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Aim of the study Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) seeds have been used traditionally for centuries, notably for treating diabetes. Materials and methods We studied the effects of the crude aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds on intestinal glucose absorption in vitro using a short-circuit current technique and in vivo using an oral glucose tolerance test. Results The aqueous extract of Nigella sativa (0.1 pg/ml to 100 ng/ml) exerted dose-dependent inhibition of sodium-dependent glucose transport across isolated rat jejunum. Maximal inhibition exceeded 80% and IC50 was close to 10 pg/ml. An oral glucose tolerance test was carried out in rats after the initial dose and after a 6-week treatment of Nigella sativa (2 g/(kg day)), and compared to metformin (300 mg/(kg day)). Chronic Nigella sativa treatment improved glucose tolerance as efficiently as metformin. Nigella sativa and metformin also reduced body weight without any toxic effect. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that Nigella sativa directly inhibits the electrogenic intestinal absorption of glucose in vitro. Together with the observed improvement of glucose tolerance and body weight in rats after chronic oral administration in vivo, these effects further validate the traditional use of Nigella sativa seeds against diabetes.

The seeds of Nigella sativa. L. (NS), a plant of the Runanculaceae family, are used in traditional medicine in North Africa and the Middle East for the treatment of diabetes. Despite widespread use...

We studied the effect of a 4-week intragastric gavage with a petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativa seeds on blood glucose, insulin and lipids in the normal rat. Petroleum ether extract caused a 25% reduction in food intake that translated into a transient weight loss. No sign of toxicity of the plant could be seen in vivo or in vitro. Fasting plasma glucose remained stable throughout Nigella sativa treatment. At the end of the 4-week treatment, Nigella sativa-treated rats had lower fasting plasma levels of insulin and triglycerides, and higher HDL-cholesterol as compared to pair-fed controls. Response to insulin was evaluated in hepatocytes isolated from animals of all groups by Western blot analysis of phosphorylated MAPK p44/42erk and PKB. In vivo Nigella sativa treatment resulted in greater dose-dependent activation of MAPK and PKB in response to insulin. These results suggest that the petroleum ether extract of Nigella sativa has a slight anorexic effect, and that it contains the hypolipidemic activity previously obtained with the plant. More significantly, our data demonstrate that in vivo treatment with the petroleum ether extract exerts an insulin-sensitizing action by enhancing the activity of the two major intracellular signal transduction pathways of the hormone's receptor.

The antidiabetic effect ofN. sativaseed ethanol extract (NSE) was assessed inMeriones shawiafter development of diabetes.Meriones shawiwere divided randomly into four groups: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with NSE (2 g eq plant/kg) or with metformin (300 mg/kg) positive control, both administered by daily intragastric gavage for 4 weeks. Glycaemia and body weight were evaluated weekly. At study's end, an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed to estimate insulin sensitivity. Upon sacrifice, plasma lipid profile, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were assessed. ACC phosphorylation and Glut4 protein content were determined in liver and skeletal muscle. NSE animals showed a progressive normalization of glycaemia, albeit slower than that of metformin controls. Moreover, NSE increased insulinemia and HDL-cholesterol, compared to diabetic controls. Leptin and adiponectin were unchanged. NSE treatment decreased OGTT and tended to decrease liver and muscle triglyceride content. NSE stimulated muscle and liver ACC phosphorylation and increased muscle Glut4. These results confirm NSE's previously reported hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activity. More significantly, our data demonstrate thatin vivotreatment with NSE exerts an insulin-sensitizing action by enhancing ACC phosphorylation, a major component of the insulin-independent AMPK signaling pathway, and by enhancing muscle Glut4 expression.

Background Type II diabetes and obesity are major health problems worldwide and aboriginal peoples are particularly at risk. To address this problem in Canadian native populations who find modern pharmaceuticals culturally inappropriate, our team is testing the traditional pharmacopeia of the James Bay Cree for anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities. More specifically, the aim of the present study was to define the effects of traditional plants on intestinal glucose absorption, an under-appreciated anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-obesity activity. Methods Crude ethanol extracts of 17 Boreal forest medicinal plants were tested in vitro using the Caco-2 human enterocytic cell line and in vivo using an oral glucose tolerance test. Results Thirteen of seventeen extracts were observed to significantly inhibit uptake when administered simultaneously with 3 H-deoxyglucose. Inhibition was dose-dependent and, in a few cases, even surpassed that induced by a combination of the positive controls. To validate these effects in vivo , four plant extracts were administered by intragastric gavage at 250 mg/kg to normal rats simultaneously with a 3 g/kg bolus of glucose. This resulted in a decrease in peak glycaemia by approximately 40% for two of them. Similarly, only 2 extracts reduced glucose transport after long term incubation and this could be related to reductions in the expression of SGLT-1 or GLUT-2 proteins. Conclusions These findings indicate that competitive inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake can be achieved by crude extracts of medicinal plants. Such extracts could be taken with meals to control postprandial glycaemia and reduce caloric intake in high risk populations that are positively inclined towards traditional medicine.

Nigella sativa ou cumin noir est une plante et un condiment populaires. Les graines de N. sativa sont très utilisées en médecine traditionnelle des pays nord africains pour le traitement du diabète. Cependant, les mécanismes d'actions cellulaires et moléculaires via lesquels cette plante exerce son effet euglycémiant restent encore mal compris. Le but de notre étude est d'examiner l’effet de N. sativa sur la sécrétion d’insuline, le transport de glucose et sur les voies de signalisation impliquées dans l’homéostasie et le métabolisme de glucose, en utilisant des essais biologiques sur des cultures cellulaires murines (cellules β pancréatiques βTC, myoblastes C2C12, hépatocytes H4IIE et adipocytes 3T3-L1) et des études in vivo chez le rat normoglycémique et le Meriones shawi (rongeur) diabétique. Chez les cellules β pancréatiques, N. sativa a augmenté leur prolifération ainsi que la sécrétion basale et gluco-stimulée de l’insuline. N. sativa a augmenté aussi la prise de glucose de 50% chez les cellules musculaires alors que chez les cellules graisseuses, la prise de glucose est augmentée jusqu’au 400%. Les expériences d’immunobuvardage de type western ont montré que N. sativa stimule les voies de signalisation de l’insuline (Akt et ERKs) et aussi celle insulino-indépendante (AMPK) chez les cellules C2C12. Par contre, chez les 3T3-L1, l’augmentation de transport de glucose est plutôt reliée à une activation de la voie de peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Chez les hépatocytes, N. sativa augmente la stimulation des protéines intracellulaires Akt et 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Cette activation de l’AMPK est associée à un effet découpleur de la plante au niveau de la phosphorylation oxydative mitochondriale. Par ailleurs, chez les Meriones shawi diabétiques, N. sativa diminue graduellement la glycémie à jeun ainsi que la réponse glycémique (AUC) à une charge orale en glucose (OGTT) pour atteindre des valeurs semblables aux animaux témoins après quatre semaines de traitement. Une amélioration du profile lipidique est observée autant chez les Meriones shawi diabétiques que chez les rats normaux. Au niveau moléculaire, N. sativa augmente le contenu musculaire en glucose transporter 4 Glut4 et la phosphorylation de l’acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase ACC dans le muscle soléaire et le foie chez les Mériones shawi diabétiques. Par contre, chez le rat normal, on assiste à une stimulation des voies de signalisation de l’insuline (Akt et ERK) au niveau hépatique. En conclusion, nous avons confirmé l’action insulinotropique de N. sativa au niveau des cellules β pancréatiques et mis en évidence un effet proliférateur pouvant potentiellement s’avérer utile pour contrecarrer la perte de masse cellulaire observée chez les diabétiques. Notre étude a également mis en évidence pour la première fois que N. sativa exerce son activité antidiabétique par une combinaison d’effets insulino-mimétiques et insulino-sensibilisateurs directs permettant ainsi d’augmenter le transport de glucose des tissus périphériques. Cette action de N. sativa est liée à une stimulation des voies de signalisation intracellulaires insulinodépendantes et -indépendantes (AMPK) chez le muscle squelettique et le foie alors qu’elle passe par la voie des PPARγ au niveau du tissu adipeux. Finalement, l’étude in vivo vient confirmer l’effet antidiabétique de N. sativa. Notre apport novateur se situe au niveau de la démonstration que l’activité antidiabétique de N. sativa chez le Meriones shawi diabétique est la résultante des mêmes activités que celles déterminées au niveau de l’étude in vitro. En effet, N. sativa active la voie de l’AMPK, améliore la sensibilité à l’insuline et augmente l’insulinémie. Notre étude montre aussi que N. sativa possède une activité antilipidémiante. Ces résultats confirment le bien-fondé de l'utilisation ethnopharmacologique de N. sativa comme traitement du diabète et des perturbations du métabolisme lipidique qui y sont associées. De plus, les actions pléiotropiques de N. sativa en font un traitement alternatif ou complémentaire du diabète très prometteur qui encouragent à présent la tenue d’études cliniques de bonne qualité., Nigella sativa or black cumin is a medicinal plant and a popular condiment. The seeds of N. sativa are widely used in the traditional medicine of North African countries for the treatment of diabetes. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action through which the plant exerts its hypoglycemic effect remain unclear. The aim of our study is to determine the effect of N. sativa on insulin secretion, glucose transport and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and metabolism. We carried out in vitro murine cell-based bioassays (βTC pancreatic β cells, C2C12 myoblasts, H4IIE hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes) and in vivo studies in normoglycemic rats and diabetic Meriones shawi (rodent). In pancreatic β cells, N. sativa increased cell proliferation as well as basal and glucose stimulated insulin secretion. It also enhanced glucose uptake in muscle cells by 50%. Moreover, the increase of glucose uptake in fat cells reached levels up to 400%. The experiments using Western immunoblot analysis showed that N. sativa stimulated insulin-dependent (Akt and ERK) as well as -independent (AMPK) pathways in C2C12 cells. In 3T3-L1 cells, the increase of glucose uptake was attributed to the activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway. Similarly to C2C12 cells, N. sativa activated Akt and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes. This activation of AMPK was associated with an uncoupling effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In diabetic Meriones, N. sativa gradually decreased fasting blood glucose and the glycemic response to an oral glucose load (OGTT) to values similar to normal animals at the end of treatment. Improved lipid profile is observed in both animal models. At the molecular level, N. sativa increased muscle glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) content and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation in soleus muscle and liver in diabetic Meriones shawi. In normal rats, the plant extract induced a stimulation of insulin signaling pathways (Akt and ERK) in the liver. In conclusion, N. sativa has an insulinotropic effect on pancreatic β cells. Our study has revealed for the first time that N. sativa exerts its antidiabetic activity by a combination of insulino-mimetic and insulin-sensitizing effects, thereby increasing glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. This effect of N. sativa is linked to the stimulation of insulin-dependent and -independent (AMPK) pathway in skeletal muscle and liver, while in adipose tissue, the effect was attributed to the activation of PPARγ. Finally, the in vivo study confirms the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of N. sativa. Our original contribution lies in the demonstration that the in vivo antidiabetic action of N. sativa is exerted though the same mechanisms identified by our in vitro studies. These data support the soundness of the ethnobotanical use of this plant for the treatment of diabetes and its associated dyslipidemia. Moreover, the pleiotropic actions of N. sativa make it a very promising alternative or complementary treatment for diabetes, which calls for immediate high quality clinical trials.

Several medicinal plants that stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells were identified from among species used by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee of northern Quebec to treat symptoms of diabetes. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of one of these products, the berries of Vaccinium vitis idaea, as well as to isolate and identify its active constituents using a classical bioassay-guided fractionation approach. Western immunoblot analysis in C2C12 muscle cells revealed that the ethanol extract of the berries stimulated the insulin-independent AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. The extract mildly inhibited ADP-stimulated oxygen consumption in isolated mitochondria, an effect consistent with metabolic stress and the ensuing stimulation of AMPK. This mechanism is highly analogous to that of Metformin. Fractionation guided by glucose uptake activity resulted in the isolation of ten compounds. The two most active, quercetin-3-O-glycosides, enhanced glucose uptake by 38-59% (50 muM; 18 h treatment) in the absence of insulin. Quercetin aglycone, a minor constituent, stimulated uptake by 37%. The quercetin glycosides and the aglycone stimulated the AMPK pathway at concentrations of 25-100 muM, but only the aglycone inhibited ATP synthase in isolated mitochondria (by 34 and 79% at 25 and 100 muM, respectively). This discrepancy suggests that the activity of the glycosides may require hydrolysis to the aglycone form. These findings indicate that quercetin and quercetin 3-O-glycosides are responsible for the antidiabetic activity of V. vitis crude berry extract mediated by AMPK. These common plant products may thus have potential applications for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and other metabolic diseases.

International audience; AIM: Biotransformation of blueberry juice by the Serratia vaccinii bacterium gave rise to adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and glucose uptake in muscle cells and adipocytes, but inhibited adipogenesis. This study investigated the antiobesity and antidiabetic potential of biotransformed blueberry juice (BJ) in KKA(y) mice, rodent model of leptin resistance. METHODS: BJ was incorporated in drinking water of KKA(y) mice. Parameters of body weight, food intake, plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured. Before and after therapy, animals were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test. At the end of treatment, liver, muscle, kidney, epididymal fat pad, abdominal fat pad, and dorsal fat pad were collected and weighed. RESULTS: Incorporating BJ in drinking water protected young KKA(y) mice from hyperphagia and significantly reduced their weight gain. Moreover, BJ protected young KKA(y) mice against the development of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. Chronic BJ administration in obese and diabetic KKA(y) mice reduced food intake and body weight. This effect could not fully explain the associated antidiabetic effect because BJ-treated mice still showed lower blood glucose level when compared with pair-fed controls. The adipokines pathway also seems to be involved because BJ significantly increased adiponectin levels in obese mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that BJ decreases hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, at least in part by reversing adiponectin levels. BJ also protects young pre-diabetic mice from developing obesity and diabetes. Thus, BJ may represent a novel complementary therapy and a source of novel therapeutic agents against diabetes mellitus.

Aim:Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is a plant widely used in traditional medicine of North African countries. During the last decade, several studies have shown that extracts from the seeds of N. sativa have antidiabetic effects. Methods: Our group has recently demonstrated that N. sativa seed ethanol extract (NSE) induces an important insulin-like stimulation of glucose uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes following an 18 h treatment. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the pathways mediating this insulin-like effect and the mechanisms through which these pathways are activated. Results: Results from western immunoblot experiments indicate that in C2C12 cells as well as in H4IIE hepatocytes, but not in 3T3-L1 cells, NSE increases activity of Akt, a key mediator of the effects of insulin, and activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master metabolic regulating enzyme. To test whether the activation of AMPK resulted from a disruption of mitochondrial function, the effects of NSE on oxygen consumption were assessed in isolated liver mitochondria. NSE was found to exhibit potent uncoupling activity. Conclusion: Finally, to provide an explanation for the effects of NSE in adipocytes, PPARγ stimulating activity was tested using a reporter gene assay. Results indicate that NSE behaves as an agonist of PPARγ. The data supports the ethnobotanical use of N. sativa seed oil as a treatment for diabetes, and suggests potential uses of this product, or compounds derived thereof, against obesity and the metabolic syndrome.

Type II diabetes is a major health problem worldwide. Some populations, such as aboriginal peoples, are particularly at risk for this disease. In the Cree Nation of Quebec, Canada, prevalence in adults is approaching 20%, and the consequences are compounded by low compliance with modern medicine. In 2003, we conducted an ethnobotanical study of Cree medicinal plants used for the treatment of symptoms of diabetes. This served as the basis for a project designed to identify efficacious complementary treatment options more readily accepted by this population. The present study assesses the in vitro anti-diabetic potential of extracts from the 8 most promising plants to emerge from the ethnobotanical study. Cell-based bioassays were employed to screen for (i) potentiation of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) and adipocytes (3T3-L1); (ii) potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and insulin production by pancreatic beta cells (INS 832/13); (iii) potentiation of triglyceride accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells; (iv) protection against glucose toxicity and glucose deprivation in pre-sympathetic neurons (PC12-AC). Additionally, anti-oxidant activity was measured biochemically by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction assay. All plant extracts potentiated basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake to some degree in muscle cells or adipocytes. Adipocyte differentiation was accelerated by 4 extracts. Five extracts conferred protection in PC12 cells. Three extracts displayed free radical scavenging activity similar to known anti-oxidants. None of the plant extracts enhanced GSIS or insulin content in INS 832/13 beta cells. It is concluded that the Cree pharmacopoeia contains several plants with significant anti-diabetic potential.

Incidence of type II diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide. In order to identify complementary or alternative approaches to existing medications, we studied anti-diabetic properties of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., a natural health product recommended for diabetes treatment in Canada. Ethanol extracts of root, stem, leaf, and fruit were tested at 12.5 microg/ml for anti-diabetic activity in peripheral tissues and pancreatic beta cells using a variety of cell-based bioassays. Specifically, we assessed: (1) deoxyglucose uptake in differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes; (2) glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in beta TC-tet pancreatic beta cells; (3) beta cell proliferation in beta TC-tet cells; (4) lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells; (5) protection against glucose toxicity in PC12 cells. Root, stem, and leaf extracts significantly enhanced glucose transport in C2C12 cells by 15-25% in presence and absence of insulin after 20 h of incubation; no enhancement resulted from a 1 h exposure. In 3T3 cells, only the root and stem extracts enhanced uptake, and this effect was greater after 1 h than after 20 h; uptake was increased by up to 75% in absence of insulin. GSIS was potentiated by a small amount in growth-arrested beta TC-tet cells incubated overnight with leaf or stem extract. However, fruit extracts were found to increase 3H-thymidine incorporation in replicating beta TC-tet cells by 2.8-fold. Lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was accelerated by root, stem, and leaf extracts by as much as 6.5-fold by the end of a 6-day period. Stem, leaf, and fruit extracts reduced apoptosis by 20-33% in PC12 cells exposed to elevated glucose for 96 h. These results demonstrate that V. angustifolium contains active principles with insulin-like and glitazone-like properties, while conferring protection against glucose toxicity. Enhancement of proliferation in beta cells may represent another potential anti-diabetic property. Extracts of the Canadian blueberry thus show promise for use as a complementary anti-diabetic therapy.