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As urbanisation intensifies worldwide, the associated increase in travel demand poses significant challenges to mitigate climate change. This study examines the implementation of travel demand management (TDM) strategies within the context of urban development, focusing on the case study of Seoul's green transport zone. Through a comprehensive analysis of transportation, environmental, health, spatial reorganisation and economic aspects, this research study demonstrates the effectiveness of TDM in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable urban growth. The findings highlight the importance of integrating TDM measures into urban planning efforts to achieve resilient and environmental-friendly transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility hubs are interconnected nodes where several travel modes, private or public, are integrated. They aim to ensure an efficient inter-modality and to prioritize sustainable transportation. Determining their best location is a new fertile research area attracting considerable attention. Although past studies have addressed the location conundrum using the hub location problem (HLP) models, much of the literature has overlooked the aspect of social equity. In this context, social equity refers to the distribution of advantages and disadvantages of a particular policy across diverse social strata, avoiding any social exclusion and discrimination. This study intends to select mobility hub locations that achieve balanced social justice and optimal coverage. It adopted the single allocation p -median hub with a fixed cost model, where the fixed cost encapsulated equity and coverage indices. For equity, the Gini index was derived using social quantile group data. The meta-heuristic method Genetic Algorithm was exploited to solve the HLP optimization. This model displayed a good performance with a high fitness value of around 7.7e7, selecting nine (9) districts. Results of the first optimization step di underscored that locating mobility hubs within mixed land-use areas inhabited or frequented by low to medium-income strata helps promote equitable access and social justice while enhancing sustainable transportation ridership and coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Korea was ranked 11th globally, in 2018, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, of which the transportation sector contribution was estimated to be 14 % in 2017. Many policies have been drawn to enhance transport sustainability and reduce its emissions. According to the Climate Action Tracker (CAT), the policies and actions of South Korea to achieve the goal set in the Paris Agreement, are highly insufficient. Also, the environmental community in Korea has claimed the weakness of the 2017 emissions strategy. To increase policies' efficiency an investigation of the drivers behind greenhouse gases needs to be considered. This paper is decomposing both overall greenhouse gases and transport sector greenhouse gases, to analyse the effect of economic growth, energy intensity, energy mix, technology, urbanization, R&D expenditure, and population. The LMDI results showed that GDP, R&D expenditure, and energy consumption have a strong effect on increasing carbon emissions. While population and urbanization factors have a weak effect for the analysis period 2003-2016, due to the stable urbanization and population rate within the period. The significant contribution of R&D expenditure in increasing GHG emissions showed an urgent need to revise the R&D investment to boost non-carbon transportation research. Additionally, the energy structure effect was not significant, as the reliance on fossil fuel is high despite the efforts to reduce it. This revealed that the adopted fuel policies need strengthening measures and continuous improvement. The study deduced the vital need to raise the use of renewable and non-carbon energy, to strengthen sustainable transportation policies and investments, with a focus on public transportation modes, and finally to establish a good environment for a vigorous system for the implementation and enhancement of active modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korea had a big ambition to be one of the most sustainable cities, so the government is paying more attention to environmental impacts as a key element in evaluating any transportation project, such as subway construction and extension. Compared to other transportation modes, the railway system provides significant environmental, economic, and social benefits, and it is considered a key factor to attain the 2050 vision of ‘European Green Deal’, which targets cutting the greenhouse gases’ net emission, achieving social equity, and ensuring the separation of economic growth from resource usage. Australia has enforced the ‘Environment Protection licenses’ in railway using special authorities that impose the respect of all environment licenses during both construction and operation stages. In Korea, despite the enforcement of environmental protection, regulations are lacking at the construction stage, where a qualitative approach is adopted to measure the environmental impacts. During the feasibility study, the Korean guideline adopts a quantitative approach and focuses on the measurement of air and noise pollution and accident reduction. Developed countries insist on considering other environmental impacts related to health, biodiversity, and wildlife (Europe, United Kingdom, and Australia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low Emission Zone policy (LEZ) is considered one of the most reliable and efficient Travel Demand Management (TDM) measures. LEZ concept first appeared in Europe in the form of Access Restriction (AR) measure (e.g. Rome ZTL). This article discusses the European LEZ scheme's advantages and flaws. The goal is, first analysing the policy's perception, impacts, and instruments. Second, evaluating this policy's performance and efficiency in achieving the goal of the European Union (EU), which is eliminating diesel vehicles and encouraging eco-friendly and green mobility. Generally, European cities are ahead of others in the term of the implementation of environmental policies, but not all cities could be considered succeeded in implementing LEZ schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]