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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions as well as their combination and activation modes on root canal dentin microhardness. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO and PRISMA guidelines were followed. The structured question was as follows: "Which type of irrigating solution used in endodontic treatment causes more change in dentin microhardness?" The literature was screened via PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. The last search was carried out in February 2023 with English language restriction. Two reviewers independently performed screening and evaluation of articles. A total of 470 articles were retrieved from all the databases, whereas only 114 articles were selected for full-text analysis. After applying eligibility criteria, 44 studies were evaluated and included in this review. The results showed that with increased contact time with irrigants, dentin microhardness decreases. Increased contact time with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was associated with more reduction in dentin microhardness compared with other irrigants. Other irrigants, with the exception of distilled water, including EDTA, citric acid, herbal irrigants, glycolic acid, phytic acid, etc., in this study significantly decreased dentin microhardness. The maximum reduction in dentin microhardness was seen with 2.5% NaOCl after 15 min of contact time. The use of irrigating solutions alters the chemical composition of dentin, thereby decreasing its microhardness, which affects the clinical performance of endodontically treated teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1950, while researching the nerves in a squid, Otto Schmitt coined the word “Biomimetics” It means imitating life, literally. To seek to mimic or reproduce it artificially to preserve the same esthetics or work is the study of natural structural processes. Since tooth structure has no natural means for restoration, biomimetic methods can be implied to restore the teeth mechanically to its normal function and esthetics. There are two things of biomimetic dentistry. First, the damaged or absent dental tissue is replaced, leading to complete restoration to the tooth of function and aesthetics. And the substance used will regenerate the damaged dental tissue, replicate and imitate it. The bio-compliant and Physico-chemical products of biomimetic material have the benefits of improved biocompatibility, sealing ability, high strength, antibacterial properties and are used to preserve long term esthetic and restoring techniques. Recent biomimetic technologies have established the potential to transcend various considerable drawbacks of technologies of a previous age. This study would seek to provide a clearer explanation for biomimetic materials ‘relative role in the sense of past and current dental materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental Hypersensitivity is the most commonly encountered dental problems associated with short, sharp pain rising from exposed dentine in response to stimuli such as tactile, osmotic and chemical. Hypersensitivity may present on several teeth, in one area of the mouth, or on one specific tooth. DHS should be differentiated from another tooth sensitivity which may elicit from other clinical conditions such as dental caries, microleakage, cracked tooth or fractured restorations. Several treatment strategies such as desensitization of nerve endings, masking of dentin tubules, occlusion of dentin tubules, and iontophoresis, are prevalent in clinical practices. Stannous ions, most commonly used in toothpastes as stannous fluoride, have been demonstrated to occlude dentine tubules in vitro. SnF2 toothpaste formulations have been used for several decades and are widely accepted as an effective DH treatment. Recently advanced nanotechnology has taken a wide leap in improving the various measures in the treatment of hypersensitivity by its nano particles. Nano structures have superior hardness, elasticity and flexural strength leading to its better application. Biomimetic particles desensitizing effect of nanocrystals which is caused by the progressive closure of the tubular openings of the dentine with plugs. These advancements have progressed the growth in the treatment of Dental Hypersensitivity and have evoked a great amount of attention for improving disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodentin is a bioactive cement with dentin-like mechanical properties, which can be used as a dentine substitute for both crown and root. It also helps in the remineralization of dentine along with maintenance of pulp vitality. This advocated to be used in various clinical applications, such as root perforations, apexification, resorptions, retrograde fillings, pulp capping procedures, and dentine replacement. Indirect laboratory-processed composite systems present an esthetic alternative for intracoronal posterior restorations and provide esthetic results that may also reinforce tooth structure. Additional clinical benefits include exact marginal integrity, wear resistance similar to enamel, wear compatibility with opposing natural dentition, optimal esthetics, ideal proximal contacts, and excellent anatomic morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperglycemia induces a higher rate of activation pathways responsible for inflammation which leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications, oxidative stress as well as apoptosis. In the pathological manifestation of hyperglycemic events, a raised level of inflammatory markers such as: IL6, TNF-α and C-reactive protein occurs which in turn promotes acute-phase of inflammation leading to signaling impairment of insulin function and insulin resistance. On the other hand, enhanced systemic inflammation due to periodontal diseases mediated by the release of IL-6 and TNF-α happens when associated with hyperglycemia. This review article deals with assessment on hyperglycemia and its correlation to dental pathologies with special reference to periodontitis and vice versa. Studies show that the paradigm shift in the oral microbiota due to hyperglycemic condition resulting in the increase in the pathogenicity of associated pathogenic microbes which results in increased inflammation and bone loss in periodontal pathologies. The extensive studies about the association between inflammatory periodontal disease and diabetes show the cyclic relationship between the two. Diabetes predisposes the individual to periodontal infections and also the later exacerbates or worsens the glycemic control in diabetic patients. Routine periodontal examination provides an insight for the early diagnosis of diabetes in undiagnosed patients and may reduce the worsening of metabolic control thereby preventing serious complications. Also the oral health of diabetic patients may be improved and well maintained with proper management of blood glucose levels. Although there are evidences in literature to establish correlation between Diabetes Mellitus associated with periodontitis and vice versa, still the outcomes are not conclusive. Therefore large-scale prospective epidemiological analysis are the only sought after approach to clearly bring in the connectivity between Diabetes and Periodontal disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most common consequences of trauma is the crown fracture, mainly maxillary anterior tooth due to its forward positioning in the arch. Understanding the outcome of the planned treatment gives an idea regarding the prognosis of that particular treatment. Various options are available for the treatment of fractured tooth. Among all reattachment of fractured coronal segment to that tooth provides instant esthetic, as it restores the original form, colour, contour, surface texture and also gives a psychological comfort to the patient. This clinical case report focuses on the successful reattachment of two fractured coronal crowns using glass-fibre reinforced composite post. Since, both of the fractured teeth were of complex type, endodontic treatment was performed for both of the cases. At the end, a natural-looking restoration is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nerve block given to obtain anesthesia in maxillary molars and its supporting structures is the posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) block. One of the common complications of the block is extraoral hematoma which occurs because of the needle penetration to far posteriorly placing it in the vicinity of pterygoid plexus of veins, maxillary artery resulting in probable inadvertent nicking of the vessel causing effusion of blood into the surrounding soft tissue resulting in swelling and discoloration. This case report describes this complication and its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endodontic retreatment is essential for periapical healing, involving the removal of inadequate fillings, thorough cleaning, and new filling application to prevent leakage. This study compares the dissolving abilities of Eucalyptus, Orange, and Castor oils in the re-treatment of resin-based endodontic fillings using conventional and rotary techniques., Methodology: Thirty single-rooted human teeth were prepared and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. They were divided into three groups (n=10) based on the solvent used (Eucalyptus, Orange, or Castor oil) and further subdivided based on the techniques used (conventional and rotary). Standardised re-treatment procedures were performed, and the amount of residual material was measured., Results: A significant difference (p<0.001) was found among the groups, indicating that both the type of solvent and the technique significantly affected the amount of residual material. The rotary technique generally left less residual material compared to the conventional technique for all solvents. Eucalyptus oil with the rotary technique showed the least residual material (mean = 5.8), while Castor oil with the conventional technique showed the most (mean = 10.2)., Conclusion: Eucalyptus oil, especially when used with rotary techniques, is highly effective in removing resin-based endodontic fillings, providing a viable and safer alternative to traditional solvents. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate solvents and techniques for successful endodontic re-treatment., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. S. Nialingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Institutional Ethics Committee issued approval HKES/SNIDSR/IEC/SS/10/22. S. Nialingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Institutional Ethics Committee reviewed and discussed your application to conduct clinical research and approved the trial to be conducted in its present form. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Siraparapu et al.)