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1. CO2 in the atmosphere of Mars depleted in 13C

Author

Liuzzi, Giuliano, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Aoki, Shohei, Stone, Shane W., Faggi, Sara, Trompet, Loïc, Neary, Lori, Daerden, Frank, Viscardy, Sébastien, Masiello, Guido, Serio, Carmine, Thomas, Ian R., Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, Lopez-Moreno, Jose-Juan, Ristic, Bojan, and Vandaele, Ann Carine

Published
2024
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2. Machine Learning for automatic identification of new minor species

Author

Schmidt, Frederic, Mermy, Guillaume Cruz, Erwin, Justin, Robert, Severine, Neary, Lori, Thomas, Ian R., Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, Lopez-Moreno, Jose-Juan, and Vandaele, Ann-Carine

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

One of the main difficulties to analyze modern spectroscopic datasets is due to the large amount of data. For example, in atmospheric transmittance spectroscopy, the solar occultation channel (SO) of the NOMAD instrument onboard the ESA ExoMars2016 satellite called Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) had produced $\sim$10 millions of spectra in 20000 acquisition sequences since the beginning of the mission in April 2018 until 15 January 2020. Other datasets are even larger with $\sim$billions of spectra for OMEGA onboard Mars Express or CRISM onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Usually, new lines are discovered after a long iterative process of model fitting and manual residual analysis. Here we propose a new method based on unsupervised machine learning, to automatically detect new minor species. Although precise quantification is out of scope, this tool can also be used to quickly summarize the dataset, by giving few endmembers ("source") and their abundances. We approximate the dataset non-linearity by a linear mixture of abundance and source spectra (endmembers). We used unsupervised source separation in form of non-negative matrix factorization to estimate those quantities. Several methods are tested on synthetic and simulation data. Our approach is dedicated to detect minor species spectra rather than precisely quantifying them. On synthetic example, this approach is able to detect chemical compounds present in form of 100 hidden spectra out of $10^4$, at 1.5 times the noise level. Results on simulated spectra of NOMAD-SO targeting CH$_{4}$ show that detection limits goes in the range of 100-500 ppt in favorable conditions. Results on real martian data from NOMAD-SO show that CO$_{2}$ and H$_{2}$O are present, as expected, but CH$_{4}$ is absent. Nevertheless, we confirm a set of new unexpected lines in the database, attributed by ACS instrument Team to the CO$_{2}$ magnetic dipole., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures

Published
2020
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3. Strong variability of Martian water ice clouds during dust storms revealed from ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter/NOMAD

Author

Liuzzi, Giuliano, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Crismani, Matteo M. J., Smith, Michael D., Mumma, Michael J., Daerden, Frank, Aoki, Shohei, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Clancy, R. Todd, Erwin, Justin, Thomas, Ian, Ristic, Bojan, Lopez-Moreno, José-Juan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, and Patel, Manish R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Observations of water ice clouds and aerosols on Mars can provide important insights into the complexity of the water cycle. Recent observations have indicated an important link between dust activity and the water cycle, as intense dust activity can significantly raise the hygropause, and subsequently increase the escape of water after dissociation in the upper atmosphere. Here present observations from NOMAD/TGO that investigate the variation of water ice clouds in the perihelion season of Mars Year 34 (April 2018-19), their diurnal and seasonal behavior, and the vertical structure and microphysical properties of water ice and dust. These observations reveal the recurrent presence of a layer of mesospheric water ice clouds subsequent to the 2018 Global Dust Storm. We show that this layer rose from 45 to 80 km in altitude on a timescale of days from heating in the lower atmosphere due to the storm. In addition, we demonstrate that there is a strong dawn dusk asymmetry in water ice abundance, related to nighttime nucleation and subsequent daytime sublimation. Water ice particle sizes are retrieved consistently and exhibit sharp vertical gradients (from 0.1 to 4.0 um), as well as mesospheric differences between the Global Dust Storm (<0.5 um) and the 2019 regional dust storm (1.0 um), which suggests differing water ice nucleation efficiencies. These results form the basis to advance our understanding of mesospheric water ice clouds on Mars, and further constrain the interactions between water ice and dust in the middle atmosphere., Comment: Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research - Planets. 36 pages, 9 figures, 1 table

Published
2019
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4. Methane on Mars: New insights into the sensitivity of CH4 with the NOMAD/ExoMars spectrometer through its first in-flight calibration

Author

Liuzzi, Giuliano, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Mumma, Michael J., Smith, Michael D., Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Thomas, Ian, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Patel, Manish R., Lopez-Moreno, José-Juan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, and team, the NOMAD

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument (NOMAD), onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft was conceived to observe Mars in solar occultation, nadir, and limb geometries, and will be able to produce an outstanding amount of diverse data, mostly focused on properties of the atmosphere. The infrared channels of the instrument operate by combining an echelle grating spectrometer with an Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter (AOTF). Using in-flight data, we characterized the instrument performance and parameterized its calibration. In particular: an accurate frequency calibration was achieved, together with its variability due to thermal effects on the grating. The AOTF properties and transfer function were also quantified, and we developed and tested a realistic method to compute the spectral continuum transmitted through the coupled grating + AOTF system. The calibration results enabled unprecedented insights into the important problem of the sensitivity of NOMAD to methane abundances in the atmosphere. We also deeply characterized its performance under realistic conditions of varying aerosol abundances, diverse albedos and changing illumination conditions as foreseen over the nominal mission. The results show that, in low aerosol conditions, NOMAD single spectrum, 1-sigma sensitivity to CH4 is around 0.33 ppbv at 20 km of altitude when performing solar occultations, and better than 1 ppbv below 30 km. In dusty conditions, we show that the sensitivity drops to 0 below 10 km. In Nadir geometry, results demonstrate that NOMAD will be able to produce seasonal maps of CH4 with a sensitivity around 5 ppbv over most of planet's surface with spatial integration over 5x5 degrees bins. Results show also that such numbers can be improved by a factor of 10 to 30 by data binning. Overall, our results quantify NOMAD's capability to address the variable aspects of Martian climate.

Published
2018
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6. Calibration of the NOMAD-UVIS data

Author

Willame, Yannick, Depiesse, Cédric, Mason, Jonathon P., Thomas, Ian R., Patel, Manish R., Hathi, Brijen, Leese, Mark R., Bolsée, David, Wolff, Michael J., Trompet, Loïc, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Piccialli, Arianna, Aoki, Shohei, Ristic, Bojan, Neefs, Eddy, Beeckman, Bram, Berkenbosch, Sophie, Clairquin, Roland, Mahieux, Arnaud, Pereira, Nuno, Robert, Séverine, Viscardy, Sébastien, Wilquet, Valérie, Daerden, Frank, Lopez-Moreno, José Juan, and Bellucci, Giancarlo

Published
2022
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7. Removal of straylight from ExoMars NOMAD-UVIS observations

Author

Mason, Jonathon P., Patel, Manish R., Leese, Mark R., Hathi, Brijen G., Willame, Yannick, Thomas, Ian R., Wolff, Michael J., Depiesse, Cédric, Holmes, James A., Sellers, Graham, Marriner, Charlotte, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, and Vandaele, Ann Carine

Published
2022
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8. Calibration of NOMAD on ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter: Part 2 – The Limb, Nadir and Occultation (LNO) channel

Author

Thomas, Ian R., Aoki, Shohei, Trompet, Loïc, Robert, Séverine, Depiesse, Cédric, Willame, Yannick, Cruz-Mermy, Guillaume, Schmidt, Frédéric, Erwin, Justin T., Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Mahieux, Arnaud, Neefs, Eddy, Ristic, Bojan, Hetey, Laszlo, Berkenbosch, Sophie, Clairquin, Roland, Beeckman, Bram, Patel, Manish R., Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, and Bellucci, Giancarlo

Published
2022
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11. Saturn's icy satellites investigated by Cassini - VIMS. IV. Daytime temperature maps

Author

Filacchione, Gianrico, D'Aversa, Emiliano, Capaccioni, Fabrizio, Clark, Roger N., Cruikshank, Dale P., Ciarniello, Mauro, Cerroni, Priscilla, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Brown, Robert H., Buratti, Bonnie J., Nicholson, Phillip D., Jaumann, Ralf, McCord, Thomas B., Sotin, Christophe, Stephan, Katrin, and Ore, Cristina M. Dalle

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The spectral position of the 3.6 micron continuum peak measured on Cassini-VIMS I/F spectra is used as a marker to infer the temperature of the regolith particles covering the surfaces of Saturn's icy satellites. This feature is characterizing the crystalline water ice spectrum which is the dominant compositional endmember of the satellites' surfaces. Laboratory measurements indicate that the position of the 3.6 micron peak of pure water ice is temperature-dependent, shifting towards shorter wavelengths when the sample is cooled, from about 3.65 micron at T=123 K to about 3.55 micron at T=88 K. A similar method was already applied to VIMS Saturn's rings mosaics to retrieve ring particles temperature (Filacchione et al., 2014). We report here about the daytime temperature variations observed on the icy satellites as derived from three different VIMS observation types. Temperature maps are built by mining the complete VIMS dataset collected in years 2004-2009 (pre-equinox) and in 2009-2012 (post equinox) by selecting pixels with max 150 km/pixel resolution. VIMS-derived temperature maps allow to identify thermal anomalies across the equatorial lens of Mimas and Tethys., Comment: 42 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in Icarus journal on February 8th 2016

Published
2016
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12. Comprehensive investigation of Mars methane and organics with ExoMars/NOMAD

Author

Knutsen, Elise W., Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Crismani, Matteo M.J., Mumma, Michael J., Smith, Michael D., Vandaele, Ann Carine, Aoki, Shohei, Thomas, Ian R., Daerden, Frank, Viscardy, Sébastien, Erwin, Justin T., Trompet, Loic, Neary, Lori, Ristic, Bojan, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, Patel, Manish R., Karatekin, Ozgur, and Bellucci, Giancarlo

Published
2021
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14. Minimum Noise Fraction Analysis of TGO/NOMAD LNO Channel High-Resolution Nadir Spectra of Mars

Author

Oliva, Fabrizio, primary, D’Aversa, Emiliano, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Carrozzo, Filippo Giacomo, additional, Ruiz Lozano, Luca, additional, Karatekin, Özgür, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian R., additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Patel, Manish R., additional, Lopez-Moreno, José Juan, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, and Sindoni, Giuseppe, additional

Published
2023
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15. Martian Atmospheric Aerosols Composition and Distribution Retrievals During the First Martian Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements: 2. Extended Results, End of MY 34 and First Half of MY 35

Author

Stolzenbach, Aurélien, primary, López Valverde, Miguel‐Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González‐Galindo, Francisco, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Luginin, Mikhail, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Grabowski, Udo, additional, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, additional, Rodriguez‐Gomez, Julio, additional, Wolff, Mike, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, and Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, additional

Published
2023
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16. Martian Atmospheric Aerosols Composition and Distribution Retrievals During the First Martian Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements: 1. Methodology and Application to the MY 34 Global Dust Storm

Author

Stolzenbach, Aurélien, primary, López Valverde, Miguel‐Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González‐Galindo, Francisco, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Luginin, Mikhail, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Grabowski, Udo, additional, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, additional, Rodrìguez Gòmez, Julio, additional, Wolff, Mike, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, and Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, additional

Published
2023
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17. A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL

Author

Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Heske, Astrid, Leconte, Jérémy, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Pilbratt, Göran, Puig, Ludovic, Turrini, Diego, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wolkenberg, Paulina, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Buchave, Lars A., Ferus, Martin, Griffin, Matt, Guedel, Manuel, Justtanont, Kay, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Machado, Pedro, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Min, Michiel, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Rataj, Mirek, Ray, Tom, Ribas, Ignasi, Swain, Mark, Szabo, Robert, Werner, Stephanie, Barstow, Joanna, Burleigh, Matt, Cho, James, du Foresto, Vincent Coudé, Coustenis, Athena, Decin, Leen, Encrenaz, Therese, Galand, Marina, Gillon, Michael, Helled, Ravit, Morales, Juan Carlos, Muñoz, Antonio García, Moneti, Andrea, Pagano, Isabella, Pascale, Enzo, Piccioni, Giuseppe, Pinfield, David, Sarkar, Subhajit, Selsis, Franck, Tennyson, Jonathan, Triaud, Amaury, Venot, Olivia, Waldmann, Ingo, Waltham, David, Wright, Gillian, Amiaux, Jerome, Auguères, Jean-Louis, Berthé, Michel, Bezawada, Naidu, Bishop, Georgia, Bowles, Neil, Coffey, Deirdre, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Crouzet, Pierre-Elie, Da Peppo, Vania, Sanz, Isabel Escudero, Focardi, Mauro, Frericks, Martin, Hunt, Tom, Kohley, Ralf, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Ottensamer, Roland, Pace, Emanuele, Pearson, Chris, Stamper, Richard, Symonds, Kate, Rengel, Miriam, Renotte, Etienne, Ade, Peter, Affer, Laura, Alard, Christophe, Allard, Nicole, Altieri, Francesca, André, Yves, Arena, Claudio, Argyriou, Ioannis, Aylward, Alan, Baccani, Cristian, Bakos, Gaspar, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Batista, Virginie, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Benatti, Serena, Bernardi, Pernelle, Bézard, Bruno, Blecka, Maria, Bolmont, Emeline, Bonfond, Bertrand, Bonito, Rosaria, Bonomo, Aldo S., Brucato, John Robert, Brun, Allan Sacha, Bryson, Ian, Bujwan, Waldemar, Casewell, Sarah, Charnay, Bejamin, Pestellini, Cesare Cecchi, Chen, Guo, Ciaravella, Angela, Claudi, Riccardo, Clédassou, Rodolphe, Damasso, Mario, Damiano, Mario, Danielski, Camilla, Deroo, Pieter, Di Giorgio, Anna Maria, Dominik, Carsten, Doublier, Vanessa, Doyle, Simon, Doyon, René, Drummond, Benjamin, Duong, Bastien, Eales, Stephen, Edwards, Billy, Farina, Maria, Flaccomio, Ettore, Fletcher, Leigh, Forget, François, Fossey, Steve, Fränz, Markus, Fujii, Yuka, García-Piquer, Álvaro, Gear, Walter, Geoffray, Hervé, Gérard, Jean Claude, Gesa, Lluis, Gomez, H., Graczyk, Rafał, Griffith, Caitlin, Grodent, Denis, Guarcello, Mario Giuseppe, Gustin, Jacques, Hamano, Keiko, Hargrave, Peter, Hello, Yann, Heng, Kevin, Herrero, Enrique, Hornstrup, Allan, Hubert, Benoit, Ida, Shigeru, Ikoma, Masahiro, Iro, Nicolas, Irwin, Patrick, Jarchow, Christopher, Jaubert, Jean, Jones, Hugh, Julien, Queyrel, Kameda, Shingo, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kervella, Pierre, Koskinen, Tommi, Krijger, Matthijs, Krupp, Norbert, Lafarga, Marina, Landini, Federico, Lellouch, Emanuel, Leto, Giuseppe, Luntzer, A., Rank-Lüftinger, Theresa, Maggio, Antonio, Maldonado, Jesus, Maillard, Jean-Pierre, Mall, Urs, Marquette, Jean-Baptiste, Mathis, Stephane, Maxted, Pierre, Matsuo, Taro, Medvedev, Alexander, Miguel, Yamila, Minier, Vincent, Morello, Giuseppe, Mura, Alessandro, Narita, Norio, Nascimbeni, Valerio, Nguyen Tong, N., Noce, Vladimiro, Oliva, Fabrizio, Palle, Enric, Palmer, Paul, Pancrazzi, Maurizio, Papageorgiou, Andreas, Parmentier, Vivien, Perger, Manuel, Petralia, Antonino, Pezzuto, Stefano, Pierrehumbert, Ray, Pillitteri, Ignazio, Piotto, Giampaolo, Pisano, Giampaolo, Prisinzano, Loredana, Radioti, Aikaterini, Réess, Jean-Michel, Rezac, Ladislav, Rocchetto, Marco, Rosich, Albert, Sanna, Nicoletta, Santerne, Alexandre, Savini, Giorgio, Scandariato, Gaetano, Sicardy, Bruno, Sierra, Carles, Sindoni, Giuseppe, Skup, Konrad, Snellen, Ignas, Sobiecki, Mateusz, Soret, Lauriane, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stiepen, A., Strugarek, Antoine, Taylor, Jake, Taylor, William, Terenzi, Luca, Tessenyi, Marcell, Tsiaras, Angelos, Tucker, C., Valencia, Diana, Vasisht, Gautam, Vazan, Allona, Vilardell, Francesc, Vinatier, Sabrine, Viti, Serena, Waters, Rens, Wawer, Piotr, Wawrzaszek, Anna, Whitworth, Anthony, Yung, Yuk L., Yurchenko, Sergey N., Osorio, María Rosa Zapatero, Zellem, Robert, Zingales, Tiziano, and Zwart, Frans

Published
2018
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18. A 5-Micron-Bright Spot on Titan: Evidence for Surface Diversity

Author

Barnes, Jason W., Brown, Robert H., Turtle, Elizabeth P., McEwen, Alfred S., Lorenz, Ralph D., Janssen, Michael, Schaller, Emily L., Brown, Michael E., Buratti, Bonnie J., Sotin, Christophe, Griffith, Caitlin, Clark, Roger, Perry, Jason, Fussner, Stephanie, Barbara, John, West, Richard, Elachi, Charles, Bouchez, Antonin H., Roe, Henry G., Baines, Kevin H., Bellucci, Giancarlo, Bibring, Jean-Pierre, Capaccioni, Fabrizio, Cerroni, Priscilla, Combes, Michel, Coradini, Angioletta, Cruikshank, Dale P., Drossart, Pierre, Formisano, Vittorio, Jaumann, Ralf, Langevin, Yves, Matson, Dennis L., McCord, Thomas B., Nicholson, Phillip D., and Sicardy, Bruno

Published
2005

22. Retrieval of Martian Atmospheric CO Vertical Profiles From NOMAD Observations During the First Year of TGO Operations

Author

Modak, Ashimananda, primary, López‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, González‐Galindo, Francisco, additional, Hill, Brittany, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Lopez Moreno, José Juan, additional, Yoshida, Nao, additional, Grabowski, Udo, additional, Forget, Francois, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, and Vandaele, Ann‐Carine, additional

Published
2023
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23. Martian Atmospheric Temperature and Density Profiles During the First Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements

Author

NOMAD Team, López-Valverde, Miguel Angel, Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurèlien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, Francisco, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodriguez-Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish, Vandaele, Ann-Carine, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, and UK Space Agency

Subjects
Atmosphere, IAA, KOPRA, Temperature, Mars, Density, ExoMars/TGO, Earth sciences, RCP, Geophysics, IMK-ASF-SAT, Remote sounding, Atmospheric structure, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, ddc:550, TGO, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), NOMAD, Planetary atmospheres
Abstract

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in-house pre-processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth-tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre-processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re-analysis are briefly discussed. © 2022 The Authors. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA., The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCI through the ‘Center of Excellence Severe Ochoa’ award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucia (DEV-2017-0709) and funding by grants PGC2018-101836-B-100 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, EU), PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and RTI2018-100920-J-I00. ExoMars is a space mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos. The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELLS), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESAU Prod ex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493) as well as by UK Space Agency through Grant ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1 and ST/S00145X/1 and Italian Space Agency through Grant 2018-2-HHS.0. US investigators were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was supported by the Belgian Funds de la Recherche Scientific—FIRS under Grant 30442502 (ET_HOME). This project has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 101004052 (Road Map project)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).

Published
2023

24. Martian atmospheric temperature and density profiles during the 1st year of NOMAD/TGO solar occultation measurements

Author

López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin T., Grabowski, Udo, Forget, François, López-Moreno, José Juan, Rodríguez Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Patel, Manish R., Vandaele, Ann Carine, The NOMAD Team, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, European Space Agency, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, López-Valverde, M. A., Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, Modak, Ashimananda, González-Galindo, F., Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin T., Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, and Patel, Manish R.

Abstract

We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the “Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery” (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in-house pre-processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth-tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre-processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re-analysis are briefly discussed., The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research686of the Spanish MCI through the ‘Center of Excellence Severe Ochoa’ award for the687Instituto de Astrof ́ısica de Andalucia (DEV-2017-0709) and funding by grants688PGC2018-101836-B-100 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, EU),689PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and RTI2018-100920-J-I00.690ExoMars is a space mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos. The691NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy692(IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (IN AF-IA PS), and693the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian694Science Policy Office (BELLS), with the financial and contractual coordination by the695ESAU Prod ex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493) as well as by UK Space Agency696through grants ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1 and ST/S00145X/1 and Italian Space697Agency through grant 2018-2-HHS.0. US investigators were supported by the National698Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was supported by the Belgian Funds de699la Recherche Scientific – FIRS under grant number 30442502 (ETHOME). This project700has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation701program under grant agreement No 101004052 (Road Map project). We want to thank the702LMD and LATMOS teams for the continuous development of the LMD-MGCM.

Published
2022

25. Observations and ongoing calibration of the infrared channels of NOMAD on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Thomas, Ian, primary, Trompet, Loic, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Willame, Yannick, additional, Robert, Severine, additional, Piccialli, Arianna, additional, Flimon, Zachary, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Viscardy, Sebastien, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, additional

Published
2022
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26. Preliminary results of nadir retrievals from NOMAD/UVIS using new dust properties from lab measurements

Author

Willame, Yannick, primary, Vandaele, Ann Carinne, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Wolff, Micheal, additional, Piccialli, Arianna, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Flimon, Zachary, additional, Vanhellemont, Filip, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Muñoz, Olga, additional, Martikainen, Julia, additional, Depiesse, Cédric, additional, Mason, Jon, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Lopez Moreno, José Juan, additional

Published
2022
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27. Dust climatology from NOMAD UVIS channel

Author

flimon, zachary, primary, erwin, justin, additional, vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Neary, lori, additional, piccialli, arianna, additional, trompet, loic, additional, willame, yannick, additional, bauduin, sophie, additional, daerden, frank, additional, thomas, ian, additional, ristic, bojan, additional, mason, jon, additional, depiesse, cedric, additional, patel, manish, additional, bellucci, giancarlo, additional, and lopez moreno, jose juan, additional

Published
2022
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28. CO distributions retrieved from TGO NOMAD SO using multiple orders

Author

Yoshida, Nao, primary, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Nakagawa, Hiromu, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Murata, Isao, additional, Terada, Naoki, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Kasaba, Yasumasa, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and López-Moreno, Jusé Juan, additional

Published
2022
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29. Characterization of the Martian mesosphere with NOMAD/TGO observations and a Global Climate Model

Author

González-Galindo, Francisco, primary, López-Valverde, Miguel Ángel, additional, Brines, Adrián, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, López-Moreno, José Juan, additional, Forget, Francois, additional, Millour, Ehouarn, additional, Lefèvre, Franck, additional, Vals, Margaux, additional, Montmessin, Franck, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Vandaele, Ann-Carine, additional

Published
2022
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30. Minimum Noise Fraction analysis of ExoMars/TGO-NOMAD LNO channel nadir data: SNR enhancement and application

Author

Oliva, Fabrizio, primary, D'Aversa, Emiliano, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Carrozzo, Filippo Giacomo, additional, Ruiz Lozano, Luca, additional, Karatekin, Ozgur, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Lopez-Moreno, Jose-Juan, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, and Sindoni, Giuseppe, additional

Published
2022
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31. Measurements of water and its D/H as released from both Martian polar caps

Author

Villanueva, Geronimo, primary, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Stone, Shane, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Smith, Michael, additional, Mumma, Michael, additional, Faggi, Sara, additional, Kofman, Vincent, additional, Robert, Severine, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Vandaele, Ann-Carine, additional

Published
2022
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32. Mesospheric and thermospheric carbon dioxide and temperature profiles from NOMAD-SO onboard TGO.

Author

Trompet, Loïc, primary, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Flimon, Zachary, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Mahieux, Arnaud, additional, Robert, Séverine, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Lopez-Moreno, José Juan, additional, and Patel, Manish, additional

Published
2022
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33. Evaluation of the capability of ExoMars-TGO NOMAD infrared nadir channel for water ice clouds detection on Mars

Author

Ruiz Lozano, Luca, primary, Karatekin, Özgür, additional, Dehant, Véronique, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Oliva, Fabrizio, additional, D'Aversa, Emiliano, additional, Altieri, Francesca, additional, Carrozzo, Filippo Giacomo, additional, Willame, Yannick, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, López Moreno, José Juan, additional, and Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional

Published
2022
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34. Two Martian years at Mars: Observations by NOMAD on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Vandaele, Ann Carine, primary, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian R., additional, Depiesse, Cédric, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Flimon, Zachary, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Piccialli, Arianna, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Viscardy, Sébastien, additional, Willame, Yannick, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Gérard, Jean-Claude, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Mason, Jon, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel, additional, and Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, additional

Published
2022
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35. Ozone in the Martian atmosphere observed by TGO/NOMAD-UVIS solar occultations

Author

Piccialli, Arianna, primary, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Willame, Yannick, additional, Määttänen, Anni, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Viscardy, Sébastien, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Depiesse, Cedric, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Mason, Jon, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Wolff, Michael, additional, Khayat, Alain, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, additional

Published
2022
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36. Mars water vapor vertical distributions from the troposphere to the mesosphere from NOMAD Solar Occultation for Martian Years 34 and 35

Author

Brines, Adrian, primary, Lopez Valverde, Miguel Ángel, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Modak, Ashim, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, Gonzalez Galindo, Francisco, additional, Lopez Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo Luis, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, and Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional

Published
2022
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37. Vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature and density from the solar occultation instruments NOMAD and ACS on board the Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Lopez-Valverde, Miguel Angel, primary, Funke, Bernd, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurélien, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Gonzalez-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Villanueva, Gerónimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Belyaev, Denis, additional, Olsen, Kevin, additional, Trokhimovsky, Alexander, additional, Lopez-Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Korablev, Oleg, additional, and Montmessin, Franck, additional

Published
2022
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38. Mapping of Martian CO from NOMAD solar occultation measurements for MY35 and 36

Author

Modak, Ashimananda, primary, Lopez-Valverde, Miguel-Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Stolzenbach, Aurelien, additional, Funke, Bernd, additional, Gonzalez-Galindo, Francisco, additional, Lopez-Moreno, Jose-Juan, additional, Aoki, Shohe, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Yoshida, Nao, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, and Montmessin, Franck, additional

Published
2022
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39. The Deuterium Isotopic Ratio of Water Released From the Martian Caps as Measured With TGO/NOMAD

Author

Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Aoki, Shohei, Stone, Shane W., Brines, Adrian, Thomas, Ian R., Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Trompet, Loic, Erwin, Justin, Daerden, Frank, Ristic, Bojan, Smith, Michael D., Mumma, Michael J., Faggi, Sara, Kofman, Vincent, Robert, Séverine, Neary, Lori, Patel, Manish, Bellucci, Giancarlo, Lopez‐Moreno, Jose Juan, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

Subjects
History, Geophysics, Atmosphere, Mars, Water, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Polar
Abstract

We report vertical profiles of water and D/H for one Martian year as measured with the TGO/NOMAD instrument. The observations were performed via solar occultation, providing water profiles up to ∼100 km and D/H up to ∼60 km, with a vertical resolution of 1–2 km. The measurements reveal dramatic variability of water and D/H over short timescales and with altitude and location on the planet. We investigated the release of seasonal water from the polar caps during southern and northern summer, by mapping water and its D/H near the polar regions. Above the hygropause, the D/H drops substantially below 2 VSMOW, and both seasonal polar caps show a consistent and enriched D/H of 5–7 VSMOW within the hygrosphere. © 2022 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., This work was supported by NASA’s Mars Program Office under WBS 604796, “Participation in the TGO/NOMAD Investigation of Trace Gases on Mars.” ExoMars is a space mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos. The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (The Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493), by the Spanish MICINN through its Plan Nacional and by European funds under grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER) and by the Spanish Science Ministry Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program under grant SEV-2017-0709, as well as by the UK Space Agency through grants ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1, and ST/S00145X/1 and Italian Space Agency through grant 2018-2-HH.0. This work was supported by the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS (grant number 30442502, ET_HOME) and has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 101004052, RoadMap project). SR thanks BELSPO for the FED-tWIN funding (Prf-2019-077 - RT-MOLEXO).

Published
2022

40. Variations in Vertical CO/CO2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient

Author

Yoshida, Nao, Nakagawa, Hiromu, Aoki, Shohei, Erwin, Justin, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loïc, Koyama, Shungo, Terada, Naoki, Neary, Lori, Murata, Isao, Villanueva, Geronimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Brines, Adrian, Modak, Ashimananda, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Ristic, Bojan, Bellucci, Giancarlo, López‐Moreno, José Juan, Patel, Manish, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Belgian Science Policy Office, UK Space Agency, and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

Subjects
Geophysics, Retrieval, Atmospheric composition, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Mars, Eddy diffusion coefficient, Spectroscopy, Mesosphere
Abstract

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one-dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude-dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude. © 2022. The Authors., The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). This project acknowledges funding by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office (PEA 4000103401, 4000121493), by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIU) and by European funds under Grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 and ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER), as well as by UK Space Agency through Grants ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1, and ST/S00145x/1 and Italian Space Agency through Grant 2018-2-HH.0. This work was supported by the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique–FNRS under Grant No. 30442502 (ET_HOME). The IAA/CSIC team acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). US investigators were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Canadian investigators were supported by the Canadian Space Agency. Y. N. is supported by The international Joint Graduate Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tohoku University (GP-EES), and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21J13710). This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. 20H04605 and 19K03943.

Published
2022

42. RIIFS spectrometer optical bench design

Author

Saggin, Bortolino, primary, Scaccabarozzi, Diego, additional, Appiani, Andrea, additional, Rusconi, Francesco, additional, Naon, Martin Grigera, additional, and Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional

Published
2022
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45. The Deuterium Isotopic Ratio of Water Released From the Martian Caps as Measured With TGO/NOMAD

Author

Villanueva, Geronimo L., primary, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Stone, Shane W., additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Thomas, Ian R., additional, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Trompet, Loic, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Smith, Michael D., additional, Mumma, Michael J., additional, Faggi, Sara, additional, Kofman, Vincent, additional, Robert, Séverine, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Patel, Manish, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, Lopez‐Moreno, Jose Juan, additional, and Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional

Published
2022
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46. Variations in Vertical CO/CO 2 Profiles in the Martian Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Measured by the ExoMars TGO/NOMAD: Implications of Variations in Eddy Diffusion Coefficient

Author

Yoshida, Nao, primary, Nakagawa, Hiromu, additional, Aoki, Shohei, additional, Erwin, Justin, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian, additional, Trompet, Loïc, additional, Koyama, Shungo, additional, Terada, Naoki, additional, Neary, Lori, additional, Murata, Isao, additional, Villanueva, Geronimo, additional, Liuzzi, Giuliano, additional, Lopez‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, additional, Brines, Adrian, additional, Modak, Ashimananda, additional, Kasaba, Yasumasa, additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, López‐Moreno, José Juan, additional, and Patel, Manish, additional

Published
2022
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47. Vertical Aerosol Distribution and Mesospheric Clouds From ExoMars UVIS

Author

Streeter, Paul M., primary, Sellers, Graham, additional, Wolff, Michael J., additional, Mason, Jonathon P., additional, Patel, Manish R., additional, Lewis, Stephen R., additional, Holmes, James A., additional, Daerden, Frank, additional, Thomas, Ian R., additional, Ristic, Bojan, additional, Willame, Yannick, additional, Depiesse, Cédric, additional, Vandaele, Ann Carine, additional, Bellucci, Giancarlo, additional, and López‐Moreno, José Juan, additional

Published
2022
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49. Martian Atmospheric Temperature and Density Profiles During the First Year of NOMAD/TGO Solar Occultation Measurements.

Author

López‐Valverde, Miguel Angel, Funke, Bernd, Brines, Adrian, Stolzenbach, Aurèlien, Modak, Ashimananda, Hill, Brittany, González‐Galindo, Francisco, Thomas, Ian, Trompet, Loic, Aoki, Shohei, Villanueva, Gerónimo, Liuzzi, Giuliano, Erwin, Justin, Grabowski, Udo, Forget, Francois, López‐Moreno, José Juan, Rodriguez‐Gómez, Julio, Ristic, Bojan, Daerden, Frank, and Bellucci, Giancarlo

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC temperature, ATMOSPHERIC density, CLIMATE change models, FRONTS (Meteorology), DUST storms, GLOBAL warming
Abstract

We present vertical profiles of temperature and density from solar occultation (SO) observations by the "Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery" (NOMAD) spectrometer on board the Trace Gas Orbiter during its first operational year, which covered the second half of Mars Year 34. We used calibrated transmittance spectra in 380 scans, and apply an in‐house pre‐processing to clean data systematics. Temperature and CO2 profiles up to about 90 km, with consistent hydrostatic adjustment, are obtained, after adapting an Earth‐tested retrieval scheme to Mars conditions. Both pre‐processing and retrieval are discussed to illustrate their performance and robustness. Our results reveal the large impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm (GDS), which warmed the atmosphere at all altitudes. The large GDS aerosols opacity limited the sounding of tropospheric layers. The retrieved temperatures agree well with global climate models (GCM) at tropospheric altitudes, but NOMAD mesospheric temperatures are wavier and globally colder by 10 K in the perihelion season, particularly during the GDS and its decay phase. We observe a warm layer around 80 km during the Southern Spring, especially in the Northern Hemisphere morning terminator, associated to large thermal tides, significantly stronger than in the GCM. Cold mesospheric pockets, close to CO2 condensation temperatures, are more frequently observed than in the GCM. NOMAD CO2 densities show oscillations upon a seasonal trend that track well the latitudinal variations expected. Results uncertainties and suggestions to improve future data re‐analysis are briefly discussed. Plain Language Summary: The detailed variation of temperature and density with altitude is of paramount importance to characterize the atmospheric state and to constrain the chemistry and dynamics as a whole. The Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument on board the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) has among its key targets the characterization of the thermal state with unprecedented vertical resolution. This is the target of this work, where we analyzed transmittance spectra obtained from the NOMAD solar occultation channel, with a state‐of‐the‐art retrieval scheme, adapted from Earth to Mars conditions and geometry. We applied it to the first year of TGO observations, which covered the last two Mars seasons of Mars Year 34. The results permit to study the temperature structure up to 90 km and its seasonal and latitudinal variations, revealing the impact of the MY34 Global Dust Storm, a warm layer at mesospheric altitudes not present in climate models, more frequent cold pockets than in current global climate models, and generally, colder temperature at those altitudes, all of which can be of importance for the validation of these climate models. Key Points: Temperature and density profiles up to 90 km are retrieved from Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) first year of solar occultations, covering two seasons of Mars Year 34NOMAD temperatures agree well with climate model predictions below 50 km but are wavier and globally colder by about 10 K at high altitudesWe report large thermal tides producing warm layers at 80 km in the morning terminator. Also strong warming by the 2018 global dust storm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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50. Publisher Correction: No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations

Author

Korablev, Oleg, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Montmessin, Franck, Fedorova, Anna A., Trokhimovskiy, Alexander, Forget, François, Lefèvre, Franck, Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, Loïc, Erwin, Justin T., Aoki, Shohei, Robert, Séverine, Neary, Lori, Viscardy, Sébastien, Grigoriev, Alexey V., Ignatiev, Nikolay I., Shakun, Alexey, Patrakeev, Andrey, Belyaev, Denis A., Bertaux, Jean-Loup, Olsen, Kevin S., Baggio, Lucio, Alday, Juan, Ivanov, Yuriy S., Ristic, Bojan, Mason, Jon, Willame, Yannick, Depiesse, Cédric, Hetey, Laszlo, Berkenbosch, Sophie, Clairquin, Roland, Queirolo, Claudio, Beeckman, Bram, Neefs, Eddy, Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, López-Moreno, Jose-Juan, Wilson, Colin F., Etiope, Giuseppe, Zelenyi, Lev, Svedhem, Håkan, Vago, Jorge L., and The ACS and NOMAD Science Teams

Published
2019
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