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The simulation of high-velocity impact and penetration is inhibited by complex material behavior and large deformations. Lagrangian formulations best model complex materials because history-dependent variables and material boundaries are not advected. However, Lagrangian finite elements are limited by large deformations. Recently, meshfree particle methods have been used to avoid such limitations, and have demonstrated greater accuracy than traditional erosion methods (wherein deformed elements are removed). Though the variable connectivity of particles enables them to model large deformations, it requires more computational effort than (fixed-connectivity) elements. Therefore, an algorithm was designed to convert deformed elements to particles, thus providing the ability to model large deformations where needed, while maintaining the efficiency of elements elsewhere. This combination is essential in three dimensions, where problem size demands efficiency. In this paper, the conversion algorithm is demonstrated for several three-dimensional simulations of high-velocity impact and penetration. © 2004 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]