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A gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in a university in May, 2017, Wuhan, China. The epidemiological survey and pathogen analysis were conducted to identify the pathogen and control this outbreak. Feces or anal swabs from individuals, water, and swabs taken from tap surfaces of the secondary water supply system (SWSS) and foods were collected for the detection of viruses and pathogenic enteric bacteria by real-time RT-PCR and culture, respectively. Nucleotide sequences were determined by RT-PCR and direct sequencing. Genotyping, phylogenetic, and recombination analyses were conducted by a web-based genotyping tool, MEGA, and RDP4 programs, respectively. Of 144 individuals enrolled, 75 met the case definitions. The epidemic curve showed one peak of incidence suggesting the most probable spread of a single common source. In total, 33 specimens were collected before disinfection of the SWSS. Of these, norovirus was detected and identified as GII.P17-GII.17 with 100% nucleotide sequence identity among the strains detected in ten students (10/14), a maintenance worker (1/2) dealing with the SWSS, four water samples (4/8), and two swabs taken from tap surfaces (2/3). Pathogens including Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus were negative. The GII.17 strains in this outbreak clustered closely in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, and slightly apart from the strains of other cities in China, neighboring countries and regions, European and American countries. This gastroenteritis outbreak was deduced to be attributed to GII.P17-GII.17 norovirus contamination of the SWSS.

We report here the whole genomic analyses of two G4P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E931/2008/G4P[6], RVA/Human-wt/CHN/R1954/2013/G4P[6]), one G3P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/R946/2006/G3P[6]) and one G4P[8] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E2484/2011/G4P[8]) group A rotavirus (RVA) strains detected in sporadic cases of diarrhea in humans in the city of Wuhan, China. All the four strains displayed a Wa-like genotype constellation. Strains E931 and R1954 shared a G4-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 constellation, whilst the 11 gene segments of strains R946 and E2484 were assigned to G3-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G4-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 genotypes, respectively. Phylogenetically, the VP7 gene of R946, NSP3 gene of E931, and 10 of 11 gene segments of E2484 (except for VP7 gene) belonged to lineages of human RVAs. On the other hand, based on available data, it was difficult to ascertain porcine or human origin of VP3 genes of strains E931 and R946, and NSP2 genes of strains R946 and R1954. The remaining genes of E2484, E931, R946 and R1954 were close to those of porcine RVAs from China, and/or porcine-like human RVAs. Taken together, our observations suggested that strain R1954 might have been derived from porcine RVAs, whilst strains R946 and E931 might be reassortants possessing human RVA-like gene segments on a porcine RVA genetic backbone. Strain E2484 might be derived from reassortment events involving acquisition of a porcine-like VP7 gene by a Wa-like human RVA strain. The present study provided important insights into zoonotic transmission and complex reassortment events involving human and porcine RVAs, reiterating the significance of whole-genomic analysis of RVA strains.

Little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection in cities in China with low HIV prevalence. This study evaluated the level of exposure to different risk factors associated with HCV transmission and characterized the distribution of HCV genotypes in 356 HIV-1-positive patients in Wuhan, central China. HIV transmission routes were distributed as follows: heterosexual contact, male-to-male sexual contact, intravenous drug use, blood transfusion, and unknown route. HCV antibodies were detected by a third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HCV-positive plasmas were subjected to RNA extraction, RT-PCR amplification, and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis characterized HCV subtypes and the evolutionary origin of circulating HCV strains. Ninety-two of 356 (25.8%) patients infected with HIV were anti-HCV-positive. Among co-infected patients, the predominant risk for HCV transmission was intravenous drug use (87.3%). Six HCV subtypes (1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b, and 6a) were detected. HCV genotype 6a was most prevalent, occurring in 39.3% of all patients, followed by genotypes 1b (24.7%), 3b (18.0%), and 3a (9.8%). The least frequent genotypes were 1a (4.9%) and 2a (3.3%). Intravenous drug use was strongly associated with genotype 6a, and infection by blood or blood product transfusion was strongly associated with genotype 1b. Genotype 2a was detected only among those infected by male-to-male sexual contact. The distribution of HCV subtypes suggests that the city plays a crucial role as a hub of HCV transmission in China. Exposure to multiple risk factors associated with HCV transmission was common among patients co-infected with HIV and HCV.

To study epidemiological features and genetic characteristics of noroviruses in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis, fecal specimens were collected in three hospitals from Jan. 2007 to May 2010 in Wuhan, China. Noroviruses were detected in 25.9 % (286/1103) and 24.6 % (202/822) of the specimens from children and adults, respectively, with genogroup II (GII) being predominant (99.2 %). The most frequent genotype among GII strains was GII.4 (2006b variant) (77.3 %) (72.0 % in children and 87.9 % in adults), followed by GII.3 (15.0 %) and GII.6 (3.4 %). Potential recombinant genotypes (polymerase/capsid) were detected in 51 GII strains (15.9 %), including the most frequent type, GII.12/GII.3 (28 strains), and GII.16/GII.2, detected for the first time in China, which were found in only children. The results indicated that genetically similar noroviruses were circulating among children and adults as a cause of gastroenteritis, except for some recombinant genotypes.

Influenza‐like illness can be caused by a wide range of respiratory viruses. In order to investigate the epidemiology of viral pathogens related to influenza‐like illness in children of Wuhan, the largest city in central China, throat swab samples were collected from 1,472 young patients, from July 2008 to June 2010, before and after the occurrence of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1). It was found that 923 patients (62.7%) were positive for at least 1 virus and 90 patients (9.8%) were detected for multiple (≥2) respiratory viruses by real‐time PCR detection of 16 viruses. Seasonal influenza A virus was the predominant pathogen among all the 16 viruses with a positive rate of 13.3% (196/1,472), which was followed by pH1N1 (159/1,472). It was also noted that the viral distribution pattern in Wuhan changed upon the introduction of the pH1N1 virus. J. Med. Virol. 84:672–678, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus genotypes was conducted in Wuhan, China, between March 2008 and May 2011. The detection rates of group A rotavirus were 24.6% (458/1859) and 12.1% (96/795) in children and adults, respectively, with diarrhea. Among the 554 positive specimens, the most frequent genotype was G3P[8] (57.9%), followed by G1P[8] (29.4%). Compared with previous studies in Wuhan (2000-2008), the relative frequency of G3P[8] has been decreasing year by year, while the predominant genotype G3 shifted to G1 in 2011. In the present study, a rare P[8]b subtype of the VP4 gene (OP354-like P[8]) was identified in nine strains. Full-length sequences of VP7, VP4, VP6 and NSP4 genes of two G9P[8]b strains (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E1545/2009/G9P[8]b and RVA/Human-wt/CHN/Z1108/2008/G9P[8]b) were determined for phylogenetic analysis. The four genes of these strains were closely related to one another, and the G9-VP7 genes of these strains belonged to lineage III, which contains globally spreading G9 rotaviruses. The full-length sequence of VP4 gene segments of the P[8]b strains in Wuhan clustered with those of P[8]b strains in Vietnam, Russia and Belgium, while they were distinct from those of the OP354 strain from Malawi and Bangladeshi strains. The VP6 and NSP4 genes of two P[8]b strains belonged to the I1 and E1 genotype, respectively, and clustered with those of strains belonging to Wa-like human rotaviruses from various Asian countries. These findings indicate the changing epidemiologic trend of rotavirus genotypes in Wuhan, i.e., the shift of the predominant type from G3 to G1 and the emergence of P[8]b strains genetically related to those distributed in other Asian countries.

Containers are playing an increasingly important role in modern logistics industry and usually are transported by different means including railways, ships, air and trucks. During transporting, the goods' damage event occurs frequently owing to the changes of external forces applied to the containers. In view of this problem, a container monitor based on wireless sensor network is proposed in this paper, and the real-time monitoring and tracking of a single container have been realized. Furthermore, aiming at multi-container transported in train or ship, we proposed a low power monitoring scheme based on improved LEACH algorithm. Accordingly, the energy consumption has been cut down, and the life cycle of the whole monitoring system has been prolonged efficiently.

Background Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Since the latter of the 1990s, G3 human rotaviruses referred to as “new variant G3” have emerged and spread in China, being a dominant genotype until 2010, although their genomic evolution has not yet been well investigated. Methods The complete genomes of 33 G3P[8] human rotavirus strains detected in Wuhan, China, from 2000 through 2013 were analyzed. Phylogenetic trees of concatenated sequences of all the RNA segments and individual genes were constructed together with published rotavirus sequences. Results Genotypes of 11 gene segments of all the 33 strains were assigned to G3-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, belonging to Wa genogroup. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated full genome sequences indicated that all the modern G3P[8] strains were assigned to Cluster 2 containing only one clade of G3P[8] strains in the US detected in the 1970s, which was distinct from Cluster 1 comprising most of old G3P[8] strains. While main lineages of all the 11 gene segments persisted during the study period, different lineages appeared occasionally in RNA segments encoding VP1, VP4, VP6, and NSP1-NSP5, exhibiting various allele constellations. In contrast, only a single lineage was detected for VP7, VP2, and VP3 genes. Remarkable lineage shift was observed for NSP1 gene; lineage A1-2 emerged in 2007 and became dominant in 2008–2009 epidemic season, while lineage A1-1 persisted throughout the study period. Conclusion Chinese G3P[8] rotavirus strains have evolved since 2000 by intra-genogroup reassortment with co-circulating strains, accumulating more reassorted genes over the years. This is the first large-scale whole genome-based study to assess the long-term evolution of common human rotaviruses (G3P[8]) in an Asian country.

The group A rotavirus (RVA) G3P[9] is a rare VP7-VP4 genotype combination, detected occasionally in humans and cats. Other than the prototype G3P[9] strain, RVA/Human- tc/JPN/AU-l/1982/G3P3[9], the whole genomes of only two human G3P[9] RVA strains and two feline G3P[9] RVA strains have been analyzed so far, revealing complex evolutionary patterns, distinct from that of AU-1. We report here the whole genomic analyses of two human G3P[9] RVA strains, RVA/Human-tc/CHN/L621/2006/G3P[9] and RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E2451/2011/G3P[9], detected in patients with diarrhea in China. Strains L621 and E2451 possessed a H6 NSP5 genotype on an AU-1-like genotype constellation, not reported previously. However, not all the genes of L621 and E2451 were closely related to those of AU-1, or to each other, revealing different evolutionary patterns among the AU-1-like RVAs. The VP7, VP4, VP6 and NSP4 genes of E2451 and L621 were found to cluster together with human G3P[9] RVA strains believed to be of possible feline/canine origin, and feline or raccoon dog RVA strains. The VP1, VP3, NSP2 and NSP5 genes of E2451 and L621 formed distinct clusters in genotypes typically found in feline/canine RVA strains or RVA strains from other host species which are believed to be of feline/canine RVA origin. The VP2 genes of E2451 and L621, and NSP3 gene of L621 clustered among RVA strains from different host species which are believed to have a complete or partial feline/canine RVA origin. The NSP1 genes of E2451 and L621, and NSP3 gene of E2451 clustered with AU-1 and several other strains possessing a complete or partial feline RVA strain BA222-05-like genotype constellation. Taken together, these observations suggest that nearly all the eleven gene segments of G3P[9] RVA strains L621 and E2451 might have originated from feline/canine RVAs, and that reassortments may have occurred among these feline/canine RVA strains, before being transmitted to humans.