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In the present study, novel, 1,3-diaryltriazene-derived triazene compounds were synthesized and tested. Triazenes are versatile and belong to a group of alkylating agents with interesting physicochemical properties and proven biological activities. This study describes the synthesis, molecular and crystalline structure, biological activity evaluation, and antifungal and antimicrobial potentials of 1,3-bis(X-methoxy-Y-nitrophenyl)triazenes [X = 2 and 5; Y = 4 and 5]. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the compounds were tested by evaluating the sensitivity of bacteria (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC) and clinical isolates to their solutions using standardized microbiological assays, cytotoxicity evaluation, and ecotoxicity tests. The antimicrobial potentials of triazenes were determined according to their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs); these compounds were active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with low MIC values. The most surprising result was obtained for T3 having the effective MIC of 9.937 µg/mL and antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 90028, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, and C. tropicallis IC. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report promising activities of triazene compounds against yeast and filamentous fungi. The results showed the potential utility of triazenes as agents affecting selected resistant bacterial and fungal strains.

In voltammetric CO stripping experiments in acid media, CO pre-oxidation usually takes place on catalysts with a high density of surface defects, obeyed the conditions of full COads layer formation at suitable low potentials into the “hydrogen region” and, importantly, CO traces in the bulk of the solution is required. This study aims to interrogate that. The electro-oxidation of CO was voltammetrically conducted applying different scan rates, employing Pt(1 1 1) terraced surfaces and full CO coverage equilibrated with different content of dissolved CO in the bulk of an acid quiescent solution; also experiments were performed in which COads was present only on the (1 1 0)-type steps in a CO-free solution. It was found that: (1) slopes of peak potentials of CO pre-oxidation versus the logarithm of scan rates were smaller for higher CO contents in the solution; (2) charge density of CO pre-oxidation was higher for slower scan rate; (3) CO pre-oxidation takes place at low potentials where the (1 1 0)-type step sites were inactive in the catalysis of CO electro-oxidation. We conclude that, in such a quiescent solution, the content of dissolved CO in the bulk of the solution determines the magnitude and the shape of the curve of the CO pre-oxidation. This can be understandable in terms of prompt provision of CO molecules from the solution (diffusion layer) to surface active sites, that is, the most active sites, released during the CO pre-oxidation. In the CO pre-oxidation on Pt(1 1 1) terraced surfaces, the most active sites lie at the bottom of (1 1 1) terraces adjacent to the steps. The results provide evidence that, in presence of CO traces in the bulk of the solution, on one hand, the pre-oxidation of CO involves the diffusion-limited electro-oxidation of bulk CO at most active sites released during the CO pre-oxidation . On the other hand, the main CO electro-oxidation peak is a typical behavior of a surface-confined process. Our proposition applies to Pt electrodes in acidic medium. Manuel J.S. Farias is grateful to CAPES (Brazil), Financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) (Project no. PID2019-105653GB-100 and FJC2018-038607-I) and Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) (Project PROMETEO/2020/063).

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram analisar se os professores estão trabalhando com aulas práticas utilizando experimentos científicos no ensino de Ciências, elencar os motivos pelas quais as aulas de Ciências no Ensino Fundamental possuem poucos experimentos e propor melhorias para uma melhor eficácia das aulas, tendo em vista os benefícios das aulas práticas no ensino aprendizagem. Para alcançar os objetivos foi utilizado uma metodologia quantitativa através de um questionário para a coleta dos dados em uma escola do Município de Grajaú-MA, 148 alunos de 8º e 9º ano responderam ao questionário. Os resultados obtidos são exibidos em forma de gráficos, no qual foi possível notar que os alunos gostam de aulas com experimentos, entretanto a escola não possui estrutura para que os alunos possam praticar esta modalidade de aula com mais frequência. Conclui-se que as aulas práticas com experimentos científicos vêm sendo aplicadas mesmo que pouco e que este índice de aulas pode aumentar muito, sendo necessário para isso medidas para contornar ou amenizar a problemática de não haver estrutura e equipamentos adequados na escola para aulas com experimentos. Uma forma de melhorar a situação atual é a parceria entre a escola que foi objeto de estudo e instituições superiores que tem como ajudar com equipamentos ou visitas técnicas.

Neste trabalho foi feito o estudo teórico de complexos de rutênio de fórmula: cis-[RuCl2(NN)(PP)], [Ru(NS)(bipy)(PP)]+, [Ru(pic)(bipy)(PP)]+ e [RuCl(bCN)(bipy)(PP)]+, onde NN = 2,2\'-bipiridina (bipy), 4,4\'-dimetil-2,2\'-bipiridina (Mebipy) e 1,10-fenantrolina (phen); PP = 1,1-Bis(difenilfosfino)metano (dppm), 1,2-Bis(difenilfosfino)etano (dppe), 1,3-Bis(difenilfosfino)propano (dppp), 1,4-Bis(difenilfosfino)butano (dppb) e 1,1\'-Bis(difenilfosfino)ferroceno (dppf), NS = 2-mercaptopiridina (pyS), 2-mercaptopirimidina (prm), 4,6-dimetil-2-mercaptopirimidina (dmpm); pic = 2-picolinato; bCN = benzonitrila em nível da teoria DFT utilizando o funcional B3LYP. Os complexos tiveram suas estruturas otimizadas, as quais foram comparadas às estruturas obtidas experimentalmente por difração de raios X e apresentaram grande concordância com estas. A análise de decomposição de carga revelou que os ligantes NN, PP, NS, pic, bCN e Cl doam elétrons para o centro metálico tornando-o mais negativo, isso reflete na energia dos orbitais HOMO, que por sua vez pode ser relacionado com os valores dos potencias de oxidação dos complexos. Pode-se observar que quanto maior o valor do potencial de oxidação, menor a energia do HOMO. Além disso, nos complexos cis-[RuCl2(NN)(PP)] os valores de potenciais de oxidação são mais anódicos porque os dois átomos de cloro somados doam mais para o rutênio que os ligantes NS e pic e bCN. Os espectros eletrônicos foram calculados e as bandas observadas em 420 e 290 nm nos complexos [Ru(NS)(NN)(PP)]+ puderam ser atribuídas a transições dos tipos MLCT e LLCT devido a análise da composição dos orbitais. As bandas de baixa intensidade observadas nos complexos cis-[RuCl2(NN)(PP)] em torno de 460 nm, mostraram ser transições do tipo MLCT do HOMO-2 para o LUMO, sendo que esses orbitais estão concentrados nos átomos de rutênio e nos ligantes NN, respectivamente. Os espectros vibracionais calculados estão de acordo com os dados experimentais. As bandas observadas em torno de 1380, 1160 e 760 cm-1 foram atribuidas aos estiramentos vC-S e as bandas em 1715 cm-1 ao estiramento νC=O; no ligante livre essa última banda é observada em 1654 cm-1. A banda referente ao estiramento vC≡N, que aparece em 2229 cm-1 na benzonitrila não coordenada, nos complexos [RuCl(bCN)(NN)(PP)]+ aparece em 2250 cm-1. Ruthenium complexes with formulas: cis-[RuCl2(NN)(PP)], [Ru(NS)(bipy)(PP)]+, [Ru(pic)(bipy)(PP)]+ e [RuCl(bCN)(bipy)(PP)]+, where NN = 2,2\'-bipyridine (bipy), 4,4\'-dimethyl-2,2\'-bipyridine (Mebipy) e 1,10-phenanthroline (phen); PP = 1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm), 1,2- Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethano (dppe), 1,3- Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane(dppp), 1,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)buthane (dppb) e 1,1\'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf), NS = 2-mercaptopyridine (pyS), 2-mercaptopyrimidine (prm), 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidina (dmpm); pic = 2-picolinate; bCN = benzonitrile were studied in this thesis applying DFT theory with B3LYP functional. The complexes had their structures optimized and comparison with experimental structures determined by X ray crystallography show that they compare well. Charge decomposition analysis revealed that NN, PP, NS, pic, bCN and Clligands donate eletrons to the metal center makig it more negative, what reflects in the HOMO energies, that can be related to oxidation potencials of the complexes. The higher the oxidation potential of the complexes the lower the energy of HOMO. In complexes cis-[RuCl2(NN)(PP)] the oxidation potentials were more anodic because the two chlorine ligands togheterdonate more than NS, pic or bCN ligands. Electronic spectra of the complexes [Ru(NS)(NN)(PP)]+ were calculated and the bands around 420 and 290 nm could be assigned to transitions of the type MLCT, LLCT based on the analysis of the orbitals composition. The bands of low intensity around 460 nm observed in the spectra of cis-[RuCl2(NN)(PP)] were also MLCT transitions from HOMO-2 to LUMO, these orbitals are concentrated in ruthenium and NN ligands, respectively. The calculated vibrational spectra are in good agreement with experimental data, bands around 1380, 1160 e 760 cm-1 were assigned to vC-S stretching and bands around 1715 cm-1 to νC=O, in pic not coordinated this band appears at 1654 cm-1. In freebenzonitrile vC≡N band is observed at 2229 cm-1, but in complexes [RuCl(bCN)(NN)(PP)]+ this band is upshifted to 2250 cm-1.