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Glukosinolatlar (Gls), Brassica sebzelerinde bulunan ekonomik açıdan önemli olan ikincil bitki metabolitleridir. Glukosinolatlar ve bunların hidroliz ürünleri insanlar ve hayvanlar üzerinde birçok faydalı etkiye sahiptir. Gls, bitki içeriğinde ve bağırsak mikroflorasında bulunan myrosinaz enzimi ile hidrolize edilir ve bu şekilde biyolojik aktiviteleri ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Glukosinolatların parçalanma ürünlerinden biri olan izotiyosiyanatlar bazı kanser türlerinin önlenmesinde önemli roller oynamaktadır. En çok incelenen izotiyosiyanat öncül maddesi sülforafan, memeli hücre koruyucu enzimlerinin güçlü bir uyarıcısı olarak brokoli özlerinden izole edilmektedir. Sülforafanın, bir sıçan memeli tümör modelinde, tümörlerin boyutunu indirekt bir antioksidan olarak çalışarak küçülttüğü bildirilmiştir. Nrf2 (NF-E2 ile ilişkili faktör 2), antioksidan ve detoksifiye eden genlerin ekspresyonunu düzenleyen, spesifik bir gen tarafından kodlanan bir transkripsiyon faktörüdür. Nrf2, birçok Faz I ve Faz II ilaç metabolize edici enzimlerin ekspresyonunu kontrol etmektedir. Aynı zamanda, Keap1 (Kelch-benzeri ECH birleştirici protein 1) sistein aminoasitlerce zengindir ve oksidatif stresin oluşmasına bağlı olarak çalışabilen bir sensör görevi yapmaktadır. Hücre koruyucu proteinleri kodlayan genlerin çoğu, Keap1-Nrf2-ARE sinyal yolu boyunca ortak transkripsiyonel düzenlemeyi sağlamaktadır. Artan strese göre, Keap1 Nrf2'yi aktive eder ve antioksidan tepki elementini (ARE) uyarmaktadır. Özellikle glukosinolatlardan hidrolize edilen sülforafan, bu yolu kullanarak oksidatif hasara ve çeşitli kanser türlerine karşı vücudu koruduğu düşünülmektedir. The glucosinolates (Gls) are economically important secondary plant metabolites which occur in all of Brassica vegetables. Glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products have many beneficial effects on humans and animals. Gls are hydrolyzed by myrosinase enzyme found in plant or produced in intestinal microflora, in this way it can appear their biological activities. One of breakdown products of Gls called isothiocyanates and they have an essential role in prevention some cancer types. The most studies on isothiocyanate, sulforaphane (SFN) was isolated from extracts of broccoli as a potent inducer of mammalian cytoprotective enzymes. It is reported that sulforaphane reduced the size of tumors in a rat mammary tumor model by acting as an indirect antioxidant. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is a transcription factor encoded by a specific gene that regulates the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying genes. Nrf2 controls the expression of many Phase I and Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Also, Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1) is rich from amino acid cysteine and acts as a sensor that can work according to the existance of oxidative stress. Many of the genes encoding cytoprotective proteins share common transcriptional regulation through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. According to increasing stress, Keap1 activates Nrf2 and induce the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE). Especially sulforaphane that is hydrolyzed from glucosinolates protects the body against oxidative damage and several cancer types by using this pathway.

Glucosinolates are important bioactive molecules and widely found in Brassicaceae species (cress, brussels sprouts, mustard, broccoli, kale etc.). Depending on the amount of these vegetables consumed, both positive and negative metabolic effects from glucosinolate metabolites may occur. The aims of this study were to; investigate inexpensive animal food sources that both increases weight gain and provides enhanced performance parameters without adversely affecting the animal’s health and metabolism; to evaluate dose adjustment of food containing glucosinolates in animals; and to evaluate changes in the biochemical and performance status of chickens on these glucosinolate containing diets. A total of 624 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler line chicks were divided into one control and three treatment groups. Cress seed (Lepidium sativum) was added 0.05% for the first treatment groups (Group 1, 10 g/kg), 0.10% for the second treatment groups (Group 2, 20 g/kg) and 0.15% for the last treatment groups (Group 3, 30 g/kg) to the diet. Serum samples were evaluated for serum glucose, adiponectin, leptin, growth hormone, estradiol and cortisol levels. Performance parameters investigated included feed intake, live body weight and feed conversion ratio. . The villus length, number of goblet cells, crypt depth were determined for histological analyses. According to histological results, villus length was significant at p < 0.05 level between control and group 1 and at p < 0.001 level with groups 2 and 3 at 21 days. The depth of the crypts belonging to the control and experimental groups was not significant between the control group and the group 1 when the statistic was evaluated on the 21st day, whereas between the control group and the group 2, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01; statistical significance was found at p < 0.001 level between group 3 and control group. The results showed that dietary glucosinolate supplementation as feed additive (10, 20 and 30 g/kg) did not significantly improve the dietary performance, or carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Feed intake was the highest in group 2 (20 g/kg), female live weight was the highest in group 2 (20 g/kg) and 3 (30 g/kg). In conclusion, the rates of the cress seed (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15%) that contain glucotropaeolin were not affected for feed additive on performance (especially live weight and live weight gain) and carcass parameters.

Tavuklarda glukosinolat ve hidroliz ürünlerinin enerji dengeleri ve performans parametreleri üzerine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılan çalışma, 624 adet Ross-308 etçi ırk civciv kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. 0 gün ile 42. günler arasında bakım ve besleme yapıldı. Civcivler, 1 kontrol ve 3 deneme grubu olmak üzere 4 ana grup ve bunların 3 tekrarlı ve dişi-erkek grupları olarak 24 gruba ayrıldı. Yemlere, yem katkı maddesi olarak tere tohumu (Lepidium sativum) eklendi. 1. deneme grubuna % 0,05, 2. deneme grubuna % 0,10 ve 3. deneme grubuna ise % 0,15 etken madde tere tohumu eklendi. Hayvanların canlı ağırlıkları, canlı ağırlık artışları, yem tüketimi ve yemden yararlanma oranları hesaplandı. Çalışmanın 0., 21. ve 42. günlerinde her gruptan 10 adet olacak şekilde kan örnekleri alındı. Serum örneklerinde, glukoz, büyüme hormonu, kortizol, östrojen, adiponektin ve leptin konsantrasyonları ölçüldü. Kesim günü olan 42. günde karkas ağırlıkları tartıldı, TBA analizi için 40 adet göğüs eti ve histolojik analizler için organlar toplandı. Elde edilen bulgular istatistiki olarak değerlendirildi.Biyokimyasal parametrelerden serum adiponektin, büyüme hormonu, glukoz, kortizol, leptin ve östrojen seviyeleri özellikle 21. ve 42. günlerde erkek ve dişi hayvanlarda kontrol ve deneme grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak p

Natural medicines such as formic acid, oxalic acid, thymol and menthol have recently been used as alternative treatments against the honey bee parasitic mite varroa. The aim of this study was to observe and examine their impact on Heat Shock Proteins (HSP 70) in the brain tissues of bees. For this purpose, seven different treatment groups were created using various concentrations and administrations of formic and oxalic acid and thymol-menthol mixtures, including positive (untreated) and negative controls. The results showed that in the groups exposed to the varroa treatments, HSP 70 results were lower than those of the non-treated groups. HSP 70 results were lowest in the thymol-menthol mixture exposed group among the treated groups. We conclude that it would be more beneficial to prefer natural medicines against varroa, which lead to lower HSP 70 results which are the molecular determinants of stress. Recientemente se han usado las medicinas naturales como el a ́cido fo ́rmico, el a ́cido oxa ́lico, el timol y el mentol comotratamientos alternativos contra el a ́caro varroa para ́sito de la abeja de la miel. El objeto de este estudio fue observary examinar su impacto en las proteı ́nas de estre ́ste ́rmico (PET 70) en los tejidos cerebrales de las abejas. Con estepropo ́sito, se establecieron siete grupos con diferentes tratamientos usando varias concentraciones y administracionesde las mezclas de a ́cido fo ́rmico con a ́cido oxa ́lico y de timol-mentol, incluyendo controles positivo (sin tratar) y nega-tivo. Los resultados mostraron que en los grupos expuestos a tratamientos de varroa, los niveles de PET 70 fueronma ́s bajos que para los grupos sin tratar. Los resultados de PET 70 fueron ma ́s bajos en el grupo expuesto a la mezclatimol-mentol entre los grupos tratados. Concluimos que serı ́ama ́s beneficioso preferir las medicinas naturales contrala varroa, que llevan a unos resultados ma ́s bajos en las PET 70, que son los determinantes moleculares del estre ́s.

The main objectives of our study were to measure the major adipokines adiponectin, leptin and resistin in goat milk, to assess their interrelationships and to assess their relationships with the plasma and serum concentrations of total protein, cholesterol, total lipids, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), milk somatic cell count (SCC), milk total aerobic colony and lactobacillus count, and milk components in lactating Saanen goats. The study was performed on eighteen lactating Saanen goats. Milk and blood samples were collected on days 20, 35, 50, 65 and 80 of lactation postpartum. The milk and plasma adiponectin levels on days 50, 65 and 80 postpartum were significantly higher than those on day 20. The milk and plasma leptin levels were lower on day 20 than on days 35, 50, 65 and 80. The milk concentrations of these major adipokines were positively intercorrelated. The milk and plasma concentrations of these three adipokines were also positively correlated. The plasma CRP concentrations correlated positively with milk leptin and resistin concentrations and inversely with milk adiponectin concentration. Milk adiponectin concentration was inversely related with its SCC. These data confirm that adiponectin, leptin and resistin are present in goat milk. The milk concentrations of these three adipokines were interrelated and interacted with the general inflammatory marker, CRP. The inverse relationship between milk adiponectin concentrations and its SCC suggests that variations in milk adiponectin might be involved in the udder health of lactating goats, but clinical trials are needed to support this hypothesis.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with rosemary volatile oil on performance, meat quality and selected plasma antioxidant parameters of quails. A total of 192 1-day-old Pharaoh (Coturnix coturnix Pharaoh) quails, including both males and females, were divided into three groups containing 64 quails and treated as follows: (1) a control group with 0 mg volatile oil/kg of diet; (2) 200 mg/kg rosemary volatile oil plus-RVO1; and (3) 250 mg/kg rosemary volatile oil plus-RVO2. The diets were prepared fresh for each treatment. The experiment was carried out for 42 days. Dietary treatments did not have any significant effect on live weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, hot and cold carcass yield. There were significant differences for the plasma MDA level (P < 0.01) and meat MDA level (P

Volatile oils like rosemary, thyme and fennel oils have positive effects on poultry health and yields. The aim of this study were to investigate the effects of volatile oils on some serum biochemical parameters, growth hormone activities and growth performance in broiler chickens. A total of 180 broilers were randomly divided into 6 groups and 3 replicates of 10 animals according to supplementation of thyme oil, rosemary oil, fennel oil, oil mixture 100 ppm dosage and oil mixture 200 ppm dosage. Serum growth hormone activity and glucose concentration were not affected by dietary addition of volatile oils according to groups. However, addition of rosemary oil, thyme oil and fennel oil showed an effect on decreased serum cholesterol and partially lipid concentrations in the present study. In conclusion, supplementation of volatile oils had impressive effects on serum total cholesterol and total lipids levels in broiler diets. Whereas, growth performance results were not affected by dietary addition of volatile oils in our study. Biberiye kekik, ve rezene gibi uçucu yağ asitleri, kanatlı sağlığı ve verimi açısından pozitif etkilere sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, uçucu yağ asitlerinin broiler tavuklarda, büyüme hormonu aktivitesi, bazı serum biyokimyasal ve büyüme performansı parametreleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Toplam 180 adet broiler 3 tekrarlı olacak şekilde 6 gruba ayrıldı. Her grupta 10 adet hayvan olacak şekilde kontrol biberiye, kekik, rezene ve karışım uçucu yağ asitleri (100 ppm, 200 ppm) gruplarına bölündü. Bizim çalışmamızda uçucu yağ asitlerinin yeme katılmasının büyüme hormonu aktivitesi ve glukoz konsantrasyonları açısından herhangi bir etkisi yoktur. Fakat biberiye, kekik ve rezenenin yeme katılması, kolesterol ve kısmen lipid konsantrasyonları üzerinde düşme sağlamıştır. Sonuç olarak broiler yemlerine uçucu yağ asitlerinin katılması, total kolesterol ve lipid konsantrasyonlarında etkili bir şekilde düşme göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte uçucu yağ asitlerinin yeme eklenmesinin büyüme performans parametreleri üzerine herhangi bir etki görülmemiştir.

Bu araştırma; Halk elinde ülkesel küçükbaş hayvan ıslahı projesi kapsamında, “Kıvırcık Irkı Koyunların Manisa İlinde Halk Elinde Islah Projesi (45 KIV01)” kapsamında TAGEM tarafından desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Kıvırcık ırkı koyunlara ait kan örneklerinde bazı biyokimyasal parametrelerin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma, Manisa ili ilçelerinde yetiştirilen 5 farklı çiftlikten oluşan, 1-6 yaş aralığında, klinik olarak sağlıklı, 30 adet Kıvırcık ırkı koyunlarında yapıldı. Bu hayvanlara ait plazma ve serum örneklerinde, total kolesterol, total protein, trigliserit, fosfolipit, kalsiyum, inorganik fosfor ve glikoz, ticari spektrofotometrik kitler kullanılarak spektrofotometre yardımıyla belirlendi. Kıvırcık ırkı koyunlar arasında çiftliklere göre istatistiksel farkın anlamlı olmadığı saptandı (p0.05). The purpose of this study will be beneficial for other studies in this race.