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Statistical results for data shown in Fig. 2 and Table 1. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure; otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 25 kb)

Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix for SPS study variables. **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). (DOCX 17 kb)

Susceptibility and resilience are a function of the measure considered. Even within males, different measures of traumatic stress indicate different degrees of vulnerabilities to traumatic stress within a given individual. Note that for one SPS-exposed male (red triangle), the acoustic startle response (ASR) is markedly elevated indicating a severe effect of SPS on this male. However, based on the dexamethasone (DEX) suppression test (DST), this same male is minimally affected by SPS. Moreover, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) indicates that SPS had a moderate effect on this same male. Other individual males exposed to SPS also show marked variability across these three measures, underscoring the idea that like many psychological phenomena, accurate diagnosis of PTSD requires a composite view of numerous diagnostic measures. Values for all individuals are indicated by the colored circles, with the mean (black larger circle) and standard deviation (black error bars) of these values. (DOCX 112 kb)

Effects of SPS on social interaction for females depend on housing condition. (a) SPS had no effect on the ASR in females, regardless of housing condition (single vs. paired) or when tested under bright lights. (b) Likewise, the DST was unaffected by SPS in females. Note however that while pair-housing increased the sensitivity to DEX, it did so for both SPS and control females. Thus, this effect is due to housing and not SPS. (c) SPS affected social interaction (based on latency to approach a novel female) but the direction of effect depended on the housing condition. SPS decreased the latency to approach when females were single-housed but increased the latency to approach when females were pair-housed. (d) SPS did not affect sucrose preference in females, regardless of housing condition, suggesting that the trauma response in females may not be a depressive-like phenotype. [Note however the observed effects on this measure only in females in the next study (Fig. 2).] (e) Neither SPS nor housing affected female body weight. These data, which replicate the null effect of SPS on ASR and DEX suppression, are consistent with the idea that the effects of traumatic stress for females are distinctly different from those of males and may share some traits of depression. Data are presented as mean ±SEM. Significance set at P

Statistical results for data shown in Fig. 3, Table 2, and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure, otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 40 kb).

Statistical results for data shown in Fig. 3, Table 2, and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure, otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 40 kb).

Statistical results for data shown in Fig. 2, Table 1, and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure, otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 27 kb).

Statistical results for data shown in Fig. 2, Table 1, and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure, otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 27 kb).

Social interaction measures of latency to approach the empty interaction zone and total time spent in social interaction zone. (a) Neither housing nor SPS affected the latency of females to approach the empty rat enclosure, indicating that the effect of SPS is on social interaction per se and not on general activity or exploration of the chamber. (b) Female rats in all groups showed a significant increase in total time spent in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present, regardless of traumatic stress exposure or housing. (c) Sham-operated (intact) control females approached the empty interaction zone more quickly than males, and this effect was independent of SPS. (d) All sham-operated rats spent more time in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present regardless of traumatic stress exposure or sex. (e) SPS had no effect on latency to enter the empty interaction zone, regardless of gonadal status, but gonadectomy (GDX) reduced this latency measure independent of SPS, an effect reversed by T replacement, suggesting that T normally affects overall activity levels in males. (f) All male rats spent more time in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present regardless of traumatic stress exposure or hormone status. (g) Only the combination of SPS and T treatment significantly increased the latency to enter the empty interaction zone in females. (f) All female rats spent more time in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present, regardless of traumatic stress exposure or hormone status. Data presented as mean±SEM. Significance set at P

Statistical results for data shown in Fig. 4, Table 3, and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure. otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 30 kb).

Statistical results for data shown in Additional file 1 and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure, otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 27 kb).

Social interaction measures of latency to approach the empty interaction zone and total time spent in social interaction zone. (a) Neither housing nor SPS affected the latency of females to approach the empty rat enclosure, indicating that the effect of SPS is on social interaction per se and not on general activity or exploration of the chamber. (b) Female rats in all groups showed a significant increase in total time spent in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present, regardless of traumatic stress exposure or housing. (c) Sham-operated (intact) control females approached the empty interaction zone more quickly than males, and this effect was independent of SPS. (d) All sham-operated rats spent more time in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present regardless of traumatic stress exposure or sex. (e) SPS had no effect on latency to enter the empty interaction zone, regardless of gonadal status, but gonadectomy (GDX) reduced this latency measure independent of SPS, an effect reversed by T replacement, suggesting that T normally affects overall activity levels in males. (f) All male rats spent more time in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present regardless of traumatic stress exposure or hormone status. (g) Only the combination of SPS and T treatment significantly increased the latency to enter the empty interaction zone in females. (f) All female rats spent more time in the interaction zone when a novel rat was present, regardless of traumatic stress exposure or hormone status. Data presented as mean±SEM. Significance set at P

Statistical results for data shown in Additional file 1 and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure, otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 27 kb).

Statistical results for data shown in Fig. 4, Table 3, and Additional file 6. All pairwise comparisons use Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RM denotes repeated measure. otherwise assume between group measures. Only statistically significant pairwise comparisons are shown. (DOCX 30 kb).