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Describes four strategies that employ competition as a means to motivate remedial readers to practice decoding. Discusses the value of competition as well as cautions to be exercised in using it. (FL)

The purpose of this article is to describe four strategies which employ competition to motivate the remedial reader to practice decoding. The strategies, which are described in detail, strengthen both accuracy and fluency. The value of competition as well as cautions to be exercised are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Response inhibition involves suppressing automatic, but unwanted action, which allows for behavioral flexibility. This capacity could theoretically contribute to fall prevention, especially in the cluttered environments we face daily. Although much has been learned from cognitive psychology regarding response inhibition, it is unclear if such findings translate to the intensified challenge of coordinating balance recovery reactions., Research Question: Is the ability to stop a prepotent response preserved when comparing performance on a standard test of response inhibition versus a reactive balance test where compensatory steps must be occasionally suppressed?, Methods: Twelve young adults completed a stop signal task and reactive balance test separately. The stop signal task evaluates an individual's ability to quickly suppress a visually-cued button press upon hearing a 'stop' tone, and provides a measure of the speed of response inhibition called the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT). Reactive balance was tested by releasing participants from a supported lean position, in situations where the environment was changed during visual occlusion. Upon receiving vision, participants were required to either step to regain balance following cable release (70% of trials), or suppress a step if an obstacle was present (30% of trials). The early muscle response of the stepping leg was compared between the 'step blocked' and 'step allowed' trials to quantify step suppression., Results: SSRT was correlated with muscle activation of the stepping leg when sufficient time was provided to view the response environment (400 ms). Individuals with faster SSRTs exhibited comparably less leg muscle activity when a step was blocked, signifying a superior ability to inhibit an unwanted step., Significance: Performance on a standardized test of response inhibition is related to performance on a reactive balance test where automated stepping responses must occasionally be inhibited. This highlights a generalizable neural mechanism for stopping action across different behavioral contexts., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)