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Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Rollenbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Datengrundlage bildet die Beschäftigtenhistorik des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, die Angaben zu allen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in Deutschland enthält. Vollzeitbeschäftigte Frauen mit Kindern verdienen weniger als Frauen ohne Kinder, wobei dieser Lohnunterschied in Westdeutschland deutlich größer ausfällt als in Ostdeutschland. Mittels einer Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung weisen wir wichtige Einflussfaktoren aus und können einen bereinigten Lohnunterschied ermitteln. Dabei deuten die Ergebnisse der Zerlegungen darauf hin, dass historische Unterschiede bezüglich der gesellschaftlichen Leitbilder zur Mutterrolle in Ost- und Westdeutschland weiterhin bestehen. Die Abkehr vom traditionellen Bild der Mutterrolle ist somit nach wie vor relevant für den Abbau des Lohnnachteils für Mütter. Against the background of different social role models in eastern and western Germany, this study analyses the wage gap between women with and without children. We use a comprehensive data set comprising all employees who are liable to social security contributions in Germany. We find that women with children who are in full-time employment earn lower wages than women in full-time employment without children. This wage gap is bigger in western Germany than in eastern Germany. Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach, we determine important influencing factors and the adjusted wage gap. The results of these decompositions indicate that historical differences between the social role expectations of mothers in eastern and western Germany still exist. The renunciation of traditional role models is still very important when it comes to reducing the motherhood wage penalty.

Der Beitrag betrachtet die Bedeutung von Generationenbeziehungen von als sozial benachteiligt geltenden Eltern und Jugendlichen im Kontext der Übergangsgestaltung von der Schule ins nachschulische Leben. Mittels eines biografischen Forschungsansatzes wird danach gefragt, welche (un-)bewältigten biografischen Themen der Eltern sich in expliziten oder impliziten Delegationsaufträgen niederschlagen und wie diese die Übergangsgestaltung ihrer Kinder beeinflussen. This article examines the importance of generational relationships between parents and adolescents who are considered socially in the context of transitions from school to post-school life. Using a biographical research approach, I ask which (un-)mastered biographical issues of parents influence the transition of their children and how these are reflected in explicit or implicit delegation orders.

This article explores the issue of “geography of education” focusing on the pivotal contribution of place to one’s education. The geographic location of schools and the administrative organisation of local authorities that are responsible for state schools in England create sociospatial inequalities that are associated with individual life‐course trajectories and can contribute to the intergenerational transfer of disadvantage. This article focuses on Latvian migrant families for whom better status often can be achieved through being included in the education system of the country. Therefore, the educational achievement of the children who speak Latvian at home but live and attend schools in England is the main focus of this article. The academic attainment of these children is well below not only the national average across all levels of compulsory education but also compared to both monolingual English speakers and all pupils speaking English as an additional language. The article provides evidence that in addition to the sociodemographic individual and family‐level factors geography also plays a significant role in explaining the educational achievement gaps. As the descriptive quantitative analysis of the geographical and educational data indicates, Latvian children are disproportionally present in local authorities where there is a relatively high proportion of low‐quality schools, a higher‐than‐average proportion of individuals with low qualifications and those in low‐qualified jobs.

Objective: The aim of this article is to extend our knowledge about child deprivation in single-parent families from a comparative European perspective. We first analyse the relationship between the employment status of single parents and child deprivation. Furthermore, we examine whether gender equality in the labour market and family cash benefits reduce deprivation and alleviate the consequences of unemployment and employment precariousness. Background: Children from single-parent families suffer deprivation mainly due to their parents' job insecurity and the fact that, in general, there is only one breadwinner in their households, usually a woman. However, the situation of these children may differ between European countries according to gender equality and family policies. Method: We use cross-sectional data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2014 and multilevel logistic regressions. The analysis is based on a sample of single-parent households (N = 5910) from 28 European countries. Results: The results indicate that temporary employment and unemployment are associated with a greater risk of child deprivation in single-parent families. The results also show that gender equality in the labour market reduces child deprivation, especially in families where the parent has a temporary employment. Redistributive family policies have a more limited impact. Conclusion: The main findings indicate that advances in gender equality in the labour market are essential to combat child deprivation in single-parent families in Europe.

Gender discrimination is often regarded as an important driver of women's disadvantage in the labour market, yet earlier studies show mixed results. However, because different studies employ different research designs, the estimates of discrimination cannot be compared across countries. By utilizing data from the first harmonized comparative field experiment on gender discrimination in hiring in six countries, we can directly compare employers' callbacks to fictitious male and female applicants. The countries included vary in a number of key institutional, economic, and cultural dimensions, yet we found no sign of discrimination against women. This cross-national finding constitutes an important and robust piece of evidence. Second, we found discrimination against men in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK, and no discrimination against men in Norway and the United States. However, in the pooled data the gender gradient hardly differs across countries. Our findings suggest that although employers operate in quite different institutional contexts, they regard female applicants as more suitable for jobs in female-dominated occupations, ceteris paribus, while we find no evidence that they regard male applicants as more suitable anywhere. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 649255; the Research Council of Norway, grant number 287016; The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), (016.Vidi.185.041). We thank Laura García Llamas and Louis Klobes for valuable research assistance.

With a burgeoning out‐of‐school population and illiteracy rate, the situation of protracted conflict and crises fuelled by the Boko‐Haram insurgency further exacerbates educational inequality for children in northern Nigeria. The Covid‐19 pandemic further deepened the “educational poverty” experienced there. This article focuses on data generated around ACE radio school, an initiative to mitigate the impact of Covid‐19‐related school closures in northern Nigeria. The initiative targeted young learners using radio as a medium to support their continued learning remotely in numeracy, literacy, sciences, and civics education. Daily learning activities were broadcasted in the local Hausa language, supported through “listening groups” that engaged local learning facilitators in the communities. Despite the known existing barriers that have been identified to hinder access to quality education in the region, including poverty, religion, socio‐cultural factors, and protracted conflict situations, our interviews revealed that parents were committed to supporting their children’s attendance at listening groups, due to the use of their mother tongue as a mode of instruction. Drawing on a conversational learning approach, we argue that understanding local conditions and adopting local solutions, such as the radio lessons delivered in these children’s mother tongue, have implications for enhancing improved learner outcomes in marginalised contexts.

Context: In the present study, we explore what motivates young adults to re-engage with education or employment after a period of non-engagement. Insights into this process facilitate the implementation of tailored support measures for at-risk groups. It is well-known that young people who are not involved in any kind of education, employment, or training face further risks to their professional and psychological development. Methods: Using a grounded theory approach, interviews with young adults from various educational tracks were analyzed, compared, and contrasted. The sample was focused mainly on apprentices in extra-vocational training and professionals working with young people to describe the process of re-engaging in detail (n = 30). Findings: Our analyses suggested that frustrating prior experiences and offers to participate in government-funded vocational training prompted motivation to learn an occupational skillset. Undergoing an apprenticeship enabled young adults to develop the motivation to finish vocational training and to plan on further education.Conclusion: The implications of these results as they pertain to Germany's labor market policies, which foster a sense of individual responsibility to facilitate the achievement of professional success, are discussed. Furthermore, the implications for supporting further educational aspirations when working with young adults are discussed.

Die Autorinnen zeigen auf der Grundlage vor allem auch internationaler Analysen, wie sich die Benachteiligung von Wissenschaftlerinnen in deren Publikationsportfolios niederschlägt. Herausgearbeitet wird, welche Ansätze es auf Seite der Hochschulen gibt und geben kann, um das Gender-Publication-Gap und andere geschlechtsspezifische Benachteiligungen in der Wissenschaft auf der strukturellen Ebene abzubauen. (DIPF/Orig.) In this article, the gender equality team of the Faculty of Education at the University of Duisburg-Essen addresses potential reasons and possible interventions for the prevailing publication disparity between female scholars and their male colleagues. The gender-publication-gap will be discussed as an indicator for the structural and multidimensional disadvantage of women in the science system. We will discuss some of the possibilities how the situation of women can be improved, especially during qualification phases, through individual support as well as institutional measures to counteract the complex barriers in academia. (DIPF/Orig.)

Jana York und Yvonne Wechuli zeigen auf, inwiefern prekäre Beschäftigungsverhältnisse des akademischen wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses in Verbindung mit ableistischen Tendenzen zu einer strukturellen Benachteiligung von Wissenschaftler*innen mit Behinderung beitragen können. Dabei beziehen sie sich auf aktuelle Befunde aus dem jüngeren internationalen Diskurs. (DIPF/Orig.)

eingereicht von Fatih Topkaya Diplomarbeit Universität Linz 2023

Die Studie vergleicht alltägliche Diskriminierungserfahrungen in unterschiedlichen Lebensbereichen sowie Reaktionsstrategien der Betroffenen entlang von Geschlecht, Rassismus, Behinderung, sexueller Orientierung, Gewicht und weiteren Merkmalen. Zusätzlich werden Einstellungen zu Antidiskriminierungspolitik dargestellt. Dabei zeigen sich starke Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Sachsen und anderen Bundesländern. Die Studie verweist auf rechtliche Schutzlücken sowie mangelnde Unterstützungsstrukturen für Betroffene und basiert auf einer Betroffenen- sowie einer sachsen- und bundesweiten Bevölkerungsbefragung. Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Wissenschaftler:innen als auch an interessierte Praktiker:innen der Antidiskriminierungsarbeit. This study compares everyday experiences of discrimination in different areas of life and the response strategies of those affected along the dimensions of gender, racism, disability, sexual orientation and weight, among others. In addition, it presents attitudes towards anti-discrimination policies. There are strong similarities between Saxony and other federal states. The study highlights gaps in legal protection and a lack of support structures for those affected and is based on a survey of those affected and a national population survey, including one conducted in Saxony. The book is aimed at both academics and practitioners of anti-discrimination work.

Bad Heilbrunn : Verlag Julius Klinkhardt 2023, 348 S., Der Band versammelt ausgewählte Vorträge der 35. Jahrestagung der Inklusionsforscher*innen (IFO), die vom 23. bis 25. Februar 2022 durch die Universität Innsbruck in Kooperation mit der KPH Edith Stein ausgerichtet worden ist. Unter dem Eindruck der sich durch die COVID-19-Pandemie verschärfenden globalen Krisen, richtete die Tagung den Blick auf die Bedeutung gesellschaftlicher Räume und machtvoller sozialer Ordnungen für die Inklusionsforschung. Exklusion kann in diesem Zusammenhang als Enteignung von Räumen und deren hegemoniale Besetzung verstanden werden; Inklusion hingegen als deren Aneignung, radikale Demokratisierung und Befreiung. Die Beiträge zeigen auf, wie exklusive oder inklusive Räume in aktuellen Forschungsvorhaben theoretisch konzipiert, empirisch untersucht und praktisch weiterentwickelt werden können. (DIPF/Orig.)

The articles in this thematic issue represent a variety of perspectives on the challenges for equity that are attributable to climate change. Contributions explore an emerging and important issue for communities in the Global North and Global South: the implications for urban social equity associated with the impacts caused by climate change. While much is known about the technical, policy, and financial tools and strategies that can be applied to mitigate or adapt to climate change in communities, we are only now thinking about who is affected by climate change, and how. Is it too little, too late? Or better now than never? The articles in this thematic issue demonstrate that the local impacts of climate change are experienced differently by socio-economic groups in communities. This is especially the case for the disadvantaged and marginalized—i.e., the poor, the very young, the aged, the disabled, and women. Ideally, climate action planning interventions should enhance quality of life, health and well-being, and sustainability, rather than exacerbate existing problems experienced by the disadvantaged. This is the challenge for planners and anyone working to adapt to climate change in our communities.

Social capital, derived from the individual embeddedness in a net of personal relationships that gives access to a pool of potential resources, is crucial in understanding how some people experience a higher risk of falling into social exclusion. In this article, we related some compositional and structural factors of egocentered networks to various measures on economic deprivation and social exclusion. We considered different explanatory dimensions: ego’s sociodemographic characteristics and ego’s social capital. Social capital was measured both in terms of expressive and instrumental support, and took into account network size, strong ties density, and alters’ average job prestige, differentiating between inherited and achieved capital, a distinction that has deserved little attention so far. We used data from the Spanish General Social Survey 2013 (N = 5,094), a nationally representative database not applied for similar purposes up to the present. Results show how economic deprivation and social exclusion are associated with ascribed and achieved characteristics, both at the micro level (individual) and the meso level (network). At the micro level, women, immigrants, young people, less‐educated people, the unemployed, and those who do not trust others have higher estimated values on the variables with regards to social disadvantage. At the meso level, social exclusion is associated with lower occupational prestige of achieved relationships, fewer contacts for obtaining economic or medical help (but more contacts for childcare) and smaller non‐kin core discussion networks. In a familistic society with a limited welfare system, results help to disentangle the level of dependence people have on their own social resources.

Die Klimakrise trifft nicht alle gleich, ganz im Gegenteil. Sie unterscheidet nach race, Gender, geografischem Standort, soziökonomischem Hintergrund, Alter, körperlicher Einschränkung und vielen anderen Kategorien. Am Beispiel von Black, Indigenous und Women of Color (BIWoC) zeigt dieser Beitrag auf, dass einerseits eine besondere Betroffenheit marginalisierter Gruppen in Bezug auf die Klimakrise besteht und andererseits es genau BIWoC sind die nicht nur führende Rollen in der Klimabewegung einnehmen, sondern von deren spezialisiertem Wissen, basierend auf ihrer intersektionalen Unterdrückung, ihrem (Überlebens-)Kampf und ihrer Art Wissen zu produzieren und weiterzugeben, die Klimabewegung auf ungeahnte Weise lernen kann. Anders als häufig angenommen, ist die Klimabewegung im weiten Sinne nicht "zu weiß", sondern es sind tatsächlich Black, Indigenous und People of Color, die diese Bewegung seit Jahrzehnten prägen. Es wird Zeit, dass sie die Anerkennung und Wertschätzung erhalten, die ihnen gebührt. Auf eine kurze Analyse der Ursprünge intersektionalen Feminismus in Schwarzen Feminismen und den Kämpfen Schwarzer Frauen folgen in diesem Beitrag theorie-basierte und durch Interviews mit BIWoC Klimaaktivistinnen gewonnene intersektional-feministische Guidelines für die Klimabewegung. Sie sind ein Angebot, um der Klimabewegung zu einer Vision zu verhelfen, in ihrem Protest die Verwobenheit und gegenseitige Bedingung globaler Herausforderungen zu berücksichtigen; anzuerkennen, dass diese unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen für marginalisierte Menschen haben und den Schutz von Menschen sowie der Umwelt gleichermaßen in den Vordergrund zu rücken. Um der Klimakrise die Stirn zu bieten, bedarf es einer radikalen Systemveränderung, Klimagerechtigkeit bildet die anzuwendende Strategie und Intersektionaler Feminismus liefert die Perspektive zur Umsetzung. The climate crisis does not affect us equally, quite the contrary. She distinguishes between race, gender, geography, socioeconomic background, age, (dis)ability and many more. Taking Black, Indigenous and Women of Color (BIWoC) as an example, this article shows that on the one hand, there is a specific vulnerability many marginalized people are facing in terms of the climate crisis and, on the other hand, that it exactly BIWoC who are leaders within the climate movement. Based on their specialized knowledge, intersectional oppression, fight for survival and particular ways to produce knowledge, the climate movement can use the guidance of BIWoC. Unlike often assumed, in a wider sense, the climate movement is not "too white" - it has actually been Black, Indigenous and Women of Color who have been shaping the movement for decades. It is about time they receive the appreciation and recognition they deserve. After a short analysis of intersectional feminism being based in Black feminism and the struggle of Black women, this article proposes intersectional feminist guidelines for the climate movement, based on theoretical-conceptual analysis and interviews with BIWoC climate activists. These guidelines are an offer to help the climate movement form a vision to focus its protest on the consideration of the interdependence of global challenges; recognize that the climate crisis does not affect us equally and finally, equally prioritize the protection of the people and the planet. To tackle the climate crisis, we need system change, climate justice is the proper strategy and intersectional feminism provides the perspective for a successful implementation.

This paper examines the context-dependent role of race as a predictor of non-electoral political participation. Prior country-level studies have documented group-level differences in a variety of forms of participation in South Africa and the United States, but have found few to no differences in Brazil. Why are members of one group more engaged in certain political activities than members of other groups only in specific contexts? Why do members of socioeconomically deprived groups, such as non-Whites, participate more than better-off groups in acts that require group mobilization in South Africa and the United States but not in Brazil? Results from the World Values Survey and the International Social Survey Programme show that Blacks and Coloureds in South Africa and Blacks in the United States participate more than Whites in activities that demand prior organization and mobilization, whereas group differences are negligible in Brazil. I argue that (1) race as a driver of political mobilization is conditional on the existence of politicized racial identities; (2) members of groups that share a strong collective identity participate in direct political action more than predicted by their socioeconomic background; (3) politicization of identities is the product of racial projects that deploy the state apparatus to enforce group boundaries for the implementation of segregationist policies as well as the reactions against them; and (4) by enforcing group boundaries, those systems unintentionally create the conditions for the formation of politicized group identities. In the absence of such requisites, political mobilization along racial lines would be weak or nonexistent.

The measures against the spread of the Covid-19 virus have massive effects on local economies. By means of an explorative qualitative case study in deprived neighbourhoods in the Middle Lower Rhine region of Germany, this paper explicitly aims at examining the Corona pandemic’s impact on their endogenous potential. In this context, the focus is on organisations whose main contribution lies in the fulfilment of the function of integration and communication. The analysis is based on theoretical concepts of the local economy, but it also refers to crisis as well as transition research, especially the multilevel perspective framework. By means of desktop research, a focus group with multipliers involved in local economic contexts as well as thirteen guideline-based interviews with the heads of local organisations, the subsequent analysis reveals the partially counteracting effects of the Corona pandemic on the organisations’ socio-economic embeddedness. On the one hand, they are threatened by economic bottlenecks, by pending social consequences of a longer period without or with minimized offerings as well as by fear of contagion and exhaustion. While the organisation’s perceived level of urgency varies greatly, their level of uncertainty is generally high. On the other hand, organisations of the local economy benefit from a positive push in the areas of digitization and new life and working environments (home-based work), as well as from a strengthening of local solidarity and cohesion.

Objective: This paper examines gender differences in the labour market integration of newly arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the heterogeneity in employment rates among female refugees. Background: Previous research has demonstrated that refugee women are disadvantaged on the labour market not only compared to their male counterparts, but also compared to other immigrant women. So far, however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the specific disadvantages of refugee women. Method: Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we analyse the labour market participation of refugees who migrated to Germany between 2013 and 2017. To test our theoretical assumptions, we apply logistic regressions. Results: Our results show that compositional differences in qualifications, family structure, institutional support, and networks can partly explain the gender gap in labour force participation that disadvantage refugee women. We find substantial variation in the importance of different determinants for the labour market outcomes of men and women. Conclusion: As the gender gaps in labour supply could be fully attributed to the theoretical mechanisms offered in the literature, further research is needed to disentangle female refugees' employment behaviour. Fragestellung: Der Artikel untersucht Geschlechterunterschiede bei der Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von jüngst nach Deutschland eingereisten Geflüchteten unter Berücksichtigung ihres mitgebrachten Arbeitskräfteangebotes. Wir berücksichtigen dabei speziell die Vielfalt innerhalb der Gruppe geflüchteter Frauen. Hintergrund: Bisherige Forschung machte deutlich, dass weibliche Geflüchtete bei der Arbeitsmarktteilhabe nicht nur im Vergleich zu männlichen Geflüchteten, sondern auch verglichen mit anderen migrantischen Frauen benachteiligt sind. Zuweilen vernachlässigte diese Forschung jedoch die Heterogenität der Gruppe geflüchteter Frauen und lieferte nur begrenzte Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Mechanismen, die solche spezifischen Benachteiligungen verursachen. Methode: Unter Verwendung von Daten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP Befragung von Geflüchteten analysieren wir die Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von Geflüchteten, die zwischen 2013 und 2017 nach Deutschland migrierten. Zur Überprüfung unserer theoretischen Annahmen nutzen wir logistische Regressionen. Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass klassische Humankapitaltheorien nicht geeignet sind, um den Großteil der Geschlechterunterschiede bei Geflüchteten zu erklären. Während Sorgeverpflichtungen gegenüber insbesondere Kindern unter drei Jahren die geringere Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von weiblichen Geflüchteten erschweren, scheint die Geschlechterrollenorientierung der Geflüchteten selbst keinen Effekt darauf zu haben. Schlussfolgerung: Die Geschlechterunterschiede in der Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung konnten nicht vollständig auf die in der Literatur angebotenen Erklärungsansätze zurückgeführt werden, weshalb weitere Forschung notwendig ist, um die spezifischen Herausforderungen geflüchteter Frauen zu erklären.

Environmental hazards affect people from different income groups and migration backgrounds on different levels. The research on environmental inequalities and environmental justice has proposed several theories to explain such inequities; still, it remains unclear which of these theories applies to the German societal context. This research investigates whether individual-level income differences between Germans and migrants account for objectively measured exposure to the environmental goods and bads of land use, specifically soil sealing and green spaces. Marginal effects and predictions based on georeferenced survey data from the German General Social Survey reveal that Germans with higher incomes live in areas with better neighbourhood quality. Germans with lower incomes are exposed to fewer disadvantages stemming from land use, and there is no marginal difference between nonurban and urban municipalities. Spatial assimilation in high-income groups occurs; however, the difference in low-income groups can be explained by place stratification and discrimination in the housing market. While this study uses more indirect and non-hazardous measures of environmental quality – in contrast to air pollution or noise – it provides evidence that such indicators also create distributional injustices in Germany.

Mit dem Entwurf National Education Policy von 2019 werden bildungspolitische Rahmenvorgaben für ganz Indien vorgelegt. Diese läuten einen Paradigmenwechsel der nach eigenem Bekunden größten Demokratie der Welt ein. Ideologische Argumentationen der hindu-nationalistischen Regierungspartei stellen die seit der Unabhängigkeit des Subkontinents säkularplurale Demokratie in Frage. Verfassungsmäßig garantierte Einheit in Vielfalt soll durch inkludierenden Hindu-Nationalismus ersetzt werden. Dadurch werden jene ausgeschlossen, die dieser Ideologie nicht folgen wollen. Welthistorisch implizierte Höherwertigkeit wird mit zivilisatorischen Anfängen im Indus-Tal begründet. Der Beitrag ordnet exemplarische Aspekte des Themas systematisch für aufgeklärte Weltbürger/-innen in- und außerhalb Indiens, die sich ihrer historischen Verantwortung bewusst sind. (DIPF/Orig.), The draft of the National Education Policy of 2019 presents an educational policy framework for whole India. This opens up a paradigm shift for the biggest democracy of the world, according to own description. The Hindu nationalist ruling party’s ideological arguments question the secular plural democracy that has existed since the subcontinent gained independence. Unity in diversity guaranteed by the constitution shall be replaced by inclusive Hindu nationalism. This excludes those who do not want to follow this ideology. The implied worldhistorical superiority is based on civilizing roots of the Indus Valley. The article sorts out exemplary aspects of the topic systematically for enlightened global citizens in and outside India who are aware of their historical responsibility. (DIPF/Orig.)