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The fisheries sector in Lhokseumawe City has an essential role in the regional economy, but the limited allocation of fish seed assistance requires an efficient and objective decision-making system (SPK). This research applies the Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) method to prioritize groups of fish seed aid recipients. COPRAS was chosen because it can handle quantitative and qualitative criteria and produce a clear ranking of alternatives. The system evaluates criteria such as pond area, number of members, pond condition, and group age. The results showed that the Tani Mandiri group had the highest utility value = 1, while Tani Maju Berkah obtained the lowest value = 0.655. The COPRAS method effectively provided accurate and transparent recommendations in determining beneficiaries. Implementing this system is expected to help the Lhokseumawe City Marine, Fisheries, Agriculture, and Food Service Office in allocating fairer and more targeted assistance, as well as increasing the productivity of the fisheries sector in the area. This research also contributes to developing technology-based decision-making systems to support government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Affairs is the property of Journal of Social Affairs and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Annals of the 'Al. I. Cuza' University, Iasi. Sociology & Social Work / Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii 'Al. I. Cuza' Iasi Sociologie si Asistenta Sociala is the property of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare justice sensitivity between self-perceived beneficiaries, victims, and observers in a sample of 90 healthcare workers (nurses and physiotherapists) at the Varaždinske Toplice Special Medical Rehabilitation Hospital, Croatia. For this purpose we used a questionnaire consisting of demographic data and the Croatian version of the justice sensitivity inventory developed by Schmitt. Regardless of its limitations, our study clearly shows that healthcare professionals at Varaždinske Toplice are most sensitive to injustice from the beneficiary’s perspective, that is, as persons who personally benefitted from injustice, although they may not have been instrumental to this effect. They are less sensitive to injustice perceived on the outside (observer’s perspective) or to injustice suffered by themselves (victim’s perspective). Another important finding is that participants of female gender, rural residence, and nurses (who are all women) are significantly more sensitive to injustice, whereas age and marital status do not seem to contribute to justice sensitivity. Future research should investigate the perception of injustice over a longer timeframe and involve all healthcare workers. It could also address different approaches to management, especially in terms of worker rewards and career advancement. Qualitative research among healthcare workers could provide a broader and clearer idea of social injustice at their workplace.

Over the years, various agricultural programmes and policies that are both public and private sector driven has been developed, focusing more on increasing farm production with little or no emphasis on the food security status of farmers. The study determined the effect of USAID/MARKETS II Programme on the food security status of farmers in Akwa Ibom State, south-south Nigeria and was analyzed 2020. Specifically the determined the food security status, index and compared the differences in the food security status of programme beneficiary and nonbeneficiary farmers. It adopted both purposive and multi-stage random sampling procedures to select one hundred and eighty (180) respondents made up of 90 programme beneficiary and 90 non-beneficiary farmers). The study made use of structured questionnaire to collect data and were subjected to analysis using food security index and Ztest analyses). Food security status result showed that the mean per capita household expenditure per month for programme beneficiary farmers was N21,120.46(69.02USD)as against the non-programme beneficiary farmers with N5,474.41(17.89 USD). More so, the food security index, showed that a moderate proportion of programme beneficiary farmers were food secured (43.33%) than non-programme beneficiary farmers (33.33%). The study concluded that the programme has impacted on the beneficiary farmers by increasing their food security status. Policies aimed at replicating the programme in other rural communities and encouraging farmers to engage in foreign sponsored programmes is thereby advocated in order to guarantee household food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land degradation is a critical issue in Ethiopia, exacerbating food insecurity by reducing agricultural productivity. Soil and water conservation (SWC) practices are essential to control erosion and increase food production. However, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluations on the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on SWC practices. This study aimed to assess the contribution of the PSNP to SWC in the Amhara Sayint Woreda. The researchers used a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data. Multistage sampling was used to select households, and data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and observations. The study provided empirical evidence that the PSNP has a positive impact on SWC practices. Key factors influencing SWC participation include age, family size, education, plot size, livestock ownership, credit service, and access to extension services. The results suggest that the PSNP should improve payment for public work participants implementing SWC, undertake institutional reform, and increase public awareness of the benefits of SWC in reversing land degradation and improving food security. This study uniquely contributes to the understanding of how the PSNP influences the varying degrees of participation in SWC practices, filling a critical research gap. The findings can inform policymakers and program managers to enhance the PSNP's effectiveness in promoting sustainable land management and food security in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology / Arhiv za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The stipulation for another is a legal mechanism specifically regulated for the first time in the new Civil Code. Previously, this was a creation of doctrine and jurisprudence, although historically the origins of this legal mechanism date back to the Roman Empire. Although initially prohibited, judicial doctrine and practice have reached a consensus regarding the necessity of the existence of a complete legal framework regarding the application of the stipulation for another, the more so since its practical existence is undeniable, as is the necessity of the legal mechanism in contemporary practice. Both in theory and in practice, we can find similarities and differences between stipulation for another and assignment of contract. Therefore, although since the entry into force of the new Civil Code, multiple studies have been carried out regarding the stipulation for another or regarding the assignment of the contract, finding discussions regarding these legal mechanisms also in specialized works on the subject of obligations, we appreciated an in-depth study in which to present the two legal mechanisms in a mirror, with references to comparative law, to clarify and distinguish the application of the stipulation for another and the assignment of the contract. The study will present both practical situations from comparative law, as well as comparative law legislation from French law and English law, in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply operation is widely used among professionals, which is why it has imposed the regulation of the relations between them. The supply contract complements the provisions of the sales contract, concerning the effects of the contract, specifically the obligations of the parties: those of the supplier, namely the transfer of ownership of the supplied goods, delivery of goods and provision of services, bearing the risk of loss of the goods up until they are handed over, the warranty obligation for eviction, and the warranty obligation for the defects of the supplied goods, as well as those of the beneficiary, namely taking over the goods and paying the price of the products or services. An aspect that adds specificity to the supply contract is the possibility of subcontracting the supply, which, we believe, raises issues due to the lack of regulation regarding the possibility of changing the price by conventional means.

In practice issues may arise when a party other than the designated beneficiary makes a call for payment, leading to a non-conforming demand. This has threatened the commercial use of demand guarantees due to demands for payment being rejected for non-conformity. Notably, the party calling for payment may or may not be the designated beneficiary stated in the demand guarantee. It could be a third party or an authorised agent acting on behalf of the beneficiary or a party entitled to receive payment under the guarantee. Also, when the demand guarantee is transferred it is the transferee (the new beneficiary) who may sign and issue a demand for payment. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the approach in South African and Australian case law and international instruments applicable to demand guarantees to address problems associated with the identity of the beneficiary. The approach followed in resolving such issues emphasises a purposive approach to compliance with the demand. A party other than the beneficiary can demand payment on behalf of the beneficiary if it has been authorised to do so. Imposing strict compliance would contradict well-established contract law and sound business practices. For this reason, if the parties do not wish it to be possible for an agent or a party other than the beneficiary to demand payment on behalf of the beneficiary, this should be stated in the guarantee itself. However, if the presenter of a demand is not the beneficiary but demands payment in its own right, it is suggested that a strict approach is entirely proper.

Over the years, increasing the investment in less developed countries has caused actions against human rights standards by transnational companies. Following the development of communication and the growth of human rights activities, the protection of the rights of the company's stakeholders was emphasized. The theory of "Corporate Social Responsibility" emphasizes the need to clarify the actions of transnational companies in the field of human rights. In the present study, the role of this theory in the observance of human rights standards by transnational companies is investigated. Totally, international law documents as well as corporate codes and national laws all express the principles of corporate social responsibility including human rights obligations. Transnational companies insist on voluntary form of obligations in the field of social responsibility. However, the World Bank emphasizes the active duty of social responsibility and obliges multinational companies to take necessary measures to achieve social goals. The World Bank and its members, including MIGA, monitor the application and implementation of social responsibility through practical policies, lending and insurance mechanisms.

Land degradation is a critical issue in Ethiopia, exacerbating food insecurity by reducing agricultural productivity. Soil and water conservation (SWC) practices are essential to control erosion and increase food production. However, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluations on the impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on SWC practices. This study aimed to assess the contribution of the PSNP to SWC in the Amhara Sayint Woreda. The researchers used a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data. Multistage sampling was used to select households, and data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and observations. The study provided empirical evidence that the PSNP has a positive impact on SWC practices. Key factors influencing SWC participation include age, family size, education, plot size, livestock ownership, credit service, and access to extension services. The results suggest that the PSNP should improve payment for public work participants implementing SWC, undertake institutional reform, and increase public awareness of the benefits of SWC in reversing land degradation and improving food security. This study uniquely contributes to the understanding of how the PSNP influences the varying degrees of participation in SWC practices, filling a critical research gap. The findings can inform policymakers and program managers to enhance the PSNP’s effectiveness in promoting sustainable land management and food security in Ethiopia.

The article is devoted to the issue of unification in Ukrainian legislation the definitions that are used in the European legislative acts concerning the Common Agricultural policy (hereinafter-CAP), particularly, the definition of “farmer” as a beneficiary of direct payments. There are numerous definitions of subjects providing agricultural activity according to the current Ukrainian legislation: agricultural producer, manufacturer of agricultural products, household, agricultural enterprise, subject of agro-industrial complex, agricultural cooperative, individual farm, farming enterprise, family farming enterprise, farming enterprise as an individual entrepreneur. Instead of this the European agricultural law operates with the term “farmer”. In order to provide the correct and barrier-free applying of CAP provisions that would regulate the agricultural activity of Ukrainian persons, legal and natural ones, after Ukraine becomes the member of the European Union, it is necessary now to conduct a research of the concept of term “farmer” according to EU legislation and the related definitions such as “agricultural activity”, “agricultural products”, “active farmer”, “young farmer”, “new farmer”. The obtained results could be taking into account in the legislative amendment process that is taking place in Ukraine due to the granted status as a candidate to the EU. Abovementioned is the aim of these thesis. In order to gain correct understanding of the term “farmer” in the EU countries the structure of the European agricultural sector is analyzed by the author. Summarizing the conducted research it is stated that due to the European approach enshrined in the CAP the term “farmer” is a general definition to all the persons that provide agricultural activity irrespectively to their size, organizational structure, type of management etc. In order to harmonize the national Ukrainian legislation to the European one there are several propositions how to amend the legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the peculiarities of legal regulation of cancellation of an escrow account contract as one of the grounds for its termination under Ukrainian legislation. The author proves that unilateral withdrawal from an agreement is inadmissible, since it contradicts its nature and purpose. It is argued that the provision of an escrow account contract on the possibility of unilateral cancellation may be declared invalid by a court. The author examines the procedure for the parties to ensure the cancellation of an escrow account contract. If the parties agree on its cancellation, the account holder submits an application to the bank, and the beneficiary also provides his/her written consent to this. It is established that the agreement is cancelled from the moment the bank receives the last of the following documents: the account holder’s application and the beneficiary’s written consent to terminate the agreement, and if the account holder’s application and the beneficiary’s written consent are contained in one document, from the moment the bank receives such document. The next steps in the cancellation procedure are the transfer of funds from the escrow account to the account of the holder and/ or beneficiary (depending on the instructions in the application and written consent) and the closure of the account by the bank. The author argues that if the beneficiary does not consent to the cancellation of the contract, the account holder may initiate such cancellation in court. The contract may be terminated by a court decision in case of a material breach of the agreement by the other party, as well as due to a material change in the circumstances which guided the parties when entering into the agreement. The author examines certain aspects of termination of an escrow account contract based on liquidation of the bank in which it is opened, as well as termination of a securities escrow account contract in case of termination of activities of a depository institution. The author concludes that in case of liquidation of the bank in which the escrow account is opened, payments to depositors should be made on the basis of the Law of Ukraine «On the Deposit Guarantee System for Individuals». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal aspects of financial leasing management, emphasizing the role of leasing companies with subjects of leasing transactions within the legal space. For the purposes of ensuring a stable quality level of leasing services, a reference financial leasing agreement is proposed. The legal practice of regulating leasing activities in Russia is described. Legal terms relevant to the leasing market of Russia and the main forms of leasing are considered. The author believes that this will have a positive impact on the scale of the leasing market and will make leasing one of the drivers of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Commercial & Intellectual Property Law (TFM) / Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi is the property of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Facult of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many developing countries are using various forms of social protection strategies to combat food insecurity. The Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) is a major policy initiative launched by the Ethiopian government and partners to help millions of chronically food insecured rural people. The main objective of this research is to assess the contributions of PSNP to households’ food security and asset building in the selected drought prone woreda (district) of northeast Ethiopia. The research applied a cross sectional research design and a mixed research approach. The data was collected from 142 randomly selected household heads of three selected Kebeles (a small administrative unit) clustered into three agro-climatic zones of the woreda, using key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and document reviews. The methods used in the analysis were descriptive statistics (percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (chi-square, t-test, and binary logistic regression model). Twelve variables were selected to explain factors affecting the food security level of the PSNP beneficiary households. Out of these nine variables were identified as significant. The result revealed that the sample households that joined the PSNP have improved in food consumption status, livestock holding, housing conditions, and agricultural input utilization. The binary regression model depicted that household age, household size, education, farmland size, agricultural inputs and livestock as the main determinants. The result also revealed a lack of community participation in the decision-making, payment delays, a low level of gender awareness, and poor planning processes as the main challenges. Therefore, improving the management, revising the strategies particularly; the tools, guidelines and manuals of the PSNP is essential for best performance to address the food security challenges in general and the beneficiaries in particular.

Does adding a third-party player influence the tendency to lie? Lies often affect more than just two parties. The sender is often not the only beneficiary of the lie, and the receiver is often not the only person harmed. In this paper, we study the effect of introducing an uninvolved third party on people's tendency to behave dishonestly. This research adapts the cheap-talk game to investigate the effect of introducing a third-party beneficiary and a third-party victim. That is, in addition to the sender and the receiver in the original game, we introduce another player who does not know the payoff structure and does not make any decisions. This third-party player's payoff can differ across payment options: the third-party can be a victim, a neutral third-party, or a beneficiary of the lie. We show that people's decision about whether to lie depends on the payoff split between the sender and the receiver, as well as the payoff to the third party. Moreover, we find that people show a greater sensitivity to the presence of a third-party beneficiary than to the presence of a third-party victim. Specifically, our results indicate that adding a third-party beneficiary increases one's tendency to lie; introducing a third-party victim, though, does not lower the tendency. When both a beneficiary and victim are introduced, the beneficiary dominates the victim, so the inclination to lie rises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charitable fundraising appeals for international development created for potential donors in the Global North are often, if not always, designed without the inclusion of voices and insights from the intended beneficiaries in the Global South. The implications of these appeals, void of beneficiary input, may serve to proliferate poverty porn and racial stereotypes, promote paternalistic and colonial thinking, and strengthen white savior syndrome. This exploratory paper, through a set of interviews and a focus group with fundraising professionals at international development organizations, examines the need for a beneficiary‐centered Code of Ethics. A framework, based on the four major findings, is proposed that begins with beneficiary input and considerations offer charities an inclusive method for the design of future fundraising appeals and a way to fulfill their responsibility in how the beneficiary is depicted and the societal understanding of their situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study contributes to a deeper understanding of organisational performance in Indian urban cooperative banks. The performance of banks is usually measured using financial statements. However, for cooperative banks, which serve social as well as economic purposes, the author argues that member satisfaction provides a right perspective on organisational performance and thus helps us evaluate such banks in a more comprehensive way. The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale to measure member satisfaction in member-based organisations. Using a random sample of 103 members of urban cooperative banks, the author has made a 19-item scale with adequate reliability (α = 0.84) and validity (AVE = 0.76) for measuring the organisational performance of cooperative banks. It would be beneficial to compare the organisational performance based on financial information with this measure to generate more meaningful inferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the peculiarities of the squeeze-out procedure in Ukraine within the framework of European integration and implementation of European corporate governance standards. The author analyzes the positions of European courts on the legality and constitutionality of the squeeze-out procedure in the context of violation of minority shareholders' property rights. The author ivestigates the grounds for declaring squeeze-out unconstitutional in Georgia, in particular, the procedure for determining the price of shares, that resulted in an imbalance of interests of the participants in the procedure. Taking into account the Court's position, a new entity was involved in the process of share buyback - a court which, upon the application of the majority shareholder, appoints an independent expert or a brokerage company to price the shares and fixes the price of shares and the date of their compulsory buyback in its decision. It is found out that the main interests of a majority shareholder in the squeeze-out procedure are to reduce administrative costs of holding a general meeting, to get rid of passive shareholders and to minimise opposition from minority shareholders, and to avoid free-ridering. At the same time, the interests of minority shareholders in the implementation of this mechanism are to obtain favourable terms from the sale of the shareholding. It is found out that most of the lawsuits of minority shareholders in Ukraine were related to the underpricing of alienated shares. The method of determining the price of shares was to establish the market value of the company's shares by a valuation entity. However, due to the lack of effective regulatory framework for this procedure, such a price often did not meet the fairness criterion. The author examines the position of the Commercial Court of Cassation as part of the Supreme Court of 2022 regarding the understanding of the fair price of shares, which means not a specific amount of money (value), but compliance by the issuer (supervisory board) with the procedure for determining the market value of shares provided for by law. The author analyzes the implementation of an escrow account contract into the legislation of Ukraine. The author clarifies the procedure for paying the price of shares to minority shareholders by transferring funds to the bank where the claimant has opened an escrow account in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Joint Stock Companies". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is dedicated to the analysis of legislative amendments in the procedure for the compulsory sale of shares by shareholders at the request of a person (or persons acting jointly) who owns a controlling package of shares (the «squeeze-out» procedure). It is argued that due to the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine «On Joint Stock Companies,» the legal regulation of the studied procedure has not undergone significant changes. However, it is emphasized that the newly adopted act has detailed certain procedural aspects and introduced the concept of a competing demand. It has been established that in accordance with the new requirements of the Law of Ukraine «On Joint Stock Companies» of 2022, a public irrevocable demand for the purchase of shares from all shareholders must include information about the bank where the applicant for such a demand obtained a banking guarantee for the performance of its financial obligations under Article 95 of this Law, as well as information about the material terms of such guarantee. It is argued that the absence of more detailed provisions specifying the requirements for such a banking guarantee could lead to various violations of this provision. The article analyzes the innovations of the Law of Ukraine «On Joint Stock Companies» of 2022 regarding the right to submit a competing demand. Shareholders who have received a public irrevocable demand in accordance with Part 10 of Article 95 of this Law are endowed with this right. At the same time, when exercising the right to submit a competing demand, shareholders (or shareholders acting jointly) are obliged to adhere to the provisions regarding the price of the compulsory sale of shares provided in the competing demand. This price must be at least 5 percent higher than the price stated in the public irrevocable demand or in a previously submitted competing demand. The article examines the provisions concerning the use of the escrow agreement mechanism within the «squeeze-out» procedure. It is demonstrated that in the legislation of Ukraine, the period for the release of funds from such an account to the benefit of shareholders, their successors, or other persons entitled to receive funds, has been extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ways how urban gardens need to be dealt with have been a challenging topic in architecture and urban planning. In the metropolis of Tehran with about 7 there are gardens scattered across some urban areas. Their management has been detailed in master and development plans. This research aims to examine the evolution of gardens in Tehran, and their classification based on different criteria as well as their benefits, and beneficiaries. Additionally, the study focuses on three different periods to investigate how the management of these gardens has evolved and scrutinize their impacts on the benefits. The literature and background of the subject have been reviewed to inform this research. This research draws upon architectural and urban interventions to seek strategies and offer integrated solutions to a variety of groups of stakeholders. It hopes that the strategies and solutions guarantee the protection of Tehran’s garden values. Architectural and urban planning intervention refers to building construction rules and regulations, how to use land plots, land use plans, and related issues. In terms of “nature”, this research is “qualitative”, the “developmental or applied” type. The sample included experts and stakeholders. The experts were purposefully selected through a non-random and snowball sampling technique. The stakeholders with private interests in Tehran gardens refer to two main groups: owners and investors. The stakeholders of public interest, in general, stand for the citizens, and the city as a whole. This research also examines the conflicts between private interest and public interest from different legal, managerial, economic, technical, cultural, and social aspects. In conclusion, this study shows that the greatest conflicts between the general public and other stakeholders have been in economic and managerial factors, while the greatest conflicts between private stakeholders have been in cultural and social factors. There is no conflict of interest in economic factors.

The hereditary fund is a new and not fully explored form of a legal entity. Having appeared in 2018 as a bright prospect of existence in the national legal field of trusts, the inheritance fund very quickly showed all its few pluses and numerous minuses, reflecting the haste of its introduction into the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It is worth emphasizing that the development of national inheritance law is necessary. The desire to use foreign experience in this development is reasonable and justified. However, the blind copying of trust legislation, together with the use of an inappropriate form of a Russian legal entity, namely a «fund» became a determining factor for turning a promising civil law institution into a non-working mechanism. The hereditary fund, having become the fundamental and first personal fund in the Russian Federation, after a reasonable, but not eliminating all the shortcomings of the reform in July 2021 after the entry into force of the Federal Law of July 1, 2021 № 287 «third of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation» on March 1, 2022, is now more likely a sub-institution or one of the varieties of personal funds. This article provides a detailed analysis and a scientific and legal assessment of the existence of personal and hereditary funds. The author’s position is formulated on the reasonableness of using the term «fund» when introducing trust law into the national legal field. The author defines the prospects for the existence of hereditary funds, both formal legal and practical, and also formulates proposals for improving legislation in order to increase its prestige and the interest in it of owners of large capitals in Russia.

Land reform is one the controversial topics confronting the democratic South Africa, as such it remains top in the country's agenda. The South African land reform is implemented through three pillars – land restitution, land tenure reform and land redistribution. Land redistribution, which is the focus of our data, is more important since large tracks of land are envisaged to be redistributed through this pillar. Despite that land redistribution has been implemented for almost twenty-five years, progress to-date is disappointing. Numerous factors have been cited to explain the unsatisfactory results. Among these explanations and reasoning it appears that not much information that can enable formulation of sound and effective policies is known about the prime land reform beneficiaries, the commercial oriented smallholders. Because the household we surveyed are the prime target beneficiaries of land redistribution, we refer to them as “potential emerging farmers”. This term is drawn from the generic definition of land reform beneficiaries known as emerging farmers. The little that is known about potential emerging farmers is from scattered case studies to which little meaningful analysis and generalisations could be made. Other smallholder datasets such as Statistics South Africa's General Household Surveys are too generic in nature, offering too little details for understanding the potential land reform beneficiaries. Here we present a modestly detailed dataset of 761 surveyed farm household heads of potential emerging farmers. These are smallholder farm household heads who at least have sold a minimum of 20 percent of their produce in previous season. The data spans across three most smallholder populous provinces in South Africa, namely the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Limpopo. These areas, the former homelands or marginalised areas that were designated for blacks during apartheid, house smallholders with high potential of becoming the next black commercial farmers. The data consists of socio-demographic information, farmer assets, production and production orientation, risk attitudes, aspirations and willingness to partake in land redistribution.

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Técnica Tributaria is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Asesores Fiscales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thông tư 07/2015/TT-NHNN về Bảo lãnh ngân hàng đã tạo ra một cơ sở pháp lý thông thoáng cũng như làm cho các quy định của Việt Nam về bảo lãnh tiệm cận với các quy tắc quốc tế mới nhất về bảo lãnh theo yêu cầu của Phòng Thương mại Quốc tế là URDG758 ICC 2010. Tuy nhiên, trong quá trình thực hiện đã xuất hiện nhiều bất cập của Thông tư này. Bài viết sử dụng các phương pháp phân tích, tổng hợp, đối chiếu, so sánh luật nhằm chỉ ra và đề xuất hướng sửa đổi một số bất cập của Thông tư 07/2015/TT-NHNN liên quan đến các vấn đề như: khái niệm bảo lãnh ngân hàng, vấn đề sử dụng ngôn ngữ trong cam kết bảo lãnh ngân hàng, tính độc lập của cam kết bảo lãnh, về thời gian kiểm tra văn bản yêu cầu thực hiện nghĩa vụ, về nghĩa vụ của bên nhận bảo lãnh, quan hệ giữa hợp đồng cơ sở và cam kết bảo lãnh, vấn đề chuyển nhượng cam kết bảo lãnh. Từ khóa: Bảo lãnh ngân hàng, Cam kết bảo lãnh, Bên bảo lãnh, Bên được bảo lãnh, Bên nhận bảo lãnh

Given that the urban planning certificate is issued by the local public authorities based on a documentation provided by law, upon request, to any applicant - natural person or legal entity -, this article presents the legal entities entitled to request the cancellation of the urban planning certificate, in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 554/2004 of the administrative litigation. The topic of the article is important in judicial practice given that, in essence, urban planning legislation can limit the exercise of property rights by referring both to the public interest, but also by referring to the private interest, generating disputes between the subjects of the legal relationship.

This study concerns on the Draft Act on Family Foundations. This draft law is still in the course of legislative works, but it constitutes the basis for a lively discussion in Poland on its final structure. This paper presents the general concept of regulating family foundations in Poland with the most important aspects of the private-legal structure. The model relating to tax solutions remains beyond the scope of this text. The Bill on Family Foundations has a symbolic dimension, because if the legislator intends to implement it, it means that the development of economic relations in Poland has reached an appropriate high level.

By drawing on service encounter data in Japanese, this paper analyzes a previously undocumented request action initiated by a service provider to a client as a necessary step to provide the service. The service provider and their client, both exercising respective deontic rights, collaboratively construct a request turn in particular ways. In this case, due to the Japanese SOV word order, the service provider takes advantage of segmenting their request turn to allow the recipient clients to begin compliance, who thereby acquiesce to the service provider's deontic authority at the earliest point. By bringing the request turn to completion after the client's compliance while reflexively showing their deontic and beneficiary stances in the turn final component, the service provider displays commitment to balancing out their relative deontic status to the client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passivization in Spanish takes (active) clauses with a direct object and turns them into (passive) clauses in which that argument behaves as a subject. English allows secondary passives as well, in which the constituent that is promoted to the subject position is the goal or beneficiary argument of ditransitive predicates such as give: Peter was given a book. Although Spanish does not have this kind of passives, this paper discusses some data on ditransitive verbs whose passives allow the promotion of goal or beneficiary arguments. It is shown that there are at least two major types with differentiated characteristics: verbs that enable a construction we call beneficiary accusative and verbs that trigger what we call lexicalized goal-passives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents four medieval religious monuments in different stages of conservation. They are also different in structure, decoration system, function and especially in their position according to the present hierarchy. However, they have one thing in common: their beneficiaries have required and financed archaeological research for each of them. The four monuments are the foundation vestiges of the “St Paraskeva” Church in the village of Scânteia (Iași county, 1984), built in the first decades of the 17th century, probably by a local boyar; the “Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel” Church in the village of Stroiești, Todirești township (Iași county, 1990), which proved to have been built between the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th by unknown founders, most probably by another local boyar; the ruins of the former Poiana cu Schit Church, in the Boroșești Woods from Grajduri township (Iași county, 1991), built by unknown founders in the 18th century; the “Holy Hierarch Nicholas” Church of the Popăuți Monastery in Botoșani (Botoșani county, 2000), built by Prince Stephen the Great in 1486. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial future of our loved ones needs to be ensured, but to be able to achieve this aspect when death occurs, it is necessary to know the procedure and the legal ways whereby we can leave our assets as an inheritance to the family or the loved ones. In the case of the life insurance contract, the insured person is the person able to decide who can be the beneficiary, in the circumstances whereby the death of the insured person occurs. Also, during the performance of the life insurance contract, the insured can change the beneficiary at any time, only by filling in a change form or designation of beneficiary, the insurance company not being able to intervene in this process. The beneficiary of an insurance contract may be designated from the time of his/her life by testamentary provision or legal provision, subject to the succession procedure. In practice, when the death of a person occurs, the legal procedure for distributing the inheritance to the beneficiaries intervenes, but when we talk about life insurance, the beneficiary of the policy receives the amount established in the insurance contract regardless of whether he/she is a legal heir or testamentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]