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Resumen: La yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) es una hierba ampliamente consumida que se originó en Paraguay, pero que crece en la región entre el sur de Brasil, el norte de Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay. Se informa que la planta posee múltiples propiedades medicinales que hacen que la yerba mate sea popular para el consumo en esta región. Actualmente también se considera un producto nutracéutico y un alimento funcional que es consumido en diferentes países del mundo. En medicina popular, se ha reportado científicamente que posee múltiples propiedades. Treinta y nueve marcas de muestras de yerba mate se analizaron mediante placas de dilución en serie y se incubaron a 25°C durante 5 días se determinó la incidencia fúngica. De las 39 muestras analizadas, el 15,4% estuvieron libres de la presencia de hongos y levaduras. El 84,6% restante presentó contaminación con incidencias variables de Aspergillus. Se observó la presencia de Aspergillus secciones nigri, flavi, circumdati, fumigati, wentii, usti, versicolor y Emericella nidulans, siendo la prevalente Aspergillus sección nigri, representando el 65,3%. Teniendo en cuenta los riesgos a la salud asociados con estos hongos, es importante considerar la formulación de regulaciones con respecto al tamaño de las partículas y la presencia de ocratoxinas y aflatoxinas en los productos comerciales de yerba mate. Abstract: Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a widely consumed herb which originated in Paraguay but grows widely in the region between Southern Brazil, Northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The plant is reported to possess multiple medicinal properties which makes yerba mate popular for consumption as tea in this region. It is also being considered as a nutraceutical product and a functional food consumed in different countries around the world. In popular medicine, and it has been scientifically reported to possess multiple properties. Thirty-nine brands of yerba mate samples were analyzed by serial dilution plates. and incubated at 25 ° C for 5 days. Based on their morphological characteristics, the fungal incidence and the number of colonies forming units were determined. Of the 39 samples analyzed, 15.4% were free from the presence of fungi and yeasts. The remaining 84.6% of the samples were contaminated with variable contents of the fungi Aspergillus. The presence of Aspergillus sections nigri, flavi, circumdati, fumigati, wentii, usti, versicolor and Emericella nidulans was observed the most prevalent among them was Aspergillus section nigri, representing 65.3%. Considering the health risks associated with these fungi, it is important to consider formulating regulations regarding the particle size and the presence of ochratoxins and aflatoxins in commercial yerba mate products.

The aim of prospective Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is to assess the ecological impacts of emerging or future technology developments and thus to identify (undesirable) impacts at an early stage in line with the precautionary principle. Various methods can be used to collect foreground Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data of such technologies that are used for prospective LCA, e.g. scenario techniques, learning curves or expert interviews. For prospective background LCI data futurized ecoinvent databases are available via premise.This contribution shows different approaches to prospective LCA using three technology examples of different TRL. Firstly, future developments of alternatively powered ferries (DBEV, FCEV, BEV) were surveyed by means of expert interviews and workshops. Secondly, learning curves and cumulative capacity curves were used to determine future technological developments for the rotor blades of offshore wind turbines from two manufacturers (Siemens Gamesa, Vestas). Furthermore, premise was applied to achieve a more realistic picture for future environmental impacts. Thirdly, to investigate potential environmental optimization potentials of a magnesium battery (Mg-S) based on expert judgement at very early TRL. Furthermore, the influence of different electric energy grid mix usage for production was analyzed. The technology developments were environmentally assessed by an LCA partly in comparison with conventional or rather status quo technologies, the results of which are presented in this contribution.

En Alemania, la energía eólica marina (EEM) desempeñará un papel importante en lograr la neutralidadclimática. Las tendencias de desarrollo futuras son ampliar los componentes y aprovechar al máximosus zonas marítimas. Sin embargo, el rendimiento medioambiental de la energía eólica marina dependede muchos factores, como la capacidad nominal del aerogenerador, el diámetro del rotor, la calidad delviento, etc. El análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) es una metodología que permite evaluar impactosambientales de procesos o servicios, entre ellos conocer el impacto ambiental de la construcción yoperación de turbinas de viento. El ACV tiene un enfoque estático, es decir, brinda una foto instantáneade los impactos ambientales en un tiempo y lugar determinado. Por ello, evaluar el impacto a futuro deturbinas eólicas marinas requiere considerar varios aspectos Este estudio realiza una evaluaciónprospectiva del ciclo de vida (ACV) de las turbinas de viento e identifica los parámetros relevantesrelacionados con la construcción y el funcionamiento de los aerogeneradores. Se recogen datos deinventario según las características futuras de los aerogeneradores (sistema de primer plano). Además,se utilizan bases de datos basadas en la versión futurista de (sistema de fondo). Los parámetros secombinan para describir el mejor y el peor rendimiento medioambiental de las turbinas. Así, seconsidera un escenario optimista, moderado y pesimista para cada año (2030, 2040, 2050). El ACVbasado en escenarios se realiza en el software de código abierto Activity Browser. Los resultadosmuestran que los impactos del cambio climático disminuyen con el tiempo, pasando de 7-17 g CO2-Eq/kWh en 2030 a 4-15 g CO2-Eq/kWh en 2050.

In Germany, offshore wind energy (OWE) will play a significant role in achieving climate neutrality. Future development trends are enlarged components and take maximum advantage of the German maritime zones. However, the environmental performance of OWE depends on many factors, such as wind turbine nominal capacity, rotor diameter, wind quality, etc. This study performs a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) of OWE and identifies relevant parameters related to the construction and operation of wind turbines. Inventory data is collected according to future characteristics of wind turbines (foreground system). In addition, databases based on futurized version of ecoinvent are used (background system). Parameters are combined to describe the best and worst OWE environmental performance. Thus, an optimistic, moderate and pessimistic scenario for each year (2030, 2040, 2050) are considered. The scenario based LCA is performed in the open-source software Activity Browser. The outcomes show that climate change impacts decline over time, on average ranging from 7-17 g CO2-Eq/kWh in 2030 to 4-15 g CO2-Eq/kWh in 2050.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a standard methodology to assess the environmental impacts of technologies. Many LCA studies prove that wind energy has a low impact on climate change and, thus, is often suggested for the decarbonization of the electricity sectors in different countries. In addition, the LCA studies provide indicators of the environmental performance during the construction, installation, and operation of wind turbines. Yet, these indicators might capture technology development of wind energy meagerly because of the LCAs static approach that depends on the database for background data and is often much older than foreground data. In the meantime, technology evolves and innovates. That is why the integration of LCA indicators into energy systems models is not straightforward. Energy system models provide scenarios that address different visions of the future. Therefore, the environmental aspects of energy systems should grasp technological development, if possible, from two perspectives. First, the life cycle inventory (LCI) should include changes in the foreground according to the future development of the most relevant parameters. Second, the LCI should consider technical and temporal adjustment of background processes, like the market share of resources and utilities. This study focuses on the inventory of wind offshore electricity generation and considers upscaling of wind turbine components. This work applies the scenario development method for wind offshore energy in Germany using the Superstructure approach in the LCA opensource software Activity-Browser, which employs future LCI provided by the Premise initiative. The study sets up scenarios adapted for Germany to reflect expected future trends for wind offshore. The aim is to obtain specific impact indicators and integrate them into an electric system model for assessing optimal operation strategies for future power plant fleets regarding economic, technical, and environmental aspects.

Electricity is an essential commodity for modern life, which is a driving force for social and economic development. However, electricity generation is not exempt from environmental impacts. In Germany, the energy sector still contributes 30 % to the national greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 (UBA 2021). Even though, the threat of global warming has prompted energy transition policies to ensure a secure, affordable and environmentally compatible electricity supply (BWMi 2019).The path to the energy transition is not unique. Energy system models (ESM) provide scenarios to assess alternatives. Yet, ESM focus on a techno-economic perspective and direct emissions. Therefore, frameworks that couple Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and ESM have increased interest. Moreover, planetary boundaries (PB) in combination with LCA promise to assess sustainability. The PB concept incorporates an external reference to compare environmental alternatives, and external references are quantitative boundaries that describe the ecological limits of earth system processes. They define a desirable state in which Earth´s system must operate to sustain human development (Rockström, Steffen et al. 2009). This study assesses the sustainability of future electricity mixes based on the PB framework. The study presents Stella, an electricity model for European countries based on Calliope (Jesse, Morgenthaler et al. 2020). This multi-scale energy system modelling framework is python-based and open-source. Preliminary results suggest that wind power as the best compromise in terms of cost and environmental impacts. Fossil fuel technologies add to climate change and contribute considerably to toxic related categories and water eutrophication. From the perspective of PB, biomass is a high contributor to the biochemical flow of nitrogen. Initial results suggest paying attention to technologies that might interfere with the nitrogen cycle.

Se consideran recién nacidos de riesgo (RNR) los que fueron internados en el periodo neonatal en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN) y tienen alto riesgo de secuelas. Están incluidos en los RNR los muy bajo peso al nacer (PN < 1500 grs). Nacen en Santa Fe 54000 niños por año, 648 son < 1500 grs y contribuyen a más del 50% de la mortalidad infantil. Muchos se irán de alta de la UCIN con patologías sin resolver. Objetivo: Estudiar el proceso de atención ambulatoria del RNR egresado del Hospital Provincial de Rosario (HPR), desde la perspectiva de los equipos de salud intervinientes en su atención y de sus familias. Analizar dicho proceso en los 3 niveles de salud y el funcionamiento de las Redes Sanitarias. Metodología: Se hará un estudio de casos utilizando Historias Clínicas de la UCIN, Servicio de Pediatría y Consultorio de Seguimiento de Neonatología del HPR. Se entrevistará a sus familiares, miembros del equipo de salud de los 3 niveles y actores relevantes a nivel institucional y político. Del total de 15 RN con PN < 1500 grs nacidos entre el 1/6 y 31/12 del 2011externados de la UCIN, 4 fueron excluidos: 3 nunca concurrieron al seguimiento en el HPR desconociéndose domicilio y un cuarto falleció. Se realizaron 43 entrevistas semidirigidas desde el 1/9/2012 al 1/3/2013 a los padres de los 11 RNR y al equipo de salud, incluyéndose al Director del HPR y a la Directora de Maternidad e Infancia de la Provincia. Resultados: La mayoría de las familias tiene una compleja situación socioeconómica que complica la morbimortalidad del RNR externado. Están conformes con la atención en los 3 niveles de salud, con la cobertura de medicamentos, refieren dificultades para turnos con especialistas, exámenes complementarios y transporte. El equipo de salud considera deficitarias las Redes Sanitarias y opina que la atención del RNR debería optimizarse, algunos sugieren un Programa Provincial de Seguimiento, otros el Hospital de Día y las autoridades provinciales proponen centralizar el seguimiento en Hospitales Pediátricos que cuenten con todos los especialistas en coordinación con el pediatra de cabecera del niño. Conclusión: La necesidad de transformación es tangible. La elección del modelo de seguimiento para nuestra población de RNR debería realizarse considerando las virtudes, carencias y ponencias de las familias y el equipo de salud involucrado, con el apoyo político y económico del Estado Provincial. Fil: Angaroni, Rosalia. Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina