 by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). The exclusion criterion was framed according to our previous study [11]. They were bifurcated into the following categories such as: mild to moderate (Group I) and severe to critical (Group II). IL-6 was quantified and evaluated in both groups using the chemiluminescent method [11]. Group I had a mean IL 6 value of 27 pg/ml, while Group II had a value of 126 pg/ml. COVID-19 individuals with elevated IL-6 levels had more indicative predictions, extremity, and serious illness, particularly in group II (P<0.000), and constant in group I, IL-6 levels showed a statistically significant (P<0.000) association with symptomatic indications, severity, and critical illness. Interleukin-6 can be used as a prediction factor for disease severity in the early diagnosis of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is the dynamic group of metabolic disorders whose progression leads to various complications. This review focuses on the dominance of type 2 diabetes among the diabetic population, risk factors, biomarkers, pathogenesis and therapeutic agents. It also explains the importance of drug therapy obtained from natural origin. In this review, we have presented an overview of the incidence of the glucose-induced release of insulin from ß cells of the pancreas and its action on various tissues involved in the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Lifestyle modifications can be influential in preventing type 2 diabetes from further complications. In general, a sedentary lifestyle proved to be one of the crucial factors for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In addition, many biomarkers consort with type 2 diabetes and its complications. This review has shown a few important biomarkers to be examined at different stages of type 2 diabetes (prediabetes, newly diagnosed and known diabetes). Additionally, recent approaches to drug therapy that are conventional and traditional sources as an alternative therapy have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article decrit la facon dont les femms rurales pauvres reprennent leur place traditionnelle en agriculture au Bengladesh grace au mouvement Nayakrishi. Ces dernieres decennies ont vu les femmes marginalisees [...]