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Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the risk of vulvar cancer and precursors in a cohort of women with vulvar lichen planus (LP) and the clinical and therapeutic features of these patients., Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study, including all the women with the diagnosis of vulvar LP, followed in one institution during a period of 11 years, was performed. Demographic and clinical data, as well as treatment, follow-up, and histology results, were evaluated., Results: A total of 127 women were diagnosed with vulvar LP. The mean follow-up time was 3.9 ± 0.5 years (range = 1-11 years). Ultrapotent topical corticosteroids were first-line treatment in 91.8% (n = 112), with 32 cases (25.2%) needing an alternative treatment. Overall, 30 biopsies were performed in 19 women (15%). Vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was diagnosed in 3 women (2.4%), 2 (1.6%) of whom were later diagnosed with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. No cases of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia were observed., Conclusions: Premalignant/malignant transformation in women with vulvar LP under surveillance and compliant with treatment is low. A close follow-up seems to be crucial to prevent future malignancy. Biopsies should be performed whenever a suspicious lesion seems during follow-up., Competing Interests: The authors have declared they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020, ASCCP.)

Background: Vulvodynia is a frequently missed pathology, often confused with vaginismus. The Q-tip test (QTT) is fundamental for the diagnosis; however, there is lack of data about its performance in asymptomatic women., Objective: This study intended to evaluate the QTT for painful vestibular spots in asymptomatic women., Methods: Q-tips were gently pressed at different areas of the vulvar vestibule to obtain a 0-10 score representing the pain felt. This was performed in 267 consecutive patients presenting to the gynecology outpatient clinic for reasons other than vulvovaginal complaints. A questionnaire was done to evaluate the possibility of unrecognized vulvodynia., Results: Out of the 267 women, 18 (6.7%) fitted the diagnosis of vulvodynia and were excluded from the analysis. Of the remaining 249, 41 (16.5%) had a positive QTT. We could not find differences in the sexual activity rate between women with and without a positive QTT. No demographic differences could be found between the two groups. Only depression was more common in women with a positive QTT [31.7% (13/41) versus 10.8% (21/208), p=.001)., Conclusions: Asymptomatic women can have painful vestibular spots in the absence of vulvodynia. A positive QTT cannot be considered equivalent to vulvodynia, highlighting the need for extensive workup of these women before that diagnosis can be assumed.

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation represents a valid strategy to preserve ovarian function in patients with a high risk of premature ovarian failure. We present a case of ovarian tissue cryopreservation carried out in an 18-year-old woman after a laparotomy for left adnexal mass with left adnexectomy. Congenital absence of the right ovary was observed during surgery. To preserve fertility, rescue cryopreservation of ovarian tissue was carried out under extreme conditions (without adopting the standard published protocol, not yet available at our centre). Ten years later, transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue was carried out and, shortly after it, restoration of ovarian function was confirmed., (Copyright © 2015 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To describe the presentation and characteristics of patients with Lipschütz ulcers (LU) and to evaluate the role of a standard protocol in the aetiological diagnosis., Study Design: Retrospective analysis of all cases of diagnosis of LU at our Vulvar Clinic during a five-year period., Results: Of 110 women with vulvar ulcers, 33 (30.0%) had a diagnosis of LU. The mean age was 29.1±15.14 years (10-79 years). Nine (27.3%) were 35 years old or more. The majority had had their sexual debut (28, 84.8%). Ten patients (30.3%) referred had at least one previous similar episode. Twenty-five (75.7%) had non-gynecological symptoms in the week before. The ulcers were located most frequently on the vestibule (19, 57.6%) and the labia minora (10, 30.3%). Isolated lesions on the left side were uncommon (3, 9.1%). Most had multiple (22, 66.7%) lesions. The mean time to full healing of the lesions was 15.6±6.20 days. A microbiological possible cause was identified in 9 (27.3%) patients: CMV (3 cases), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (3 cases), EBV (2 cases) and PVB19 (1 case). The protocol did not include systematic biopsies, blood count differentials, C-reactive protein and liver enzymes, which may have lead to some missed diagnosis., Conclusions: LU can be found in women of any age, most of them sexually active. In most cases the lesions are preceded by non-gynecological symptoms and recurrence is common. Most lesions occur on the vestibule and labia minora, being rarely found isolated on the left side. Viruses seem to be the most frequent associated agents but Mycoplasma pneumoniae serology should be considered. In one case there was a possible role for PVB19. A standard protocol can effectively exclude sexually transmitted diseases and lead to a diagnosis in up to a third of cases., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Diseases in end stage typically occur with hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disorders, with consequent anovulation and infertility. The solid organ transplantation increased survival of patients with end-stage organs disease and the vast majority of women improve their reproductive capacity after transplantation. Although adoption can always be a possibility, the transplanted infertile woman has the right to self-reproductive determination using assisted reproductive techniques. While it is known that pregnancies in transplantedwomen are at high risk, there is no evidence of differences in pregnancy outcome in pregnant transplanted subject to technical, compared with spontaneous pregnancies. The use of assisted reproductive techniques in transplanted women is a medical, ethical and psychosocial challenge, whose approach must be multidisciplinary, to ensure reproductive success without compromising the function of the transplanted organ or maternal health, allowing the birth of a healthy child. The literature remains scarce. Three clinical cases are presented.

Background: Emphysematous vaginitis is a rare condition, characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the vaginal and/or exocervical mucosa. Although its etiology is not completely understood, it is self-limited, with a benign clinical course. Vaginal discharge, sometimes bloody, and pruritus are the most common symptoms. Chronic and acute inflammation can be found, and diseases that impair the immune system and pregnancy have been associated with this condition., Case Report: A 48-year-old postmenopausal woman, with a history of hysterectomy with several comorbidities, presented with a 4-month history of bloody discharge and vulvar pruritus. Examination showed multiple cystic lesions, 1 to 5 mm, occupying the posterior and right lateral vaginal walls. Speculum examination produced crepitus. Vaginal wet mount was normal, except for diminished lactobacilli; results of Trichomonas vaginalis DNA test and vaginal cultures were negative. Lugol's iodine applied to the vagina was taken up by the intact lesions. Biopsy result showed typical features of emphysematous vaginitis., Conclusions: This is an unusual entity, presenting with common gynecological complaints, and both physicians and pathologists should be aware to prevent misdiagnosis and overtreatment.

Aims: To investigate the differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic women with vulvar lichen sclerosus (LS)., Methods: Data on file concerning 228 LS patients was retrospectively reviewed., Results: Most patients were symptomatic (193/228; 85%). Worsening of symptoms related to specific food intake was experienced by 26% (48/182) and pork was the most frequently cited (25/48; 52%); worsening at night was reported by 47% (87/185). Being over 50 years at the time of diagnosis or being menopausal were associated with being symptomatic (RR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.15-5.29 and 6.55, 2.05-20.91, respectively). The same was true for urinary incontinence (UI) (5.23, 1.78-15.42), the use of absorbents (without UI) (3.59, 1.05-12.34) and dyspareunia (5.28, 1.64-17.0). All patients with a family history of LS were symptomatic. There was no association with hormonal factors or specific vulvar anatomical changes., Conclusions: Pork consumption may be involved in the worsening of symptoms. UI and the use of absorbents are more commonly present in symptomatic LS patients. Dietary changes and correction of UI might be useful in the control of LS symptoms. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of vulvodynia in Portugal and factors associated with this condition., Methods: In a cross-sectional study, an online survey was distributed by email and posted on a website and social networks. Women aged at least 18 years who were living in Portugal were eligible to complete the survey between June 1 and November 30, 2013. Participants had to have had symptoms for at least 6 months to be deemed to have vulvodynia., Results: Overall, 1229 questionnaires were included in analyses. A total of 80 (6.5%) women had vulvodynia at the time of the survey, and 117 (9.5%) had had it previously; lifetime prevalence was 16.0%. Pregnancy and type of delivery were not associated with vulvodynia. Women who had ever taken oral contraceptives were significantly more likely to have ever had vulvodynia (P<0.010). Candidiasis, genital herpes, urinary tract infections, depression, and premenstrual syndrome were associated with ever having had vulvodynia (P<0.01). Pain syndromes were associated with ever having had vulvodynia, especially fibromyalgia and bladder pain syndrome (P<0.001). Scoliosis and hysterectomy were also significantly associated (P<0.01)., Conclusion: The prevalence of vulvodynia in Portugal is similar to that elsewhere. Three main groups of factors might lead to vulvodynia: local inflammatory factors, general pain susceptibility, and pelvic nerve interference., (Copyright © 2014 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Acute vulvar ulcers are quite common, and often, an etiological diagnosis cannot be achieved. This article reports 3 cases of vulvar ulcers in adult women infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The authors were able to find only one similar report in the literature., Material and Methods: Two women in their third decade of life and 1 in the fourth presented to the hospital with acute and intense vulvar pain. Two of them reported oropharyngeal symptoms in the preceding days. All 3 presented with extensive, painful, and destructive vulvar ulcers. A standard protocol was applied, including samples taken from the ulcer (microbiology and polymerase chain reaction) and blood drawn for serological examination and liver function testing. All 3 had the remarkable finding of a positive immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM for M. pneumonia (in one of the cases, IgM was initially inconclusive but turned to positive when repeated 2 weeks later). One patient had an extensive destruction of one labium minus, requiring surgical reconstruction., Results: Two of them were treated with antibiotics, and one was not. However, in fact, all 3 healed in a similar period, making it probable that this kind of medication is not helpful., Conclusions: M. pneumoniae might be associated with some cases of vulvar ulcers and should always be tested in this context. Probably, antibiotic treatment is not helpful, even when this agent is identified as the possible causal agent of vulvar ulcers.

The human endometrium is a hormonally regulated tissue that cyclically growths and differentiates in order to become a structure adequate for implantation. Molecular studies have shown some contradicting results and thus a reappraisal of the endometrium ultrastructure is warranted. In our study, endometrium biopsies were taken during the implantation window of 10 healthy women of reproductive age and analyzed using electron microscopy. Our results showed that during implantation window, the endometrial epithelium encompassed 4 cell types: microvilli-rich cells, pinopode cells, vesiculated cells, and ciliated cells. These cells showed signs of active communication with their external environment and neighboring cells, such as endocytosis, transcytosis and exocytosis. We highlighted important differences between surface and glandular epitheliums and characterized apocrine and holocrine secretion. It is likely that the features described reflect distinct functions in endometrium physiology that should be taken into account in the evaluation of the endometrium during the implantation window.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are distinguishable from those with 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia on the basis of having polycystic ovaries and metabolic dysfunction., Design: Prospective observational., Setting: Tertiary care center., Patient(s): Fifty-two lean and 54 obese women with PCOS according to the 1990 National Institutes of Health criteria, 23 women with nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia, and 27 controls., Intervention(s): History and physical examination, blood sampling, ovarian sonography, oral glucose tolerance, and acute adrenocorticotropin stimulation testing., Main Outcome Measure(s): The frequency of clinical, biochemical, and metabolic features., Result(s): Women with PCOS had a higher frequency of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea than those with nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia. Mean androstenedione and DHEAS levels were highest in nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia. The degree of metabolic dysfunction was greatest in obese women with PCOS; women with nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia and lean women with PCOS did not differ in degree of metabolic dysfunction. Women with nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia had a lower prevalence of polycystic ovaries than those with PCOS. The proportion of patients with an LH/FSH ratio >2 was greater in women with PCOS, compared with those with nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia. Basal 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels >2 ng/mL were found in 87%, 25%, 20%, and 7% of women with nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia, lean women with PCOS, obese women with PCOS, and controls, respectively., Conclusion(s): Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia should be excluded in all women presenting with hirsutism, with use of a basal follicular phase 17-hydroxyprogesterone level, regardless of the presence of polycystic ovaries or metabolic dysfunction; however, women with nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia have a higher prevalence of normal ovulation and lower likelihood of having an LH/FSH ratio >2 or polycystic ovaries., (Copyright 2010 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To compare serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and C-reactive protein (CRP) throughout the menstrual cycle in women with and without endometriosis and to quantify the association between these serum markers., Methods: Twenty five endometriosis patients (ASRM stage III-IV) and 13 controls were followed through one menstrual cycle. VEGF, TNF-alpha and CRP concentrations were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in each of the four cycle phases (early and late proliferative and early and late secretory). Non-parametric methods and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis., Results: Increased serum levels of VEGF in secretory phases and of TNF-alpha in all cycle phases were observed. A positive correlation between CRP and VEGF was found in endometriosis patients but not in controls., Conclusions: Our results suggest that excessive systemic angiogenic activity is a feature of patients with endometriosis.

Objective: To use power Doppler ultrasound to assess the effect of endometriosis on intraendometrial and subendometrial blood flow during the menstrual cycle., Design: An observational prospective study., Setting: Academic teaching hospital., Patient(s): Thirty patients with histologically confirmed ovarian endometrioma and 15 control women., Intervention(s): Power Doppler ultrasound examination during the menstrual cycle., Main Outcome Measure(s): Intraendometrial and subendometrial color signals assessed by power Doppler ultrasound., Result(s): A statistically significant higher proportion of endometrioma patients presented simultaneous intraendometrial and subendometrial color signals in the late secretory cycle phase compared with controls (40.0% vs. 6.7%)., Conclusion(s): The higher endometrial perfusion in patients with ovarian endometrioma that is observed in the late secretory phase of the cycle, close to menstrual shedding, favors the hypothesis that women with endometriosis might have higher endometrial vascular activity, thus facilitating the implantation process of endometrial cells outside the uterus.