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64 results on '"Benjamin Grévin"'

1. Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

Author: Benjamin Grévin, Fatima Husainy, Dmitry Aldakov, and Cyril Aumaître
Subjects: heterodyne, intermodulation, kpfm, nc-afm, surface photovoltage, time-resolved measurements, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: We present a new open-loop implementation of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) that provides access to the Fourier spectrum of the time-periodic surface electrostatic potential generated under optical (or electrical) pumping with an atomic force microscope. The modulus and phase coefficients are probed by exploiting a double heterodyne frequency mixing effect between the mechanical oscillation of the cantilever, modulated components of the time-periodic electrostatic potential at harmonic frequencies of the pump, and an ac bias modulation signal. Each harmonic can be selectively transferred to the second cantilever eigenmode. We show how phase coherent sideband generation and signal demodulation at the second eigenmode can be achieved by using two numerical lock-in amplifiers configured in cascade. Dual-heterodyne KPFM (DHe-KPFM) can be used to map any harmonic (amplitude/phase) of the time-periodic surface potential at a standard scanning speed. The Fourier spectrum (series of harmonics) can also be recorded in spectroscopic mode (DHe-KPFM spectroscopy), and 2D dynamic images can be acquired in data cube mode. The capabilities of DHe-KPFM in terms of time-resolved measurements, surface photovoltage (SPV) imaging, and detection of weak SPV signals are demonstrated through a series of experiments on difference surfaces: a reference substrate, a bulk organic photovoltaic heterojunction thin film, and an optoelectronic interface obtained by depositing caesium lead bromide perovskite nanosheets on a graphite surface. The conclusion provides perspectives for future improvements and applications.
Published: 2023
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2. Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

Author: Benjamin Grévin, Olivier Bardagot, and Renaud Demadrille
Subjects: bulk heterojunctions, kelvin probe force microscopy (kpfm), organic photovoltaics, photocarrier dynamics, pump–probe configuration, time-resolved measurements, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: An implementation of pump–probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) is reported that enables recording the time-resolved surface potential in single-point mode or over a 2D grid. The spectroscopic data are acquired in open z-loop configuration, which simplifies the pp-KPFM operation. The validity of the implementation is probed by measurements using electrical pumping. The dynamical photoresponse of a bulk heterojunction solar cell based on PTB7 and PC71BM is subsequently investigated by recording point-spectroscopy curves as a function of the optical power at the cathode and by mapping 2D time-resolved images of the surface photovoltage of the bare organic active layer.
Published: 2020
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3. The valley Nernst effect in WSe2

Author: Minh Tuan Dau, Céline Vergnaud, Alain Marty, Cyrille Beigné, Serge Gambarelli, Vincent Maurel, Timotée Journot, Bérangère Hyot, Thomas Guillet, Benjamin Grévin, Hanako Okuno, and Matthieu Jamet
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides possess a valley degree of freedom, which could enrich the physics underpinning the conventional Nernst effect observed in traditional solids. Here, the authors report experimental evidence of the valley Nernst effect in WSe2 at room temperature.
Published: 2019
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4. A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO2/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

Author: Laurie Letertre, Roland Roche, Olivier Douhéret, Hailu G. Kassa, Denis Mariolle, Nicolas Chevalier, Łukasz Borowik, Philippe Dumas, Benjamin Grévin, Roberto Lazzaroni, and Philippe Leclère
Subjects: hybrid heterojunctions, hybrid photovoltaic, Kelvin probe force microscopy, photoconductive-AFM, photo-KPFM, poly(3-hexylthiophene), TiO2, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: The nanoscale morphology of photoactive hybrid heterojunctions plays a key role in the performances of hybrid solar cells. In this work, the heterojunctions consist of a nanocolumnar TiO2 surface covalently grafted with a monolayer of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) functionalized with carboxylic groups (–COOH). Through a joint analysis of the photovoltaic properties at the nanoscale by photoconductive-AFM (PC-AFM) and surface photovoltage imaging, we investigated the physical mechanisms taking place locally during the photovoltaic process and the correlation to the nanoscale morphology. A down-shift of the vacuum level of the TiO2 surface upon grafting was measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), evidencing the formation of a dipole at the TiO2/P3HT-COOH interface. Upon in situ illumination, a positive photovoltage was observed as a result of the accumulation of photogenerated holes in the P3HT layer. A positive photocurrent was recorded in PC-AFM measurements, whose spatial mapping was interpreted consistently with the corresponding KPFM analysis, offering a correlated analysis of interest from both a theoretical and material design perspective.
Published: 2018
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5. Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

Author: Yann Almadori, David Moerman, Jaume Llacer Martinez, Philippe Leclère, and Benjamin Grévin
Subjects: carrier lifetime, ion migration, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, photostriction, single crystals, surface photovoltage (SPV), time-resolved surface photovoltage, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: In this work, methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals are studied by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We demonstrate that the surface photovoltage and crystal photostriction can be simultaneously investigated by implementing a specific protocol based on the acquisition of the tip height and surface potential during illumination sequences. The obtained data confirm the existence of lattice expansion under illumination in MAPbBr3 and that negative photocarriers accumulate near the crystal surface due to band bending effects. Time-dependent changes of the surface potential occurring under illumination on the scale of a few seconds reveal the existence of slow ion-migration mechanisms. Lastly, photopotential decay at the sub-millisecond time scale related to the photocarrier lifetime is quantified by performing KPFM measurements under frequency-modulated illumination. Our multimodal approach provides a unique way to investigate the interplay between the charges and ionic species, the photocarrier-lattice coupling and the photocarrier dynamics in hybrid perovskites.
Published: 2018
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6. Numerical analysis of single-point spectroscopy curves used in photo-carrier dynamics measurements by Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation

Author: Pablo A. Fernández Garrillo, Benjamin Grévin, and Łukasz Borowik
Subjects: carrier dynamics, carrier lifetime, carrier recombination, Kelvin probe force microscopy, nanostructured photovoltaics, numerical simulations, photo-carrier dynamics, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: In recent years, the investigation of the complex interplay between the nanostructure and photo-transport mechanisms has become of crucial importance for the development of many emerging photovoltaic technologies. In this context, Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation has emerged as a useful technique for probing photo-carrier dynamics and gaining access to carrier lifetime at the nanoscale in a wide range of photovoltaic materials. However, some aspects about the data interpretation of techniques based on this approach are still the subject of debate, for example, the plausible presence of capacitance artifacts. Special attention shall also be given to the mathematical model used in the data-fitting process as it constitutes a determining aspect in the calculation of time constants. Here, we propose and demonstrate an automatic numerical simulation routine that enables to predict the behavior of spectroscopy curves of the average surface photovoltage as a function of a frequency-modulated excitation source in photovoltaic materials, enabling to compare simulations and experimental results. We describe the general aspects of this simulation routine and we compare it against experimental results previously obtained using single-point Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation over a silicon nanocrystal solar cell, as well as against results obtained by intensity-modulated scanning Kelvin probe microscopy over a polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction device. Moreover, we show how this simulation routine can complement experimental results as additional information about the photo-carrier dynamics of the sample can be gained via the numerical analysis.
Published: 2018
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7. Scanning probe microscopy for energy-related materials

Author: Rüdiger Berger, Benjamin Grévin, Philippe Leclère, and Yi Zhang
Subjects: energy conversion and storage, in-operando, Scanning Probe Microscopy, Scanning Force Microscopy, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Published: 2019
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8. High-resolution noncontact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of self-assembled photovoltaic donor–acceptor dyads

Author: Benjamin Grévin, Pierre-Olivier Schwartz, Laure Biniek, Martin Brinkmann, Nicolas Leclerc, Elena Zaborova, and Stéphane Méry
Subjects: donor–acceptor co-oligomers, donor–acceptor lamellae, donor–acceptor-ordered bulk heterojunction, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), organic photovoltaics, surface photo-voltage (SPV), Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Self-assembled donor–acceptor dyads are used as model nanostructured heterojunctions for local investigations by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). With the aim to probe the photo-induced charge carrier generation, thin films deposited on transparent indium tin oxide substrates are investigated in dark conditions and upon illumination. The topographic and contact potential difference (CPD) images taken under dark conditions are analysed in view of the results of complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments. After in situ annealing, it is shown that the dyads with longer donor blocks essentially lead to standing acceptor–donor lamellae, where the acceptor and donor groups are π-stacked in an edge-on configuration. The existence of strong CPD and surface photo-voltage (SPV) contrasts shows that structural variations occur within the bulk of the edge-on stacks. SPV images with a very high lateral resolution are achieved, which allows for the resolution of local photo-charging contrasts at the scale of single edge-on lamella. This work paves the way for local investigations of the optoelectronic properties of donor–acceptor supramolecular architectures down to the elementary building block level.
Published: 2016
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9. Star-shape non-fullerene acceptor featuring an aza-triangulene core for organic solar cells

Author: Yann Kervella, José Maria Andrés Castán, Yatzil Alejandra Avalos-Quiroz, Anass Khodr, Quentin Eynaud, Tomoyuki Koganezawa, Noriyuki Yoshimoto, Olivier Margeat, Agnès Rivaton, Antonio J. Riquelme, Valid Mwatati Mwalukuku, Jacques Pécaut, Benjamin Grévin, Christine Videlot-Ackermann, Jörg Ackermann, Renaud Demadrille, Cyril Aumaître, SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute [Hyogo] (JASRI), Iwate University, Faculty of Engineering, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne (INP Clermont Auvergne), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), ANR-17-CE05-0020,NFA-15,Cellules solaires organiques à base d'accepteur non fullerène avec un rendement de 15% et une durée de vie de 10 ans(2017), ANR-18-CE04-0007,BELUGA,Laboratoire sur disque pour la surveillance in situ de la qualité des eaux de surface par biocapteurs à algues et capteurs physico-chimiques(2018), and European Project: 832606,PISCO
Subjects: NFA, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, thin film caracterizations, Materials Chemistry, Organic chemistry, OPV, General Chemistry
Abstract: International audience; We present the simple synthesis of a star-shape non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) for application in organic solar cells. This NFA possesses a D(A)3 structure in which the electron-donating core is an aza-triangulene unit and we report the first crystal structure for a star shape NFA based on this motive. We fully characterized this molecule’s optoelectronic properties in solution and thin films, investigating its photovoltaic properties when blended with PTB7-Th as the electron donor component. We demonstratethat the aza-triangulene core leads to a strong absorption in the visible range with an absorption edge going from 700 nm in solution to above 850 nm in the solid state. The transport properties of the pristine molecule were investigated in field effect transistors (OFETs) and in blends with PTB7-Th following a Space-Charge-Limited Current (SCLC) protocol. We found that the mobility of electrons measured in films deposited from o-xylene and chlorobenzene are quite similar (up to 2.70 x 10$^{-4}$ cm$^2$ V$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$) and that the values are not significantly modified by thermal annealing. The new NFA combined with PTB7-Th in the active layer of inverted solar cells leads to a power conversion efficiency of around 6.3% (active area 0.16 cm$^2$) when processed from non-chlorinated solvents without thermal annealing. Thanks to impedance spectroscopy measurements performed on the solar cells, we show that the charge collection efficiency of the devices is limited by the transport properties rather than by recombination kinetics. Finally, we investigated the stability of this new NFA in various conditions and show that the star-shape molecule is more resistant against photolysis in the presence and absence of oxygen than ITIC.
Published: 2023
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10. A simple KPFM-based approach for electrostatic-free topographic measurements: the case of MoS$_2$ on SiO$_2$

Author: Aloïs Arrighi, Nathan Ullberg, Vincent Derycke, and Benjamin Grévin
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Mechanics of Materials, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, General Materials Science, Bioengineering, General Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract: A simple implementation of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is reported that enables recording topographic images in the absence of any component of the electrostatic force (including the static term). Our approach is based on a close loop z-spectroscopy operated in data cube mode. Curves of the tip-sample distance as a function of time are recorded onto a 2D grid. A dedicated circuit holds the KPFM compensation bias and subsequently cut off the modulation voltage during well-defined time-windows within the spectroscopic acquisition. Topographic images are recalculated from the matrix of spectroscopic curves. This approach is applied to the case of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) monolayers grown by chemical vapour deposition on silicon oxide substrates. In addition, we check to what extent a proper stacking height estimation can also be performed by recording series of images for decreasing values of the bias modulation amplitude. The outputs of both approaches are shown to be fully consistent. The results exemplify how in the operating conditions of non-contact AFM under ultra-high vacuum (nc-AFM), the stacking height values can dramatically be overestimated due to variations in the tip-surface capacitive gradient, even though the KPFM controller nullifies the potential difference. We show that the number of atomic layers of a TMD can be safely assessed, only if the KPFM measurement is performed with a modulated bias amplitude reduced at its strict minimum or, even better, without any modulated bias. Last, the spectroscopic data reveal that certain kind of defects can have a counterintuitive impact on the electrostatic landscape, resulting in an apparent decrease of the measured stacking height by conventional nc-AFM/KPFM compared to other sample areas. Hence, electrostatic free z-imaging proves to be a promising tool to assess the existence of defects in atomically thin TMD layers grown on oxides.
Published: 2022
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11. Hidden surface photovoltages revealed by pump probe KPFM

Author: Valentin Aubriet, Kristell Courouble, Olivier Bardagot, Renaud Demadrille, Łukasz Borowik, Benjamin Grévin, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000, Grenoble, France, SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and GREVIN, Benjamin
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Mechanics of Materials, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, General Materials Science, Bioengineering, General Chemistry, Physics - Applied Physics, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], [PHYS.COND] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]
Abstract: In this work, we use pump-probe Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (pp-KPFM) to investigate light-induced surface potential dynamics in alumina-passivated crystalline silicon, and in an organic bulk heterojunction thin film based on the PTB7-PC71BM tandem. In both cases, we demonstrate that it is possible to identify and separate the contributions of two different kinds of photo-induced charge distributions that give rise to potential shifts with opposite polarities, each characterized by different dynamics. The data acquired on the passivated crystalline silicon are shown to be fully consistent with the band-bending at the silicon-oxide interface, and with electron trapping processes in acceptors states and in the passivation layer. The full sequence of events that follow the electron-hole generation can be observed on the pp-KPFM curves. Two dimensional dynamical maps of the organic blend photo-response are obtained by recording the pump-probe KPFM curves in data cube mode, and by implementing a specific batch processing protocol. Sample areas displaying an extra positive SPV component characterized by decay time-constants of a few tens of microseconds are thus revealed, and are tentatively attributed to specific interfaces formed between a polymer-enriched skin layer and recessed acceptor aggregates. Decay time constant images of the negative SPV component confirm that the acceptor clusters act as electron-trapping centres. Whatever the photovoltaic technology, our results exemplify how some of the SPV components may remain completely hidden to conventional SPV imaging by KPFM, with possible consequences in terms of photo-response misinterpretation. This work furthermore highlight the need of implementing time-resolved techniques that can provide a quantitative measurement of the time-resolved potential., Comment: 32 pages, 9 figures, supporting information (5 SI figures), submitted for publication
Published: 2021

12. Charge transfers and charged defects in WSe 2 /graphene-SiC interfaces

Author: Benjamin Grévin, Y. Almadori, Pascal Pochet, C. Vergnaud, Bérangère Hyot, C Paillet, Timotée Journot, M.-T. Dau, Yannick J. Dappe, Matthieu Jamet, Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Département Interfaces pour l'énergie, la Santé et l'Environnement (DIESE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Modélisation et Exploration des Matériaux (MEM), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP ), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)
Subjects: Materials science, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Kelvin probe force microscopy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, charge defect, chemistry.chemical_compound, non-contact atomic force microscopy, law, Monolayer, Tungsten diselenide, General Materials Science, Schottky-Mott model, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kelvin probe force microscope, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Graphene, Mechanical Engineering, graphene, charge transfer, General Chemistry, transition metal dichalcogenide, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrostatics, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Chemical physics, Density functional theory, van der Waals heterostructures, 0210 nano-technology, Bilayer graphene, Non-contact atomic force microscopy
Abstract: International audience; We report on Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigations of charge transfers in vertical heterojunctions between tungsten diselenide (WSe2) layers and graphene on silicon carbide substrates. The experimental data reveal the existence of an interface dipole, which is shown by DFT to originate from the neutralization of the graphene n-doping by an electron transfer towards the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layer. The relative vacuum level shift probed by KPFM between the TMD and the substrate stays constant when passing from monolayer to bilayer graphene, which confirms that the Schottky-Mott model can be rigorously applied to these interfaces by taking into account the charge transfer from the substrate to the TMD. DFT calculations show that the first TMD layer absorbs almost all the excess charges contained in the graphene, and that the second TMD layer shall not play a significant role in the electrostatics of the system. Negatively charged defect at the TMD edges contribute however to the electrostatic landscape probed by KPFM on both TMD layers.
Published: 2020
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13. Impact of Morphology on Charge Carrier Transport and Thermoelectric Properties of N‐Type FBDOPV‐Based Polymers

Author: Alexandre Carella, Renaud Demadrille, Tamara Nunes Domschke, Wojciech Pisula, Serge Gambarelli, Martina Sandroni, Paweł Kubik, Benjamin Grévin, Pawel Veyre, Stéphanie Pouget, Tomasz Marszalek, Asma Aicha Medjahed, Olivier Bardagot, Universität Bern [Bern], Łódź University of Technology, Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP ), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Département Interfaces pour l'énergie, la Santé et l'Environnement (DIESE), Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, Service Général des Rayons X (SGX ), Modélisation et Exploration des Matériaux (MEM), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département des Technologies des NanoMatériaux (DTNM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Conception d’Architectures Moléculaires et Processus Electroniques (CAMPE ), ANR-16-CE05-0029,Harvesters,Récuperer l'energie thermique de l'environnement à l'aide d'un générateur thermoélectrique polymère pour alimenter un capteur autonome(2016), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Morphology (linguistics), Materials science, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Biomaterials, Organic semiconductor, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Thermoelectric effect, Electrochemistry, [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Charge carrier, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; The impact of the chemical structure and molecular order on the charge transport properties of two donor–acceptor copolymers in their neutral anddoped states is investigated. Both polymers comprise 3,7-bis((E)-7-fluoro-1-(2-octyl-dodecyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-2,6-dione (FBDOPV) as electron-accepting unit, copolymerized with 9,9-dioctyl-fluorene (P(FBDOPV-F)) or with 3-dodecyl-2,2′-bithiophene(P(FBDOPV-2T-C12)). These copolymers possess an amorphous and semicrystalline nature, respectively, and exhibit remarkable electron mobilities of 0.065 and 0.25 cm2 V–1 s–1 in field effect transistors. However, after chemical n-doping with 4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl) dimethylamine (N-DMBI), electrical conductivities four orders of magnitude higher can be achieved for P(FBDOPV-2T-C12) (σ = 0.042 S cm−1). More charge-transfer complexes are formed between P(FBDOPV-F) and N-DMBI, but the highly localized polaronic states poorly contribute to the charge transport. Doped P(FBDOPV-2T-C12) exhibits a negative Seebeck coefficient of –265 μV K−1 and a thermoelectric power factor (PF) of 0.30 μW m−1 K−2 at 303 K which increases to 0.72 μW m−1 K−2 at 388 K. The in-plane thermal conductivity (κ|| = 0.53 W m−1 K−1) on the same micrometer-thick solution-processed film is measured, resulting in a figure of merit (ZT) of 5.0 × 10−4 at 388 K. The results provide important design guidelines to improve the doping efficiency and thermoelectric properties of n-type organic semiconductors.
Published: 2020
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14. New approach for the molecular beam epitaxy growth of scalable WSe2 monolayers

Author: Christophe Licitra, C. Vergnaud, M.-T. Dau, Benjamin Grévin, Hanako Okuno, Matthieu Jamet, Alain Marty, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP ), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Département Interfaces pour l'énergie, la Santé et l'Environnement (DIESE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Modélisation et Exploration des Matériaux (MEM), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), ANR-18-CE24-0007,MAGICVALLEY,Polarisation de vallée induite par couplage d'échange magnétique dans les matériaux 2D à grande échelle(2018), and ANR-10-LABX-0051,LANEF,Laboratory of Alliances on Nanosciences - Energy for the Future(2010)
Subjects: Diffraction, Materials science, Photoluminescence, Misorientation, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, molecular beam epitaxy, Monolayer, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, Mechanical Engineering, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 2D materials, 0104 chemical sciences, x-ray diffraction, Mechanics of Materials, Transmission electron microscopy, Chemical physics, symbols, Mica, van der Waals force, 0210 nano-technology, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract: The search for high-quality transition metal dichalcogenides mono- and multi-layers grown on large areas is still a very active field of investigation. Here, we use molecular beam epitaxy to grow WSe2 on 15 × 15 mm large mica in the van der Waals regime. By screening one-step growth conditions, we find that very high temperature (>900 °C) and very low deposition rate (
Published: 2020
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15. New approach for the molecular beam epitaxy growth of scalable WSe

Author: Céline, Vergnaud, Minh-Tuan, Dau, Benjamin, Grévin, Christophe, Licitra, Alain, Marty, Hanako, Okuno, and Matthieu, Jamet
Abstract: The search for high-quality transition metal dichalcogenides mono- and multi-layers grown on large areas is still a very active field of investigation. Here, we use molecular beam epitaxy to grow WSe
Published: 2020

16. Numerical analysis of single-point spectroscopy curves used in photo-carrier dynamics measurements by Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation

Author: Łukasz Borowik, Benjamin Grévin, Pablo A. Fernández Garrillo, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)
Subjects: photo-carrier dynamics, Materials science, Surface photovoltage, General Physics and Astronomy, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Chemical technology, Kelvin probe force microscopy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, Polymer solar cell, Full Research Paper, numerical simulations, 0103 physical sciences, Microscopy, Nanotechnology, General Materials Science, lcsh:TP1-1185, carrier dynamics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, Kelvin probe force microscope, Computer simulation, carrier lifetime, business.industry, lcsh:T, Carrier lifetime, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, lcsh:QC1-999, nanostructured photovoltaics, carrier recombination, Nanoscience, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, business, Excitation, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: In recent years, the investigation of the complex interplay between the nanostructure and photo-transport mechanisms has become of crucial importance for the development of many emerging photovoltaic technologies. In this context, Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation has emerged as a useful technique for probing photo-carrier dynamics and gaining access to carrier lifetime at the nanoscale in a wide range of photovoltaic materials. However, some aspects about the data interpretation of techniques based on this approach are still the subject of debate, for example, the plausible presence of capacitance artifacts. Special attention shall also be given to the mathematical model used in the data-fitting process as it constitutes a determining aspect in the calculation of time constants. Here, we propose and demonstrate an automatic numerical simulation routine that enables to predict the behavior of spectroscopy curves of the average surface photovoltage as a function of a frequency-modulated excitation source in photovoltaic materials, enabling to compare simulations and experimental results. We describe the general aspects of this simulation routine and we compare it against experimental results previously obtained using single-point Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation over a silicon nanocrystal solar cell, as well as against results obtained by intensity-modulated scanning Kelvin probe microscopy over a polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction device. Moreover, we show how this simulation routine can complement experimental results as additional information about the photo-carrier dynamics of the sample can be gained via the numerical analysis.
Published: 2018
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17. Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

Author: Olivier Bardagot, Renaud Demadrille, Benjamin Grévin, Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP ), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Département Interfaces pour l'énergie, la Santé et l'Environnement (DIESE), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: pump–probe configuration, Materials science, Organic solar cell, pump-probe configuration, Surface photovoltage, time-resolved measurements, time-resolved measurements 2, General Physics and Astronomy, Optical power, 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Chemical technology, 010402 general chemistry, lcsh:Technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), Full Research Paper, Polymer solar cell, law.invention, law, Solar cell, Nanotechnology, lcsh:TP1-1185, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, lcsh:Science, Kelvin probe force microscope, bulk heterojunctions, [PHYS]Physics [physics], lcsh:T, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, lcsh:QC1-999, Cathode, 0104 chemical sciences, Active layer, Nanoscience, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Q, organic photovoltaics, 0210 nano-technology, business, lcsh:Physics, photocarrier dynamics
Abstract: An implementation of pump–probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) is reported that enables recording the time-resolved surface potential in single-point mode or over a 2D grid. The spectroscopic data are acquired in open z-loop configuration, which simplifies the pp-KPFM operation. The validity of the implementation is probed by measurements using electrical pumping. The dynamical photoresponse of a bulk heterojunction solar cell based on PTB7 and PC71BM is subsequently investigated by recording point-spectroscopy curves as a function of the optical power at the cathode and by mapping 2D time-resolved images of the surface photovoltage of the bare organic active layer.
Published: 2020
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18. Van der Waals solid phase epitaxy to grow large-area manganese-doped MoSe$_2$ few-layers on SiO$_2$/Si

Author: Céline Vergnaud, Maxime Gay, Carlos Alvarez, Minh-Tuan Dau, François Pierre, Denis Jalabert, Christophe Licitra, Alain Marty, Cyrille Beigné, Benjamin Grévin, Olivier Renault, Hanako Okuno, Matthieu Jamet, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Modélisation et Exploration des Matériaux (MEM), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire d'Etude des Matériaux par Microscopie Avancée (LEMMA ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), CEA-project 2D FACTORY, Agence Nationale de la Recherche within the ANR MoS2ValleyControl project [ANR-14-CE26-0017], CEA-project 2D FACTORY, Agence Nationale de la Recherche within the ANR MAGICVALLEY project, French state funds LANEF [ANR-10-LABX-51-01], 'Recherches Technologiques de Base' Program of the French Ministry of Research, CEA-Enhanced Eurotalents program, ANR-14-CE26-0017,MoS2ValleyControl,Propriétés optiques et de transport dans des mono-couches de MoS2 et discpositifs associés(2014), ANR-18-CE24-0007,MAGICVALLEY,Polarisation de vallée induite par couplage d'échange magnétique dans les matériaux 2D à grande échelle(2018), ANR-10-LABX-0051,LANEF,Laboratory of Alliances on Nanosciences - Energy for the Future(2010), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)
Subjects: Materials science, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Epitaxy, 01 natural sciences, large-scale growth, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Monolayer, General Materials Science, Thin film, solid phase epitaxy, structural properties, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, van der Waals epitaxy, Mechanical Engineering, Doping, transition metal dichalcogenides, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), General Chemistry, Magnetic semiconductor, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Amorphous solid, manganese doping, Mechanics of Materials, Chemical physics, symbols, electronic properties, van der Waals force, 0210 nano-technology, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract: Large-area growth of continuous transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) layers is a prerequisite to transfer their exceptional electronic and optical properties into practical devices. It still represents an open issue nowadays. Electric and magnetic doping of TMDC layers to develop basic devices such as p-n junctions or diluted magnetic semiconductors for spintronic applications are also an important field of investigation. Here, we have developed two different techniques to grow MoSe$_2$ mono- and multi-layers on SiO$_2$/Si substrates over large areas. First, we co-deposited Mo and Se atoms on SiO$_2$/Si by molecular beam epitaxy in the van der Waals regime to obtain continuous MoSe$_2$ monolayers over 1 cm$^2$. To grow MoSe$_2$ multilayers, we then used the van der Waals solid phase epitaxy which consists in depositing an amorphous Se/Mo bilayer on top of a co-deposited MoSe$_2$ monolayer which serves as a van der Waals growth template. By annealing, we obtained continuous MoSe$_2$ multilayers over 1 cm$^2$. Moreover, by inserting a thin layer of Mn in the stack, we could demonstrate the incorporation of up to 10 \% of Mn in MoSe$_2$ bilayers., 32 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2019
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19. Imaging the Photocarrier Dynamics in Organic, Hybrid and Two-Dimensional Photovoltaic Materials by Time-Resolved Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Author: Benjamin Grévin
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, Materials science, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Dynamics (mechanics), Microscopy, Optoelectronics, business
Published: 2018
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20. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Characterization of Organic and Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Author: Benjamin Grévin, SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and GREVIN, Benjamin
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Energy conversion efficiency, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Polymer solar cell, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Nanometre, Charge carrier, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, business, [PHYS.COND] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Perovskite (structure)
Abstract: Nowadays, solution processed solar cells based on organic and hybrid-perovskite semi-conductors are serious competitors for silicon-based and inorganic photovoltaic technologies in terms of production costs, performance to weight ratio, flexibility, and easy manufacturing. Since the beginning of this century, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) values of polymer solar cells have continuously increased, and now exceed ten percent. More recently, following the development of dye-sensitized solar cells, lead-halide perovskite based devices with various architectures have been developed leading to PCE exceeding twenty percent. The goal of this chapter is to show how KPFM can contribute to further improve the performances of these solution-processed photovoltaic devices, by gaining a deeper insight in the local mechanisms governing the charge carrier generation, recombination, transport, and extraction at the electrodes. This chapter will focus more specifically on KPFM investigations of the surface potential and surface photo-voltage of organic donor-acceptor interfaces and polycrystalline lead halide perovskites in relation with the sample morphology and structural defects at the mesoscopic and nanometer scales, cross sectional KPFM investigations, and time-resolved measurements of the charge dynamics by KPFM under frequency modulated illumination.
Published: 2018

21. A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO 2 /poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

Author: Łukasz Borowik, Nicolas Chevalier, Denis Mariolle, Roberto Lazzaroni, Hailu G. Kassa, Olivier Douhéret, Benjamin Grévin, Philippe Leclère, Laurie Letertre, Roland Roche, Philippe Dumas, University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons (UMons), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Systèmes RF (XLIM-SRF), XLIM (XLIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), and Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Materials science, Surface photovoltage, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, lcsh:Chemical technology, Kelvin probe force microscopy, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, Scanning probe microscopy, Monolayer, Microscopy, photo-KPFM, hybrid heterojunctions, photoconductive-AFM, TiO2, General Materials Science, lcsh:TP1-1185, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, lcsh:Science, Photocurrent, Kelvin probe force microscope, business.industry, lcsh:T, Heterojunction, Hybrid solar cell, poly(3-hexylthiophene), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Q, hybrid photovoltaic, 0210 nano-technology, business, TiO 2, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The nanoscale morphology of photoactive hybrid heterojunctions plays a key role in the performances of hybrid solar cells. In this work, the heterojunctions consist of a nanocolumnar TiO2 surface covalently grafted with a monolayer of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) functionalized with carboxylic groups (–COOH). Through a joint analysis of the photovoltaic properties at the nanoscale by photoconductive-AFM (PC-AFM) and surface photovoltage imaging, we investigated the physical mechanisms taking place locally during the photovoltaic process and the correlation to the nanoscale morphology. A down-shift of the vacuum level of the TiO2 surface upon grafting was measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), evidencing the formation of a dipole at the TiO2/P3HT-COOH interface. Upon in situ illumination, a positive photovoltage was observed as a result of the accumulation of photogenerated holes in the P3HT layer. A positive photocurrent was recorded in PC-AFM measurements, whose spatial mapping was interpreted consistently with the corresponding KPFM analysis, offering a correlated analysis of interest from both a theoretical and material design perspective.
Published: 2018
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22. Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

Author: Benjamin Grévin, David Moerman, Y. Almadori, Jaume Llacer Martinez, Philippe Leclère, SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Université de Mons (UMons), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: photostriction, Materials science, Surface photovoltage, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), 010402 general chemistry, lcsh:Chemical technology, 01 natural sciences, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), single crystals, lcsh:Technology, Full Research Paper, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, surface photovoltage (SPV), Crystal, chemistry.chemical_compound, Microscopy, Nanotechnology, General Materials Science, lcsh:TP1-1185, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], lcsh:Science, Tribromide, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Perovskite (structure), time-resolved surface photovoltage, Kelvin probe force microscope, [PHYS]Physics [physics], ion migration, carrier lifetime, business.industry, lcsh:T, Carrier lifetime, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, Nanoscience, Band bending, chemistry, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: In this work, methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals are studied by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We demonstrate that the surface photovoltage and crystal photostriction can be simultaneously investigated by implementing a specific protocol based on the acquisition of the tip height and surface potential during illumination sequences. The obtained data confirm the existence of lattice expansion under illumination in MAPbBr3 and that negative photocarriers accumulate near the crystal surface due to band bending effects. Time-dependent changes of the surface potential occurring under illumination on the scale of a few seconds reveal the existence of slow ion-migration mechanisms. Lastly, photopotential decay at the sub-millisecond time scale related to the photocarrier lifetime is quantified by performing KPFM measurements under frequency-modulated illumination. Our multimodal approach provides a unique way to investigate the interplay between the charges and ionic species, the photocarrier-lattice coupling and the photocarrier dynamics in hybrid perovskites.
Published: 2018
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23. Multimodal Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Investigations of a Photovoltaic WSe 2 /MoS 2 Type-II Interface

Author: Nedjma Bendiab, Benjamin Grévin, Y. Almadori, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes hybrides de basse dimensionnalité (HYBRID), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Systèmes hybrides de basse dimensionnalité (NEEL - HYBRID), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, business.industry, Bilayer, Surface photovoltage, Heterojunction, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Band offset, 0104 chemical sciences, Microscopy, Monolayer, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) have become a new platform for the development of next-generation optoelectronic and light-harvesting devices. Here, we report a Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) investigation carried out on a type-II photovoltaic heterojunction based on WSe2 monolayer flakes and a bilayer MoS2 film stacked in vertical configuration on a Si/SiO2 substrate. Band offset characterized by a significant interfacial dipole is pointed out at the WSe2/MoS2 vertical junction. The photocarrier generation process and phototransport are studied by applying a differential technique allowing to map directly two-dimensional images of the surface photovoltage (SPV) over the vertical heterojunctions (vHJ) and in its immediate vicinity. Differential SPV reveals the impact of chemical defects on the photocarrier generation and that negative charges diffuse in the MoS2 a few hundreds of nanometers away from the vHJ. The analysis of the SPV data confirms unambiguously that light abso...
Published: 2017
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24. Multimodal Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Investigations of a Photovoltaic WSe

Author: Yann, Almadori, Nedjma, Bendiab, and Benjamin, Grévin
Abstract: Atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) have become a new platform for the development of next-generation optoelectronic and light-harvesting devices. Here, we report a Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) investigation carried out on a type-II photovoltaic heterojunction based on WSe
Published: 2017

25. Imaging the Multi-Temporal Photo-Carrier Dynamics at the Nanometer Scale in Organic and Inorganic Solar Cells

Author: Renaud Demadrille, Lukasz Borowik, Pablo A. Fernández Garrillo, Florent Caffy, and Benjamin Grévin
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, Nanostructure, Materials science, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Microscopy, Optoelectronics, Nanometre, Carrier lifetime, Thin film, business, Polymer solar cell
Abstract: Understanding the interplay between the nanostructure and photo-transport mechanisms is central for the development of many emerging photovoltaic technologies. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the need to probe the photo-carrier dynamics at the nanometer scale. Recently, we demonstrated that non-contact atomic force microscopy combined with Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency modulated illumination (FMI-KPFM) can be used to map two-dimensional images of the surface photo-voltage dynamics with a sub-If) nm lateral resolution. Here, a detailed overview of this approach including operating principle, instrumental aspects and data treatment will be given. The capability of FMI-KPFM to map spatial variations of the minority carrier lifetime is demonstrated in the case of silicon nanocrystal-based third generation solar cells. The accuracy of the post-data acquisition processing is discussed by analyzing the evolution of the dynamical contrasts as a function of the illumination intensity in organic bulk heterojunction thin films.
Published: 2017
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26. Equal variations of the Fermi level and work function in graphene at the nanoscale

Author: Johann Coraux, Clemens Winkelmann, Benjamin Grévin, Sylvain Martin, Sayanti Samaddar, Hervé Courtois, Nano-Electronique Quantique et Spectroscopie (NEEL - QuNES), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Systèmes hybrides de basse dimensionnalité (NEEL - HYBRID), Service des Basses Températures (SBT ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Nano-Electronique Quantique et Spectroscopie (QuNES), Systèmes hybrides de basse dimensionnalité (HYBRID), and Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Graphene, business.industry, Scanning tunneling spectroscopy, Fermi level, Quantum oscillations, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Semiconductor, law, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, General Materials Science, Work function, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Fermi gas, [PHYS.COND.CM-MSQHE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect [cond-mat.mes-hall]
Abstract: International audience; If surface effects are neglected, any change of the Fermi level in a semiconductor is expected to result in an equal and opposite change of the work function. This is however not observed in general in three-dimensional semiconductors, because of Fermi level pinning at the surface. By combining Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy on single layer graphene, we measure both the local work function and the charge carrier density. The one-to-one equivalence of changes in the Fermi level and the work function is demonstrated to accurately hold in single layer graphene down to the nanometer scale.
Published: 2016
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27. High-resolution noncontact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of self-assembled photovoltaic donor–acceptor dyads

Author: Laure Biniek, Elena Zaborova, Stéphane Méry, Martin Brinkmann, Nicolas Leclerc, Pierre-Olivier Schwartz, Benjamin Grévin, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: donor–acceptor co-oligomers, Organic solar cell, General Physics and Astronomy, Nanotechnology, noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Chemical technology, 010402 general chemistry, lcsh:Technology, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Full Research Paper, donor–acceptor-ordered bulk heterojunction, Microscopy, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, lcsh:TP1-1185, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, lcsh:Science, surface photo-voltage (SPV), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Kelvin probe force microscope, lcsh:T, Chemistry, business.industry, donor–acceptor lamellae, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Acceptor, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, Indium tin oxide, Nanoscience, Lamella (surface anatomy), [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Transmission electron microscopy, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Q, organic photovoltaics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Volta potential, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Self-assembled donor–acceptor dyads are used as model nanostructured heterojunctions for local investigations by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). With the aim to probe the photo-induced charge carrier generation, thin films deposited on transparent indium tin oxide substrates are investigated in dark conditions and upon illumination. The topographic and contact potential difference (CPD) images taken under dark conditions are analysed in view of the results of complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments. After in situ annealing, it is shown that the dyads with longer donor blocks essentially lead to standing acceptor–donor lamellae, where the acceptor and donor groups are π-stacked in an edge-on configuration. The existence of strong CPD and surface photo-voltage (SPV) contrasts shows that structural variations occur within the bulk of the edge-on stacks. SPV images with a very high lateral resolution are achieved, which allows for the resolution of local photo-charging contrasts at the scale of single edge-on lamella. This work paves the way for local investigations of the optoelectronic properties of donor–acceptor supramolecular architectures down to the elementary building block level.
Published: 2016
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28. Calibrated work function mapping by Kelvin probe force microscopy

Author: Benjamin Grévin, Łukasz Borowik, Nicolas Chevalier, Pablo A. Fernández Garrillo, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and We acknowledge Denis Mariolle for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the French 'Recherche Technologique de Base' program.REFERENCES
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Kelvin probe force microscope, Materials science, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Characterization (materials science), Monocrystalline silicon, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, 0103 physical sciences, Microscopy, Calibration, Optoelectronics, Work function, Graphite, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; We propose and demonstrate the implementation of an alternative work function tip calibration procedure for Kelvin probe force microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum, using monocrystalline metallic materials with known crystallographic orientation as reference samples, instead of the often used highly oriented pyrolytic graphite calibration sample. The implementation of this protocol allows the acquisition of absolute and reproducible work function values, with an improved uncertainty with respect to unprepared highly oriented pyrolytic graphite-based protocols. The developed protocol allows the local investigation of absolute work function values over nanostructured samples and can be implemented in electronic structures and devices characterization as demonstrated over a nanostructured semiconductor sample presenting Al0.7Ga0.3As and GaAs layers with variable thickness. Additionally, using our protocol we find that the work function of annealed highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is equal to 4.6 ± 0.03 eV.
Published: 2018
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29. STM observation of zinc(II) bridled chiroporphyrin molecules on titanium dioxide surface

Author: Shukichi Tanaka, Mitsuru Inada, Anna Castaings, Benjamin Grévin, Shinro Mashiko, Hitoshi Suzuki, Lorette Scifo, and Jean-Claude Marchon
Subjects: Chemistry, Stereochemistry, Intermolecular force, Metals and Alloys, chemistry.chemical_element, Surfaces and Interfaces, Zinc, Photochemistry, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Titanium oxide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, Rutile, law, Titanium dioxide, Materials Chemistry, Molecule, Scanning tunneling microscope
Abstract: Zinc bridled chiroporphyrin (ZnBCP-8) molecules on a rutile titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )(110)–(1 × 1) surface were successfully observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The molecules were selectively adsorbed on the surface apparently due to a molecule–substrate interaction. The origin of the interaction is thought to be Coulomb force between molecule and oxygen vacancy on the TiO 2 surface. STM imaging revealed a selective molecular orientation on the TiO 2 (110)–(1 × 1) structure. These results support the possibility of manipulating molecules on the surface and constructing well designed molecular structures by controlling the molecular–substrate and intermolecular interactions.
Published: 2008
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30. High-Resolution Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Imaging of Interface Dipoles and Photogenerated Charges in Organic Donor–Acceptor Photovoltaic Blends

Author: Thierry Melin, Renaud Demadrille, Franz Fuchs, Benjamin Grévin, Florent Caffy, Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Electromagnetic field, Surface photovoltage, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Oligomer, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Microscopy, General Materials Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Kelvin probe force microscope, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Chemistry, General Engineering, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Acceptor, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Dipole, Chemical physics, 0210 nano-technology, Volta potential
Abstract: We present noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy studies of nanophase segregated photovoltaic blends based on an oligothiophene–fluorenone oligomer and [6,6]-phenyl C70 butyric acid methyl ester. We carried out a complete analysis of the influence of the tip–surface interaction regime on the topographic, in-dark contact potential and surface photovoltage contrasts. It is demonstrated that an optimal lateral resolution is achieved for all channels below the onset of a contrast in the damping images. With the support of electrostatic simulations, it is shown that in-dark contact potential difference contrasts above subsurface acceptor clusters are consistent with an uneven distribution of permanent charges at the donor–acceptor interfaces. A remarkable dependence of the surface photovoltage magnitude with respect to the tip–surface distance is evidenced and attributed to a local enhancement of the electromagnetic field at the tip apex.
Published: 2016
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31. Synthesis, optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performances of wide band-gap copolymers based on dibenzosilole and quinoxaline units, rivals to P3HT

Author: Jacques Pécaut, Renaud Demadrille, N. Delbosc, Patricia Chávez, J.-P. Travers, Patrick Lévêque, Benjamin Grévin, David Djurado, Noëlla Lemaitre, Florent Caffy, Jérôme Faure-Vincent, Nicolas Leclerc, SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes (InESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Interface Biologie pour l’Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP), Laboratoire d'Ingienerie des Polymères pour les Hautes Technologies (LIPHT), Ecole européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux [Strasbourg]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Polymer solar cell, chemistry.chemical_compound, Quinoxaline, Thiophene, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Thiazole, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, Organic field-effect transistor, business.industry, Organic Chemistry, Energy conversion efficiency, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Absorption edge, chemistry, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Three π-conjugated alternating copolymers, based on dibenzosilole as an electron-rich unit and fluorinated or non-fluorinated quinoxaline as an electron-withdrawing unit, connected through thiazole or thiophene moieties, have been synthesized, fully characterized and applied as donors in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The three copolymers, namely PDBS-TQx, PDBS-TQxF and PDBS-TzQx, belong to the wide band-gap semiconductor materials family, and they show an absorption edge in the visible region close to 650 nm. In order to tune the position of the polymer energy levels, and in particular to decrease their HOMO energy level, we compare the use of a thiazole spacer sandwiching the electron-deficient moiety as an alternative way to the popular backbone fluorination. PSCs based on a blend of PDBS-TQx and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methylester (PC71BM) as an active layer have shown the best device performances with a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.14% for the active area of 0.28 cm2 (under standard illumination of AM 1.5G, 1000 W m−2). Interestingly this polymer outperforms P3HT:(PC61BM) solar cells used as a reference material in this work. In addition to the thorough characterization data, including among other spectroscopy techniques, XRD, OFET, AFM and nc-AFM, we discuss in detail the relationship between the chemical structures of the three polymers, their optoelectronic properties, the phase separation in blends with PC71BM and their photovoltaic performances.
Published: 2016
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32. Probing Local Electronic Transport at the Organic Single-Crystal/Dielectric Interface

Author: Patrice Rannou, F. Lefloch, Marc Sanquer, Frederic Gustavo, Yi Luo, Fabrice Mathevet, Jean Yves Henry, and Benjamin Grévin
Subjects: Materials science, Mechanics of Materials, business.industry, Interface (Java), Mechanical Engineering, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Dielectric, business, Single crystal, Electron transport chain
Published: 2007
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33. Growth of Rubrene thin film, spherulites and nanowires on SiO2

Author: Patrice Rannou, M. Brun, Benjamin Grévin, and Y. Luo
Subjects: Polarized light microscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Nucleation, Surfaces and Interfaces, Chemical vapor deposition, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Amorphous solid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Materials Chemistry, Crystallite, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin film, Rubrene
Abstract: The growth of rubrene thin films thermally evaporated under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) on SiO 2 has been investigated by combining atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and polarized optical microscopy (POM) techniques. A mode of thin film growth in which an amorphous continuous holy film first covers the substrate, and acts afterwards as a template for the nucleation of polycrystalline rubrene spherulites, has been identified. Additionally, rubrene one-dimensional structures have been observed with a catalyst-free growth process.
Published: 2007
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34. Probing the Electronic Properties of Self-Organized Poly(3-dodecylthiophene) Monolayers by Two-Dimensional Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy Imaging at the Single Chain Scale

Author: Patrice Rannou, Sylvain Latil, Benjamin Grévin, Micka Euml L Brun, Angel Rubio, Lorette Scifo, and Mathieu Dubois
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Band gap, Scanning tunneling spectroscopy, Ab initio, Bioengineering, Thiophenes, Substrate (electronics), Molecular physics, law.invention, Tunnel effect, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling, Computational chemistry, Ab initio quantum chemistry methods, law, Materials Testing, Electrochemistry, Computer Simulation, General Materials Science, Particle Size, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electric Conductivity, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Nanostructures, Models, Chemical, Scanning tunneling microscope
Abstract: Regioregular poly(3-dodecylthiophene) films self-organized on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and two-dimensional scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Simulated spectra in very good agreement with the experimental data have been obtained by a method combining ab initio and semiempirical approaches, which allows a careful discussion of the polymer electronic states. From the experimental data, with the support of modeling, it is shown that the STS spectra give a direct access to the polymer semiconducting band gap without noticeable charge-transfer effects from the substrate. Spectroscopic images are achieved at the single chain scale, which allows scrutinizing the electronic consequences of chain folds and pi-stacking effects through spectroscopic contrasts. While chain folds do not locally increase the polymer band gap more than a few tens of millielectonvolt, a striking widening of the STS conductance gap is observed in the case of electronic tunneling through two interacting polymer layers. Scenarios based on nonplanar configuration of thiophene cycles within the second layer or variations of the charge screening effects are proposed to explain this phenomenon.
Published: 2006
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35. Conformational studies of self-organized regioregular poly(3-dodecylthiophene)s using non-contact atomic force microscopy in ultra high vacuum condition

Author: Patrice Rannou, Shinro Mashiko, Shukichi Tanaka, Hitoshi Suzuki, and Benjamin Grévin
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Ultra-high vacuum, Metals and Alloys, Nanotechnology, Surfaces and Interfaces, Polymer, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Vacuum evaporation, chemistry, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, Chemical engineering, Lattice (order), Materials Chemistry, Molecule, Mica, Non-contact atomic force microscopy
Abstract: Conformations of one of the variations of π-conjugated poly-alkylthiophene, poly(3-dodecylthiophene)s (P3DDT)s on the surface in ultra high vacuum (UHV) were investigated by non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) operated by frequency-modulation mode (FM-mode). From individual molecules to several multi-layered ones, polymer chains on the surface were clearly resolved on conducting highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates and insulating mica ones, respectively. Solvent evaporation was found to have two stages, which influenced the diffusion, ordering, and adhesion processes of polymer chains on the substrate. To keep the ordered conformations of deposited polymer chains when they are transferred from ambient condition to UHV, these evaporation processes should be carefully considered. The initial conformation of polymers on the substrate was found to depend strongly on the lattice matching conditions and interactions between polymers and substrates. Formations of stripe-like structures of P3DDT polymers were found on the mica substrates, which is promising for device application.
Published: 2006
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36. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigations of Self-Organized Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Two-Dimensional Polycrystals

Author: Benjamin Grévin, Adam Pron, Jean-Pierre Travers, Renaud Payerne, and Patrice Rannou
Subjects: Materials science, Mechanics of Materials, law, Mechanical Engineering, General Materials Science, Nanotechnology, Scanning tunneling microscope, Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope, law.invention
Published: 2003
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37. Multi-scale scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of self-organized regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) films

Author: Adam Pron, Renaud Payerne, J.P. Travers, Benjamin Grévin, and Patrice Rannou
Subjects: Mesoscopic physics, Materials science, General Physics and Astronomy, Spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, Nanotechnology, Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, Chemical physics, law, Scanning ion-conductance microscopy, Grain boundary, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Scanning tunneling microscope, Nanoscopic scale
Abstract: Two-dimensional self-organized poly(3-hexylthiophene) films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite have been probed at the solid/substrate interface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Structural morphology and typical polymer conformations are visualized and discussed from mesoscopic to nanoscopic scales, including mesoscopic assembly of polycrystals, crystalline monodomain orientations and sizes, grain boundaries, chain folds, and other conformational features. STM estimation of the average chain length is in remarkably good agreement with that derived from size-exclusion chromatography. The multiscale analysis supports a picture where heterogeneities exist at different length scales.
Published: 2003
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38. Disorder and screening in decoupled graphene on a metallic substrate

Author: Benjamin Sacépé, Hervé Courtois, Sayanti Samaddar, Franz Fuchs, Amina Kimouche, Johann Coraux, Sylvain Martin, Clemens Winkelmann, Benjamin Grévin, Nano-Electronique Quantique et Spectroscopie (NEEL - QuNES), Institut Néel (NEEL), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes hybrides de basse dimensionnalité (NEEL - HYBRID), Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nano-Electronique Quantique et Spectroscopie (QuNES), Systèmes hybrides de basse dimensionnalité (HYBRID), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Graphene, Scattering, Fermi energy, Dielectric, Condensed Matter Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, law, Quasiparticle, Scanning tunneling microscope, Bilayer graphene, Graphene nanoribbons
Abstract: International audience; We report the coexistence of charge puddles and topographic ripples in graphene decoupled from the Ir(111) substrate it was grown on. We show the topographic and the charge disorder to be locally correlated as a result of the intercalation of molecular species. From the analysis of quasiparticle scattering interferences, we find a linear dispersion relation, demonstrating that graphene on a metal can recover its intrinsic electronic properties. The measured Fermi velocity v F = 0.9 ± 0.04×10 6 m/s is lower than in graphene on dielectric substrates, pointing to a strong screening of electron-electron interactions in graphene by the nearby metallic substrate. PACS number(s): 61.48.Gh, 68.37.Ef, 73.22.Pr The study of electron-hole puddles in graphene [1,2] has so far largely focused on graphene sheets isolated by mechanical exfoliation of graphite on dielectric substrates such as SiO 2. The origin of these has been subject to debate, as different studies have pointed to either charged impurities between graphene and SiO 2 [2,3], others invoking in addition the mixing of the π and σ orbitals due to local curvature [4–9]. In this context, the limited knowledge about the graphene/SiO 2 interface and the ensuing low graphene mobility calls for the use of other substrates. Experiments based on different dielectric environments, that is, different strengths of charged impurities' screening, have been performed. They, however, showed no significant influence of the substrate dielectric constant on the graphene electronic properties, thereby questioning the role of charged impurities for the puddle formation [10,11]. On metallic supports, the origin of charge disorder might be very different. Periodic ripples, arising from the lattice parameter mismatch between graphene and most transition-metal surfaces, were, for instance, correlated to local density of states (LDOS) variations [12] in graphene on Ru(0001). It, however, turned out that charge carriers in this system do not exhibit Dirac fermionlike properties, due to a strong hybridization between the 4d Ru and p z C orbitals [13,14]. Even in less strongly coupled systems, interaction between graphene's conduc-tion/valence bands with surface states of the metal [15,16] cannot be excluded. A linear dispersion relation in the electronic band structure at the Brillouin zone corners was recovered in graphene on Ru(0001) intercalated with an atomic layer of oxygen below the graphene [17]. This layer unfortunately suppresses the graphene ripples, which prevents one from addressing the possible relationship between puddles and topography. In this work, we report on a scanning tunneling mi-croscopy/scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STM/STS) study of corrugated graphene lying on an Ir metallic substrate, after exposure to ambient air conditions. The analysis of the quasiparticle interference pattern reveals the linear dispersion relation of the graphene band structure, and demonstrates the absence of hybridization with the Ir substrate. Despite the immediate proximity of the metal that acts as an electrostatic screening plate, we observe electron-hole puddles close to the * clemens.winkelmann@grenoble.cnrs.fr
Published: 2015
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39. On the Photo-Induced Charge-Carrier Generation within Monolayers of Self-Assembled Organic Donor-Acceptor Dyads

Author: Christiaan de Vet, Franz Fuchs, Renaud Demadrille, Philippe Leclère, Benjamin Grévin, Mathieu Linares, Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology [Linköping] (IFM), Linköping University (LIU), Université de Mons (UMons), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Analytical chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Electrostatic induction, Photochemistry, law.invention, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, Mechanics of Materials, law, Monolayer, Microscopy, Molecule, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Self-assembly, Scanning tunneling microscope, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: By means of STM and nc-AFM the self-assembly of a new donor-acceptor (DA) dyad molecule on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is identified and compared to molecular simulations. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements clearly show the photovoltaic activity of this model system under illumination. The optoelectronic properties and the local morphology of the DA dyad assembly are simultaneously probed by KPFM down to the level of one molecular monolayers.
Published: 2014
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40. Fast Responding Exhaled-Breath Sensors Using WO 3 Hemitubes Functionalized by Graphene-Based Electronic Sensitizers for Diagnosis of Diseases

Author: Jong Heun Lee, Renaud Demadrille, Franz Fuchs, Bong Hoon Jang, Seo Jin Lee, Harry L. Tuller, Benjamin Grévin, Il-Doo Kim, Seon-Jin Choi, Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Materials science, Nanostructure, Hydrogen sulfide, Analytical chemistry, Oxide, Biosensing Techniques, [CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry, Tungsten, law.invention, Acetone, chemistry.chemical_compound, Limit of Detection, law, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, General Materials Science, Hydrogen Sulfide, Graphite, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Detection limit, Graphene, Oxides, Halitosis, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Nanostructures, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, Breath Tests, chemistry, Surface modification, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: Diagnostic sensing device using exhaled breath of human have critical advantages due to the noninvasive diagnosis and high potential for portable device with simple analysis process. Here, we report ultrafast as well as highly sensitive bumpy WO3 hemitube nanostructure assisted by O2 plasma surface modification with functionalization of graphene-based material for the detection of acetone (CH3COCH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which are biomarkers for the diagnosis of diabetes and halitosis, respectively. 0.1 wt % graphene oxide (GO)- and 0.1 wt % thin layered graphite (GR)- WO3 hemitube composites showed response times of 11.5 ± 2.5 s and 13.5 ± 3.4 s to 1 ppm acetone as well as 12.5 ± 1.9 s and 10.0 ± 1.6 s to 1 ppm of H2S, respectively. In addition, low limits of detection (LOD) of 100 ppb (Rair/Rgas = 1.7 for acetone and Rair/Rgas = 3.3 for H2S at 300 °C) were achieved. The superior sensing properties were ascribed to the electronic sensitization of graphene based materials by modulating space charged layers at the interfaces between n-type WO3 hemitubes and p-type graphene based materials, as identified by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). Rapid response and superior sensitivity of the proposed sensing materials following cyclic thermal aging demonstrates good potential for real-time exhaled breath diagnosis of diseases.
Published: 2014
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41. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Porphyrin-Based Molecules on TiO2Surfaces

Author: Shukichi Tanaka, Benjamin Grévin, Hitoshi Suzuki, Lorette Scifo, Mitsuru Inada, and Shinro Mashiko
Subjects: Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Intermolecular force, Resolution (electron density), General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Porphyrin, Oxygen, law.invention, Crystallography, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, chemistry, Rutile, law, Molecule, Scanning tunneling microscope
Abstract: The conformational features of bis(3,5-di-t-butyphenyl)(4-ethynylphenyl)(methylthiophenyl)porphyrin (EMTBPP) molecules on rutile TiO2(110)-(1 ×1) surfaces were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The EMTBPP molecules are successively observed at single-molecule resolution. At lower coverage, the EMTBPP molecules seem to be selectively adsorbed to oxygen vacancy places in the oxygen row due to an attractive force between the center of the porphyrin ring and the oxygen vacancy. At higher coverages, periodical and orientational ordering of the EMTBPP molecules along the (1 ×1) surface structure occurs. The effects of molecule–substrate and intermolecular interactions on the conformational features are discussed.
Published: 2006
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42. Synthesis, optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of conjugated alternating copolymers incorporating 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole or fluorenone units: a comparative study

Author: Nicolas Delbosc, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, Solenn Berson, Noëlla Lemaitre, Benjamin Grévin, Jean-Pierre Travers, Renaud Demadrille, Franz Fuchs, Jérôme Faure-Vincent, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Conjugated system, Fluorene, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Suzuki reaction, law, Polymer chemistry, Solar cell, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, Photovoltaic system, Energy conversion efficiency, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, General Chemistry, Polymer, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Fluorenone, chemistry, Chemical engineering
Abstract: A series of p-type alternating copolymers based on oligothiophene and fluorene electron-donating units, and fluorenone or benzothiadiazole electron-withdrawing units was synthesised via Suzuki coupling reaction. Their optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties were investigated in detail allowing rational rules to be drawn on the structure–property relationships. We highlight in this work the crucial role of the side solubilizing groups attached to the polymer backbones that have a significant impact on the morphology of the blends and the solar cell's power conversion efficiency. Devices with an active area of 0.28 cm2, based on fluorenone-copolymers and [70]PCBM blends showed Voc up to 0.95 V and Power Conversion Efficiencies (PCE) up to 1.82% under AM1.5 simulated sunlight (100 mW cm−2) conditions. These values are improved compared to the ones reported to date for this class of materials.
Published: 2014
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43. Correct height measurements by Kelvin probe force microscopy: Poly(3-dodecylthiophene) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Author: Laurent Nony, Christian Loppacher, Benjamin Grévin, Franck Bocquet, Franz Fuchs, Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Matériaux, de Microélectronique et des Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Atomic force microscopy, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Microscopy, Self-assembly, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013
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44. Fabrication of multiscale electrodes on organic photovoltaic thin films and in situ electrical characterization by nanostencil combined with Qplus AFM

Author: Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, Benjamin Grévin, Renaud Demadrille, Rémi de Bettignies, K. Jradi, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image [UMR6306] (Le2i), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Propriétés Optiques des Matériaux et Applications (POMA), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Fabrication, Materials science, Annealing (metallurgy), Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin film, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Instrumentation, Lithography, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Process Chemistry and Technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Active layer, Organic semiconductor, Nanolithography, Electrode, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The authors demonstrate the fabrication of multiscale electrodes (with lateral dimensions ranging from 10 μm to a few hundred of nanometers) on organic donor–acceptor photovoltaic thin films by mean of nanostencil lithography. The experimental setup allows the realization and in situ investigation of structures by combining nanostencil and atomic force microscopy (AFM) capabilities based on the use of tuning forks. Qplus AFM sensors with tungsten etched tips were used for near field imaging, and as microprobes to contact the deposited electrodes. The photovoltaic behavior was characterized by mean of current–voltage measurements in dark and under selective illumination. The influence of the electrode geometry on the electrical parameters is analyzed and the effect of in situ annealing is discussed in view of frequency modulation AFM images of the active layer surface morphology. This illustrates the powerfulness of nanostencil combined with Qplus AFM for local investigations of organic photovoltaic materials and in situ fabrication of devices.
Published: 2013
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45. Work function tuning for flexible transparent electrodes based on functionalized metallic single walled carbon nanotubes

Author: Benjamin Grévin, Renaud Demadrille, Caroline Celle, Karell Saint-Aubin, Jean-Pierre Simonato, Evan J. Spadafora, Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés d'Architectures Moléculaires, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Centre de recherches Paul Pascal (CRPP), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Kelvin probe force microscope, Materials science, Ultra-high vacuum, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Carbon nanotube, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, law, Electrode, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Surface modification, General Materials Science, Work function, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
Abstract: We present a method to control the work function of metallic carbon nanotube transparent electrodes by functionalization of the random network with metallic nanoparticles. Flexible functionalized electrodes with high transparency (∼90%) can be obtained with work function values ranging from ∼4.6 up to ∼5.1 eV, depending on the nature of the nanoparticles. The work function values were obtained by comparative in situ Kelvin probe force microscopy under ultra high vacuum and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Interestingly, by appropriate choice of the metal source for functionalization, work function engineering can lead to work function values higher or lower than that for pristine metallic nanotubes. This could be of great interest for adjusting the work function of transparent electrodes to active layers in many optoelectronics devices.
Published: 2012
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46. Qplus AFM driven nanostencil

Author: Renaud Demadrille, Jérôme Faure-Vincent, M. Fakir, Mickael Brun, Benjamin Grévin, J. Hayton, Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Génie Civil et d'Ingénierie Environnementale (LGCIE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Shadow mask, Materials science, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Stencil, Evaporation (deposition), law.invention, Vibration, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Silicon nitride, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Nanometre, Tuning fork, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, Instrumentation, Nanoscopic scale, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: We describe the development of a novel setup, in which large stencils with suspended silicon nitride membranes are combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) regulation by using tuning forks. This system offers the possibility to perform separate AFM and nanostencil operations, as well as combined modes when using stencil chips with integrated tips. The flexibility and performances are demonstrated through a series of examples, including wide AFM scans in closed loop mode, probe positioning repeatability of a few tens of nanometer, simultaneous evaporation of large (several hundred of micron square) and nanoscopic metals and fullerene patterns in static, multistep, and dynamic modes. This approach paves the way for further developments, as it fully combines the advantages of conventional stenciling with the ones of an AFM driven shadow mask.
Published: 2011
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47. Fluorenone core donor–acceptor–donor π-conjugated molecules end-capped with dendritic oligo(thiophene)s: synthesis, liquid crystalline behaviour, and photovoltaic applications

Author: Patrice Rannou, Bertrand Donnio, Benjamin Grévin, Renaud Demadrille, Benoît Heinrich, Adam Pron, Frédéric Lincker, Rémi de Bettignies, Jacques Pécaut, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Propriétés Optiques des Matériaux et Applications (POMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA), Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination (RICC), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Faculty of Chemistry Technology (Warsaw, Poland), Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Materials science, Aucun, 02 engineering and technology, Triclinic crystal system, Conjugated system, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Differential scanning calorimetry, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Thiophene, Molecule, Organic chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, Energy conversion efficiency, General Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Organic semiconductor, Crystallography, Fluorenone, chemistry, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: We have synthesized a new series of donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) pi-conjugated molecules, consisting of fluorenone core end-capped with dendritic oligo(thiophene)s of increasing generation (abbreviated as FG0, FG1, and FG2). In view of the application of these new organic semiconductors in photovoltaic devices, we have explored their spectroscopic, redox, and structural properties. The thermal behaviour of the new organic semiconductors was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized-light optical microscopy. Liquid crystalline behaviour has been found in the case of FG1, corresponding to a smectic ordering with a triclinic symmetry (Sm(obl)) upon heating, as confirmed by variable temperature small-angle X-ray diffraction studies. In order to evaluate their photovoltaic performances, devices with an active area of 0.28 cm(2) were fabricated. Under AM1.5 simulated sunlight (100 mW cm(-2)) conditions, a device containing FG1/[70]PCBM blends showed a power conversion efficiency of ca. 0.8%.
Published: 2011
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48. Local contact potential difference of molecular self-assemblies investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy

Author: Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, Evan J. Spadafora, Renaud Demadrille, Mathieu Linares, Frédéric Lincker, Benjamin Grévin, Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés d'Architectures Moléculaires, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology [Linköping] (IFM), Linköping University (LIU), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), education, Ultra-high vacuum, Nanowire, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Amplitude modulation, Optics, Teknik och teknologier, 0103 physical sciences, Microscopy, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Kelvin probe force microscope, Chemistry, business.industry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic and Molecular Clusters [physics.atm-clus], [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Engineering and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], 0210 nano-technology, business, Volta potential, Non-contact atomic force microscopy, Photoconductive atomic force microscopy
Abstract: Self-assembled pi-conjugated oligomer nanowires have been investigated by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy and amplitude modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy under ultra high vacuum. The distance dependence of the contact potential difference (CPD) has been analyzed by combining high resolution imaging with distance-spectroscopy measurements. It is shown that the apparition of a damping contrast characterizes the onset of short range electrostatic (SRE) forces, which are responsible for the occurrence of local CPD (LCPD) modulations correlated with the molecular lattice. By working at the onset of the damping contrast, the tip-surface separation can be adjusted to minimize the contribution of SRE forces to the measured CPD. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3662850] Funding Agencies|French "Recherche Technologique de Base" Program||SERC (Swedish e-Science Research Center)
Published: 2011
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49. Atomic force microscopy imaging using a tip-on-chip: Opening the door to integrated near field nanotools

Author: Christophe Lubin, Renaud Demadrille, Benjamin Grévin, J. Cousty, J. Hayton, François Thoyer, Mickael Brun, Jérôme Polesel-Maris, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), SYstèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SYMMES), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Service de Physique et de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces (SPCSI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Synthèse, Structure et Propriétés de Matériaux Fonctionnels (STEP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)
Subjects: Physics, Mesoscopic physics, business.industry, Phase (waves), Force spectroscopy, Near and far field, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Focused ion beam, law.invention, Amplitude modulation, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Tuning fork, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Instrumentation, Frequency modulation
Abstract: International audience; We describe in detail how atomic force microscopy (AFM) images can be routinely achieved with macroscopic silicon-based chips integrating mesoscopic tips, paving the way for the development of new near field devices combining AFM imaging with any kind of functionality integrated on a chip. The chips have been glued at the end of the free prong of 100 kHz quartz tuning forks mounted in Qplus configuration. Numerical simulations by modal analysis have been carried out to clarify the nature of the vibration modes observed in the experimental spectra. It is shown that two low frequency modes can be used to drive the system and scan the surface with a great stability in amplitude modulation as well as in frequency modulation AFM under ultrahigh vacuum. The AFM capabilities are demonstrated through a series of examples including phase and dissipation contrast imaging, force spectroscopy measurements, and investigations of soft samples in weak interaction with the substrate. The lateral resolution with the tips grown by focused ion beam deposition already matches the one achieved in standard amplitude modulation mode AFM experiments.
Published: 2010
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50. Imaging the Carrier Photogeneration in Nanoscale Phase Segregated Organic Heterojunctions by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Author: Evan J. Spadafora, Bernard Ratier, Renaud Demadrille, Benjamin Grévin, Coudert, Sandrine, Structures et propriétés d'architectures moléculaire (SPRAM - UMR 5819), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), MINACOM, XLIM (XLIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Kelvin probe force microscope, Nanostructure, Organic solar cell, Chemistry, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Surface photovoltage, Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Polymer solar cell, 0104 chemical sciences, Photovoltaics, Microscopy, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, business, Nanoscopic scale, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: In this work, we spatially resolve by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) the surface photovoltage in high-efficiency nanoscale phase segregated photovoltaic blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester. The spatial resolution achieved represents a 10-fold improvement over previous KPFM reports on organic solar cells. By combining the damping contrast to the topographic data in noncontact atomic force microscopy under UHV, surface morphologies of the interpenetrated networks are clearly revealed. We show how the lateral resolution in KPFM can be significantly enhanced by optimizing the damping signal, allowing a direct visualization of the carrier generation at the donor-acceptor interfaces and their transport through the percolation pathways in the nanometer range. Henceforth, high-resolution KPFM has the potential to become a routine characterization tool for organic and hybrid photovoltaics.
Published: 2010

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