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En este trabajo se presentan algunas líneas de investigación futuras para examinar los beneficios del autoperdón como una estrategia de afrontamiento proactiva que puede ayudar a las personas a valorar de una forma más objetiva su percepción de culpabilidad o de responsabilidad sobre un daño (real o imaginario) hacia los demás o hacia sí mismas durante la actual pandemia del COVID-19.

espanolRESUMEN El constructo eficacia escolar colectiva para la prevencion del acoso escolar ha recibido una creciente atencion como una forma de mejorar el clima escolar. En el presente estudio se evaluo el ajuste de varios modelos de primer orden para medir la autoeficacia escolar colectiva para la prevencion del acoso escolar (unidimensional, bidimensional y tridimensional), utilizando una muestra de 579 chicos (Medad = 14.31, DS = 1.78 anos) y 589 chicas (Medad = 14.56, DS = 1.83 anos) mexicanos. Para validar el modelo en distintos grupos se analizo la invarianza de medida por sexo y nivel educativo (secundaria vs. bachillerato). Ademas, se examino la validez discriminante y concurrente analizando la relacion de la eficacia escolar colectiva con otros constructos. Los resultados indican que la eficacia escolar colectiva es un constructo tridimensional conformado por las dimensiones de cohesion y confianza, control social de los estudiantes y control social de los docentes. La evidencia constata la invarianza de medida del modelo por sexo y nivel educativo. El analisis de las diferencias de medias latentes muestra diferencias por sexo y nivel educativo en las dimensiones de la eficacia escolar colectiva. Finalmente, los resultados confirman las hipotesis relativas a las relaciones de la eficacia escolar colectiva con otros constructos. Los hallazgos sugieren que el modelo tridimensional es util para medir la percepcion adolescente de la eficacia escolar colectiva. EnglishABSTRACT The construct of a school collective efficacy to prevent bullying has attracted attention as a way to increase a positive, school-wide climate. The current study tested the fit of several first-order models of school collective efficacy to prevent (uni-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional) bullying using a sample of 579 male (Mage = 14.31, SD = 1.78 years old) and 589 female (Mage = 14.56, SD = 1.83 years old) Mexican adolescents. The models were validated by the extent to which the model was invariant by gender and by educational level (secondary vs. high school). Moreover, the discriminant and concurrent validity of model dimensions were examined through their relationships with other constructs. The results suggest that school collective efficacy is a three-dimensional construct, with supporting evidence for cohesion, students’ social control, and teachers’ social control dimensions. Measurement invariance was found in this three-dimensional measurement model by gender and educational level. The latent means difference analysis showed some differences by gender and educational level on factors of school collective efficacy. Finally, results support our hypotheses related to discriminant and concurrent validity in relation to external variables. Overall, findings indicate this three-dimensional model is useful to measure adolescents’ perceptions of school collective efficacy.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationships between forgiveness, motivations for revenge, avoidance, and benevolence; loneliness, emotional loneliness and positive subjective evaluation of the social network; and peer victimization in schools, relational, overt physical, and overt verbal, based on gender. A battery of instruments was administered to 617 Spanish students (50.7% boys and 49.3% girls), aged between 10 and 16 years ( M = 13.04 years, SD = 1.80 years) from primary and secondary education. A multivariate analysis of variance and a multiple block regression for data analysis was used. Study results revealed that the most victimized students showed greater motivation for revenge and avoidance, as well as a greater perception of emotional loneliness and less positive subjective evaluation of their social network. In addition, the findings obtained in the regression analysis (stepwise) indicated that being a boy between 11 and 13 years old and having a high level of emotional loneliness and high avoidance motivation were the most important predictors of peer victimization. Finally, the findings and their possible implications in the design of intervention projects that encourage forgiveness in interpersonal conflicts and integration in social networks as preventive strategies of peer victimization were discussed.

Self-harm in adolescence has consistently been associated with depressive mood. In this study we examined whether the link between depressive mood and self-harming behaviors was moderated by identi ...

Violence in adolescence is one of the areas where the social worker usually performs his work in Spain. However, there is no information in recent research that allows us to get an in-depth knowledge about how this labor is being developed, for example, what specific skills are necessary or what are the difficulties and facilities perceived by social workers in his daily performance. Related to this, the main goal of this study is to obtain information on this issue by analyzing the perception of a group of professionals and academics linked to Social Work about the role played by the social worker in the field of violence in adolescence. For this, a qualitative study has been carried out following the scheme of the Grounded Theory (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). The results indicate that, according to the participants, the professional performance of the social worker is excessively limited in his tasks in the field of violence in adolescence and has a lack of theoretical and practical academic training on this specific area. The interviewees demand a greater participation of the social worker in interdisciplinary teams, claim for a direct intervention with adolescents and a review of the current academic curricula.

Título, resumen y palabras clave en español y en inglés Resumen basado en el de la publicación Se explora el vínculo entre la victimización escolar y la violencia escolar, teniendo en cuenta la motivación de venganza, la evitación y la benevolencia. La muestra está constituida por 671 adolescentes de ambos sexos de edades comprendidas entre 10 y 16 años escolarizados en seis centros públicos de Educación Primaria y Secundaria. Se calcula un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con el programa EQS. Los resultados muestran que la victimización se relaciona en sentido positivo con la violencia escolar de manera directa e indirecta, a través de la motivación de venganza. También, la victimización se relaciona con las motivaciones de evitación y benevolencia, aunque estas no se asocian con la violencia escolar. El análisis multigrupo indica diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chicos y chicas en la relación entre victimización y benevolencia. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones con el fin de diseñar intervenciones centradas en las víctimas-agresoras. ESP

Social concern about the negative effects of cyberbullying in children and adolescents’ psychosocial development is currently increasing. The importance of the family environment and factors in bullying has been highlighted, but little is known about the role of parenting styles in adolescents' engagement in cyberaggression and cybervictimization. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships of parenting styles (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) and cyberbullying (cybervictimization and cyberaggression) in adolescents, also considering sex and age. Participants were 2399 Spanish adolescents, 50.2% boys, aged between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.69, SDage = 1.82). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA, 4 × 2 × 2) was performed, with parenting styles, sex, and age (12–14 years and 15–18 years) as independent variables and cybervictimization and cyberaggression as criteria. Possible interaction effects were also analyzed. Results showed main effects of parenting styles, sex, and age, as well as an interaction effect between sex and parenting styles. Girls suffered more cybervictimization than boys, whereas boys performed higher levels of cyberaggression than girls. Results suggested that authoritarian parenting style was a risk factor for cyberviolence. Girls from authoritarian families scored highest on cybervictimization. Boys from indulgent families were less involved in cybervictimization. These findings highlight the importance of establishing positive and open communication between parents and adolescents. The implications are discussed.

Desde la década de los 80, el análisis las consecuencias de los procesos migratorios en las relaciones y roles de género, así como en el cuidado familiar ha adquirido cada vez mayor relevancia. El proceso migratorio tiene un fuerte impacto en los roles de género, sobre todo en el papel que desempeñan las mujeres migrantes, protagonistas de su proyecto migratorio, al obtener una independencia económica y ser las proveedoras de recursos de sus familias. En el presente artículo, se analizan los efectos que tiene la migración femenina en las transformaciones de los roles de género, tanto en el origen como en el destino. Finalmente, se señalan los principales retos de investigación e intervención en este ámbito y sus implicaciones.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between fear of crime, perception of police performance, honesty, and trust, as a function of gender among adolescents and young peopl...

This study examined the associations among restorative parental discipline, family climate, parental support, moral emotions (empathy and shame), and the role of defenders in bullying. In total, 1224 adolescents were randomly selected (p = .5, q = 95%); 54.1% were female, and 45.9% males. The age of research participants ranged between 11 and 15 years old (M = 13.5, SD = 1.02). A model of structural equations was calculated. The results found restorative parental discipline, family climate, and parental support were directly and indirectly related to empathy, shame, and the adoption of defender role in bullying. A multi-group analyses indicated that gender did not moderate the developed model for restorative discipline but did have interesting results. Findings suggest that positive parenting is important to stimulate moral emotions and the defenders' role.

Mediation analysis has been confirmed as a very useful statistical tool in the social sciences, especially in school-related studies. This type of analysis was used in the present study to examine the mediating role of classroom climate (measured with the classroom environmental scale), categorized into three dimensions, namely involvement, affiliation, and teacher support, on the relationship between peer victimization and peer aggression. The participants consisted of 2011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17, SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia (Spain). Findings revealed a significant direct relationship of all the dimensions. They also revealed that teacher support was the only dimension that mediates in the relationship between peer violence and peer aggression. The results and their implications for improving classroom climate and school violence are discussed.

espanolRESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el papel mediador del uso problematico de las redes sociales virtuales (UPRSV) en la relacion entre la cibervictimizacion, la victimizacion offline y el ciberbullying en chicos y chicas. Los participantes fueron 2,011 adolescentes (50.67% chicos y 49.32% chicas), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 anos (M = 14.17, DT = 1.47), escolarizados en centros educativos de Andalucia (Espana). Para examinar este objetivo se utilizo el modelo de mediacion 4 (mediacion paralela) de la macro de PROCESS. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la cibervictimizacion y la victimizacion offline se relacionan positivamente con el ciberbullying de manera directa e indirecta, a traves del UPRSV. Ademas, se observo que los chicos victimizados tanto online como offline mostraron una mayor implicacion en el ciberbullying mientras que las chicas mostraron un mayor UPRSV. Sin embargo, el efecto mediador del UPRSV no era moderado por el genero. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones practicas. EnglishABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of the problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU) in the relationship between both cybervictimization and offline victimization and cyberbullying in boys and girls. The sample consisted of 2,011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17, SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia, Spain. To examine this objective, mediation model 4 (parallel mediation) of the PROCESS macro was used. The results showed that both cybervictimization and offline victimization are positively related to cyberbullying directly and indirectly through PSNSU. Moreover, it was observed that boys victimized both online and offline demonstrated a higher involvement in cyberbullying, whereas girls reported a higher PSNSU. However, the PSNSU mediating effect was not moderated by gender. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed.

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between child-to-parent violence (CPV) (high, moderate and low), peer victimization (PV) (relational and overt, both physical and verbal) and cybervictimization (CV) (relational and overt), taking into account the role of sex. 1304 adolescents (53.14% girls) between the ages of 11 and 18 enrolled at secondary schools in the Autonomous Communities of Valencia, Aragón and Andalusia participated in the study. Adolescents with high CPV scores obtained higher scores for all types of PV and CV compared to the other CPV groups. Boys scored higher than girls in overt physical PV and in overt CV and girls obtained higher scores in relational PV. A statistically significant interaction effect was observed, boys with high CPV scores reported greater overt CV. The results suggest the importance of CPV in relation to specific forms of PV and CV and highlight the need to take into account the different processes of family socialization between boys and girls to reduce the likelihood of adolescents being victimized.

The present study had two main goals. The first was to analyze the differences between parenting dimensions&mdash, strictness/imposition and involvement/acceptance&mdash, in adolescents&rsquo, engagement in peer aggression as aggressors, victims, aggressive victims, and non-involved. The second goal was to examine differences between parenting dimensions and peer-aggression roles by gender of both parents and adolescents. Participants were 779 adolescents (49.16% boys and 50.84% girls), aged between 12 and 16 years old (M = 14.21, SD = 1.35), enrolled in schools in Andalusia (Spain). Findings showed significant differences in parenting dimensions depending on gender of both adolescents (boy or girl) and parents (mother and father). For sons, non-involved adolescents scored higher in mother and father involvement than aggressors and aggressive victims. For daughters, non-involved scored higher in mother involvement than aggressors. Furthermore, girl aggressors and aggressive victims reported higher levels of mother imposition than non-involved. Results and their implications for sustainable development in adolescence are discussed.

Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a growing public health problem with consequences for perpetrators and families. Most research has focused on individual and family risk factors. However, little is known about its links with individual outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between CPV and psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and self-concept in school-aged adolescents, taking into account the gender perspective. A study was conducted with a sample of 8,115 adolescents, aged between 11 and 16 years (M = 13.34; SD = 1.04) from the State of Nuevo León, Mexico. A MANOVA 3 × 2 was performed to analyze the data. The results revealed that adolescents involved in CPV showed higher levels of psychological distress and suicidal ideation and lower levels of family and social self-concept. It was also observed that girls with higher levels of CPV scored the lowest levels of psychological distress and suicidal ideation, as well as the lowest levels of family self-concept. The findings highlight that adolescents and especially girls involved in CPV also report internal maladjustment outcomes. Finally, the results and their implications for research and intervention with adolescents involved in CPV are discussed.

The present study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the revised version of the Adolescent Cyber-Aggressor scale (CYB-AGS). This scale is composed of 18 items that measure direct and indirect cyberbullying. A cross-sectional study was conducted using two independent samples of adolescents. The first sample included 1318 adolescents (52.6% girls) from 12 to 16 years old (M = 13.89, SD = 1.32). The second sample included 1188 adolescents (48.5% boys) from 12 to 16 years old (M = 14.19, SD = 1.80). First, to study the psychometric properties of the CYB-AGS, exploratory factor analysis was performed on Sample 1. Results indicated a two-factor structure: direct cyber-aggression and indirect cyber-aggression. Second, to verify the structure of the CYB-AGS, we selected Sample 2 to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and test the scale&rsquo, s convergent validity with theoretically-related measures. Results confirmed the reliability and validity of the two-dimensional model. Moreover, measurement invariance was established. Finally, regarding convergent validity, positive correlations were obtained between cyberbullying and aggressive behaviors in school, anger expression, negative attitudes towards school, and transgression of norms. Furthermore, negative correlations were found between cyberbullying and attitudes towards institutional authority.

The relationships among character strengths (forgiveness and gratitude), happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior in bullying were analyzed. The sample includes 500 (early adolescents) and 500 (middle adolescents) of both genders, between 12 and 18 years old (M age = 14.70, SD = 1.58). Two structural equation models were calculated. Results of the first model indicated that forgiveness, gratitude, and happiness had a direct positive relation with prosocial bystander behavior. Furthermore, human strengths were indirectly related to prosocial behavior in bullying for this effect in happiness. The second model showed that prosocial bystander behavior had a positive effect on human strengths and happiness. Multigroup analyses indicated that gender and stage of adolescence did not moderate the relations found in the model. Overall findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between character strengths, happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior.

In recent years, cases of child-to-parent violence (CPV) have increased significantly, prompting greater scientific interest in clarifying its causes. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between styles of family communication (open, offensive and avoidant), emotional intelligence or EI (attention, repair and perceived emotional clarity) and CPV, taking into account the gender of the aggressors. The participants of the study were 1200 adolescents (46.86% boys) between the ages of 12 and 18 enrolled at secondary schools in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia and Valencia (M = 13.88, SD = 1.32). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA, 3 &times, 2) was performed with CPV and gender as independent variables and family communication styles and EI as dependent variables. The results showed that the adolescents with low CPV obtained lower scores for offensive and avoidant family communication and higher scores for both positive family communication and emotional repair. The girls scored higher than the boys in both offensive communication and perceived emotional attention. The results highlight the importance of encouraging positive communication, as well as the need to strengthen perceived emotional repair to prevent future cases of CPV.

Scientific studies on family factors related to the main cyberbullying roles are still scarce. The present study analyzed family climate and parent–adolescent communication in the four roles involved in cyberbullying: cybervictims, cyberbullies, cyberbully–victims, and non–involved adolescents. The study had two main objectives: (1) to analyze the differences in family climate (cohesion and conflict) and communication patterns with the mother and father (open, avoidance, and offensive) among the four roles, controlling the variables sex and academic grade; and (2) to determine the predictive weight of these family variables in the roles involved in cyberbullying. A battery of instruments was applied to 1062 adolescents from 12 to 18 years old. The results revealed that the cyberbully–victim profile had the lowest quality family climate and family communication patterns. In addition, family conflict predicted the role of cyberbullies, and non–open communication with the mother and avoidant communication with the father predicted the role of cybervictim. Finally, these family variables together (conflict and non–open and avoidant communication) predicted the role of cyberbully–victim.

Different interpersonal experiences are related to delinquency and depressive mood. In many studies, delinquency has been associated with exposing others to hostility, while depressive mood has been associated with being a victim of others' hostility. In this study, we proposed that adolescents with a co-occurrence of high delinquency and depressive mood may be both perpetrators and victims in their relations with parents at home, peers and teachers at school, and other people encountered in leisure time. We studied a normative sample of 1452 mid-adolescents (50.61% boys and 49.38% girls). Cluster analyses found a group with a co-occurrence of high delinquency and high depressive mood. Adolescents in this cluster group were highest on being exposed to hostility, exposing others to hostility, and being involved in mutually hostile interactions with others in different everyday contexts. The findings were especially strong when we examined being a victim and a perpetrator across contexts. The results were similar for boys and girls. We conclude that the co-occurrence of high delinquency and depressive mood among some adolescents is intimately linked to the mutually hostile interactions that these adolescents experience in their everyday interpersonal contexts.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between family communication problems and cyberbullying, through psychosocial adjustment&mdash, psychological distress, attitude towards institutional authority, and problematic use of social networking sites&mdash, in adolescents. Random sampling by conglomerates was performed. A total of 8115 adolescents participated in the study (51.5% boys, 49.5% girls), and were aged between 11 and 16 years old (M = 13.34, SD = 1.04) and enrolled in the State of Nuevo Le&oacute, n (Mexico). A structural equations model was developed using the Structural Equation Modeling Software (EQS). The results showed that problematic family communication is directly associated with cyberbullying, and also indirectly through the relationships of psychological distress and attitude towards transgression of social norms with the problematic use of social networking sites. The multi-group analyses also revealed gender differences in these relationships. Finally, the obtained results were discussed and their practical implications were shown.

This paper aims to identify predictive variables of relational aggression related to the individual, family and school environment in Mexican adolescents according to sex and age.A total of 8,115 Mexican adolescents (51.5% boys), aged 11 to 16 years old (M = 13.34 years, SD = 1.040), selected by proportional stratified sampling.From a stepwise regression analysis it was observed that the main predictors of relational aggression were non-conformist self-perception of social reputation, psychological distress, attitude toward institutional authority and offensive communication with the mother.Relational aggression underlies important explanatory dimensions for the prevention of school aggression, such as social reputation and psychological distress, which have been little explored in this field of study.

The aim of the present study is to explore the relation among school victimisation and school violence, taking into account the motivations of revenge, avoidance, and benevolence. The sample includes 671 adolescents of both sexes, between 10 and 16 years old, attending primary and secondary school. The structural equation model, calculated with EQS software, show that victimisation is directly and indirectly related to school violence through revenge motivation. Victimisation is also related to avoidance and benevolence motivations, although these are not associated with school violence. Multigroup analysis indicates statistically significant differences between boys and girls in the relation between victimisation and benevolence. Finally, results and their implications are discussed in order to design interventions focused on aggressive victims.

Due to the negative consequences of being bullied and the increase in cyberbullying among adolescents, there is a need for evidence-based programs to prevent and intervene in these types of peer violence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Prev@cib bullying and cyberbullying program, drawing on three theoretical frameworks: the ecological model, empowerment theory, and the model of personal and social responsibility. The Prev@cib program was evaluated using a repeated-measures pre-post-test design with an experimental group and a control group. The sample consisted of 660 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 13.58, SD = 1.26), randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Repeated-measures ANOVA of pre-post-test scores were conducted. Results showed a significant decrease in bullying and victimization and cyberbullying and cybervictimization in the experimental group, compared to the control group, indicating that the Prev@cib program is effective in reducing bullying and cyberbullying. Taking into account the harmful effects of these types of violence, the results have important implications in the prevention of these behaviors because they provide scientific evidence of the program&rsquo, s effectiveness.

Resumen El estudio se propuso analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Participant Role Appoach (PRA) para medir roles de espectadores en el acoso escolar en pre-adolescentes. Participaron 787 estudiantes, 415 (52.7%) niños (M edad=10.59, DE=.66 años) y 372 (47.3%) niñas (M edad=10.51, DE=.64 años). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio sugirieron que el modelo de tres roles (pro-acoso, pro-social y no comprometido) se ajusta mejor a los datos que el de cuatro roles (alentador, asistente, defensor y no comprometido). La PRA mostró invariancia de medición en ambos sexos, y evidencias de validez concurrente. Se concluyó que la escala posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la medición de roles de espectadores en pre-adolescentes. Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Positive Adolescent Development Value Scale (EVDPA, according to its acronym in Spanish) in Chilean students. The sample for the study was made up of 2250 adolescent male and female students between the ages of 12 and 21, from 25 secondary schools in Chile. A robust analysis procedure based on the cross-validation method was used. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis made it possible to obtain a reduced factorial structure with three latent factors: social values, personal values, and individualistic values. Evidence of reliability due to internal coherence was favorable. The conclusion is that despite the significant reduction of items and first-order dimensions, the EVDPA delivers sufficient evidence and can be used in the population of Chilean adolescent students. Resumo O estudo propôs-se a analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Participant Role Approach (PRA) para medir os papéis de observadores no bullying em pré-adolescentes. Participaram 787 estudantes, 415 (52.7%) meninos (M idade=io.59, DP=.66 anos) e 372 (47.3%) meninas (M idade=io.5i, DP=.64 anos). Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatoria sugeriram que o modelo de três papéis (pró-bullying, pró-social e não comprometido) ajusta-se melhor aos dados do que o modelo de quatro papéis (encorajador, assistente, defensor e não comprometido). A PRA mostrou invariância de medição em ambos os sexos e evidências de validez concorrente. Concluiu-se que a escala tem propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a medição de papéis de observadores em pré-adolescentes.

El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar factores psicosociales relacionados con la interacción entre la policía y la ciudadanía que predicen la percepción de confianza en los grupos policiales en México. Participaron 2792 ciudadanos del municipio de Cuernavaca, Morelos (México), 57% mujeres y 43% hombres, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 60 años. Se realizaron análisis factoriales y se calculó un modelo de regresión logística. Se muestra que el factor más importante en la predicción de la confianza es la honestidad, seguida del desempeño. Se ofrece una discusión de los resultados y de sus implicaciones prácticas., The aim of the present study is to examine psychosocial factors related to the police and citizen interaction used to predict perceptions of trust and confidence in police forces in Mexico. Participants surveyed included 2792 citizens of the municipality of Cuernavaca, Mexico of both sexes (57% female, 43% male) ranging from 18 to 60 years old. Factorial analyses were completed and a logistical regression model was calculated. The results demonstrate that the most important factor in predicting trust is honesty, followed by performance. Finally, the results obtained and their practical implications are discussed., Departamento de Educación y Psicología Social, Versión del editor

The aim of the present study is to examine psychosocial factors related to the police and citizen interaction used to predict perceptions of trust and confidence in police forces in Mexico. Participants surveyed included 2792 citizens of the municipality of Cuernavaca, Mexico of both sexes (57% female, 43% male) ranging from 18 to 60 years old. Factorial analyses were completed and a logistical regression model was calculated. The results demonstrate that the most important factor in predicting trust is honesty, followed by performance. Finally, the results obtained and their practical implications are discussed.

En este libro encontraran informacion actualizada sobre la violencia de genero, abordada desde diferentes enfoques y areas profesionales, que les guiara por diferentes investigaciones internacionales, proporcionando, con el componente comun de la inequidad de genero, una vision holistica de la problematica. La violencia de genero es un problema global y complejo, de caracter cultural e intercultural, que esta cobrando cada vez mayor importancia, debido a la conciencia que se esta generando. En este sentido, vislumbramos la idea de gestionar la publicacion de un libro que abordara, de manera inter y transdisciplinar, el fenomeno de la violencia de genero en sus distintas manifestaciones, y que, a la vez, sirviera de vehiculo para crear sinergias propendiendo a la mitigacion de este lastre social que aqueja a todas las mujeres alrededor del mundo. Hoy, por fin, vemos complacidas la materializacion de este proyecto en las lineas que siguen al presente prologo y que, a buen seguro, les van a transportar al epicentro de este funesto fenomeno social llamado violencia de genero

Dating violence is a huge transcultural and alarming phenomenon, directly linked with endless discrimination against women. The latest research on dating violence in adolescence shows how dating violence is persistent and common in the adolescent period as well and pinpoints the origin of gender violence from first adolescent relationships. This element takes us to considerate how recent gender violence studies and policies, increased also thanks to international efforts on this issue, are not bringing expected results, especially among young people. This mini-review aims to analyze the main characteristics of current gender studies and policies on dating violence, focusing on percentages with a woman-centered approach, which stresses the consequences of gender violence. Other gender studies, that consider gender as a relational product, stress the importance of integrating the analysis of gender models as a key instrument to understand the main causes of dating violence, providing new elements to develop effective policies against dating violence. Indeed, gender models of femininity and masculinity are based on a binary system, which is also a reciprocal recognition and identity system: gender models define female and male characteristics, roles, stereotypes, and expectation, being complementary and foreclosing at the same time. Recent studies on gender relationships, especially among the youth, allows us to propose a new dialog between dating violence studies and gender model studies, underling the need of a complete and complex understanding of gender structure, and of its tensions and contradictions, to put an end to gender and dating violence, through effective programs., Departamento de Educación y Psicología Social, Versión del editor

Objetivo.Conocer las teorías implícitas que utilizan los padres víctimas de la violencia de sus hijos para explicar su inicio. Método.Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo exploratorio siguiendo el método propuesto por la Teoría Fundamentada. La información fue obtenida a partir de seis grupos de discusión guiados por entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizada mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. En total, participaron 42 progenitores víctimas de violencia filio-parental (VFP;18 padres y 24 madres) seleccionados por muestreo intencional teórico de dos contextos: un centro de reforma de menores y un centro privado especializado en terapia de violencia intrafamiliar. Resultados. Los progenitores mantienen tres teorías para explicar el inicio de la VFP: (a) la teoría del alumno ausente, que alude al absentismo escolar como predictor de la conducta violenta; (b) la teoría del alumno consumidor, en la que el consumo de sustancias (alcohol, cannabis y cocaína) sería el factor antecedente; y (c) la teoría de la acumulación de la tensión, en la que se plantea la presencia de unos factores previos que contribuirían a incrementar el malestar (¿rabia¿) que antecedería el consumo abusivo de drogas y, posteriormente, la violencia hacia los padres. Conclusión. Los progenitores señalan que la VFP coincide con el comienzo de la etapa de educación secundaria. Un aspecto común a las tres teorías emergentes es que son factores distales y relacionados con el entorno que rodea a los adolescentes los principales desencadenantes de la VFP, quedando al margen variables relacionadas con la dinámica familiar. Escopo. Conhecer as teorias implícitas que utilizam os pais vitimas da violência de seus filhos para explicar seu início. Metodologia. Foi feito um estudo qualitativo exploratório seguindo a metodologia proposta pela Teoria Fundamentada. A informação foi obtida a partir de seis grupos de discussão guiados por entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas mediante ATLAS.ti 5.0. Em total, participaram 42 pais vitimas de violência filio-parental (VPF; 18 homens e 24 mulheres) selecionadas por amostragem intencional teórica de dois contextos: um centro de reforma de menores e um centro privado especializado em terapia de violência intrafamiliar. Resultados. Os pais mantêm três teorias para explicar o inicio da VFP: (a) a teoria do estudante ausente, que alude ao absentismo escolar como preditor da conduta violenta; (b) a teoria do estudante consumidor, na que o consumo de sustâncias (álcool, cannabis c cocaína) é o fator antecedente; e (c) a teoria da acumulação da tensão, na que se propõe a presença de uns fatores prévios que contribuem ao incremento do desconforto (¿raiva¿) que supostamente antecede o consumo abusivo de drogas e, posteriormente, à violência contra os pais. Conclusão. Os pais assinalam que a VFP coincide com o começo da etapa da educação secundaria. Um aspeto comum às três teorias emergentes é que são fatores distais e relacionados com o entorno que rodea aos adolescentes os principais desencadeantes da VPF, deixando de fora variáveis relacionadas com a dinâmica familiar. Objective. To explore the implicit theories that parents victims of violence from their children (VFP) to explain the onset. Method. An exploratory qualitative study was done following the method proposed by the Grounded Theory. Information was obtained from six Focus Groups guided by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using ATLAS.ti 5.0. A total of 42 parents, victims of violence-towards-parents (VTP; 18 fathers and 24 mothers) participated and were selected by theoretical intentional sampling purposive sampling from two contexts: one juvenile reform center and a private family therapy center. Results. Parents have three theories to explain the onset of VFP: (a) the theory of the absent student, referred to truancy as a predictor of violent behavior; (b) addict student theory, in which substance abuse (alcohol, cannabis and cocaine) works as the antecedent factor; and (c) the theory of the accumulation of stress, in which the presence of previous factors contribute to increased discomfort (¿rage¿) that would precede the drug abuse and later violence toward parents. Conclusion. Parents report that the VFP begins in the first stage of secondary education. A common aspect of the three emerging theories is that VFP is triggered by some distal factors related to the environment surrounding adolescent, leaving aside variables related to family dynamics. Departamento de Educación y Psicología Social Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Cali Versión del editor

El estudio analiza las relaciones entre prácticas docentes, clima escolar, empatía y violencia entre pares. La muestra se compone de 385 adolescentes, 219 chicos y 166 chicas (M = 12.94, DT = 1.77) de 17 escuelas secundarias de un estado de México, y uno de sus progenitores, 308 madres y 77 padres (M = 42.21, DT = 8.98). Se calcula un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con el programa AMOS. De los resultados se infiere que las prácticas docentes no permisivas y aquellas que implican a familias en la prevención de la violencia se relacionan con una menor agresión entre pares. Además, ambas prácticas docentes se relacionan indirectamente con la violencia entre pares, a través de su efecto en el clima escolar y la empatía. Se concluye que estas prácticas previenen la violencia entre iguales, mejoran el clima escolar y la empatía. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones prácticas., This study includes an analysis of the relationships between peer violence, teaching practices, school environment, and empathy. The sample includes 385 adolescents (219 males and 166 females), with a mean age of 12.94 (SD = 1.77), and one of their parents (mean age = 42.21, SD = 8.98) from 17 Mexican secondary schools. A structural equation model was constructed using AMOS software. The study results indicate that a non-permissive teaching system and parental practices aimed at preventing violence have a direct relationship with reduced peer violence. Moreover, both teaching practices are related indirectly to peer violence, through its effect on school environment and empathy. From the present study, it is concluded that these practices prevent peer violence, improve the school environment, and foster empathy. Finally, the results, as well as their possible implications, are discussed., Departamento de Educación y Psicología Social, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, México, Insti tuto Tecnológico Superior de Cajeme, México, Postprint