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Located in an area characterized by an arid climate, the plain of La Mina, records an annualU rainfall of 300 mm and an evapotranspiration equal to 1500 mm, which generates a deficit of 1200 mm, this shortage of water allocated to agriculture, forced farmers to use groundwater. The soils of the plain of the Mina and in particular the soil of the irrigated perimeters, suffer from a problem of salinization. Irrigation methods and the quality of the water used are thedecisive triggers. The results of the hydrochemical analyzes carried out, focused on the major elements of these waters. They mainly have a sodium chloride facies, an EC average of (5.16 dS / m) which indicates that the waters are heavily salted, an average value of (SAR) of 20.67, shows that there is a very high risk of sodicity, playing a role in the physical degradation of soils. The Riverside and Wilcox diagrams show that it is the C4S4 class which is the mostdominant, corresponding to a water of very high salinity and strongly sodium of poor quality, not recommended for irrigation.&nbsp

Background The CRASH-3 trial hypothesised that timely tranexamic acid (TXA) treatment might reduce deaths from intracranial bleeding after traumatic brain injury (TBI). To explore the mechanism of action of TXA in TBI, we examined the timing of its effect on death. Methods The CRASH-3 trial randomised 9202 patients within 3 h of injury with a GCS score ≤ 12 or intracranial bleeding on CT scan and no significant extracranial bleeding to receive TXA or placebo. We conducted an exploratory analysis of the effects of TXA on all-cause mortality within 24 h of injury and within 28 days, excluding patients with a GCS score of 3 or bilateral unreactive pupils, stratified by severity and country income. We pool data from the CRASH-2 and CRASH-3 trials in a one-step fixed effects individual patient data meta-analysis. Results There were 7637 patients for analysis after excluding patients with a GCS score of 3 or bilateral unreactive pupils. Of 1112 deaths, 23.3% were within 24 h of injury (early deaths). The risk of early death was reduced with TXA (112 (2.9%) TXA group vs 147 (3.9%) placebo group; risk ratio [RR] RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.94). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by severity (p = 0.64) or country income (p = 0.68). The risk of death beyond 24 h of injury was similar in the TXA and placebo groups (432 (11.5%) TXA group vs 421 (11.7%) placebo group; RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.69–1.12). The risk of death at 28 days was 14.0% in the TXA group versus 15.1% in the placebo group (544 vs 568 events; RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.83–1.03). When the CRASH-2 and CRASH-3 trial data were pooled, TXA reduced early death (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70–0.87) and death within 28 days (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.94). Conclusions Tranexamic acid reduces early deaths in non-moribund TBI patients regardless of TBI severity or country income. The effect of tranexamic acid in patients with isolated TBI is similar to that in polytrauma. Treatment is safe and even severely injured patients appear to benefit when treated soon after injury. Trial registration ISRCTN15088122, registered on 19 July 2011; NCT01402882, registered on 26 July 2011.

International audience; Doped CoSb3-based skutterudites compounds such as Co0.94Ni0.06Sb3 and Ce0.75Fe3CoSb12 are promising thermoelectric materials thanks to a high figure of merit (ZT > 1). This property makes these doped CoSb3-based skutterudites interesting materials to produce thermoelectric generators able to convert heat into electrical energy. Several recent developments have established that the nanostructuration of these materials enhance their thermoelectrical properties. However, the impact of the nanostructuration on the oxidation behavior of the skutterudites has never been studied. Indeed, their operating temperature under oxidative atmosphere (e.g. in air environment) is drastically limited because of their strong oxidation that produces oxides layers made of Sb2O3, Sb2O4, CoSb2O6 or CoSb2O4. These reactions promote the degradation of the thermoelectric properties of the material and the decrease of the device durability. Therefore the objective of this research work is to determine the impact of the nanostructuration on the oxidation behavior of two interesting doped CoSb3-based skutterudites, Co0.94Ni0.06Sb3 and Ce0.75Fe3CoSb12.The oxidation of the n-type skutterudite material (Co0.94Ni0.06Sb3) is enhanced by its nanostructuration since the surface oxide layer formed remains very thin up to 1000 hours. The oxidation of the p-type material (Ce0.75Fe3CoSb12) depicts similar behaviors whatever the structuration (micro- or nano-). The nanostructuration of these thermoelectric materials is known to improve their thermoelectric properties. Since there is no significant negative effect on their oxidation behavior, these nanostructured thermoelectric materials are good candidates for industrial uses in air atmosphere at these temperatures.

Vascular access management is key and critical in the successful management of hemodialysis patients, and an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is considered the access of choice. This study was conducted between January 2007 and October 2009 at the Military Hospital in Rabat. Data on 115 patients who underwent 138 AVFs were retrospectively studied. Wrist AVF was the most common site of use. The primary course was uncomplicated in 63% of the patients, while primary failure occurred in 23.9% of the patients. Presence of diabetes was the most important risk factor for primary failure.

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Introduction: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis involving the kidney usually comprises pauci-immune, necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescents. Mononuclear tubulo-interstitial infiltrates are common in ANCA associated vasculitis, but these have usually been described in conjunction with glomerulitis. Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a common cause of acute kidney injury that is most frequently induced by drugs or infections. Idiopathic ATIN has rarely been reported in association with the presence of a positive ANCA. These two entities seem to share a common immunological basis.Case report: We report a 75 years-old male patient who presented with acute kidney injury and his serum tested positive for p-ANCA by indirect immunofluoresence with a titer of 1/320. Testing by ELISA demonstrated anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) specificity with a level of 28.8 IU/mL. His kidney biopsy showed features of ATIN with no glomerular involvement. Treatment with corticosteroids led to improvement of his kidney function and serology for ANCA became negative. In this case report ATIN seems to be associated with ANCA positivity, in the absence of other obvious causes for the acute tubulo-interstitial insult.Conclusion: ATIN can be associated with positive ANCA without features of renal-limited vasculitis or systemic vasculitis. This can occur in the absence of drug exposure. The outcome in our case was favorable with corticosteroid therapy.Key words: ANCA; Acute Tubulo-interstitial Nephritis; Pathogenesis

Introduction: The prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in chronic hemodialysis patients is eight times higher than among the general population. It is estimated between 3 and 65.8% in different studies and countries and is a contributor to mortality in this population. The aim of this study is to define the factors influencing prevalence and seroconversion of HCV in an ambispective study including 15 centers and 163 hemodialysis patients. Methods: Multicenter ambispective Study including 167 patients treated in 15 dialysis centers in 4 cities and over a period of 8 years. In 2002, all patients underwent determination of liver enzymes, a serological survey and qualitative research of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction followed by a genotyping for patients confirmed positive by the method LIPA. Serological status and movement of patients between centers was followed for 8 years. In 2010, the survivors benefit serology of viral hepatitis B and C (4th generation ELISA) with research of viral RNA by PCR. Results: The mean age of patients at baseline was 51 years of which 11% were diabetic with a mean of 55 months on hemodialysis. The prevalence of HCV was 33.4% with significantly higher ALT in positive patients and genotype 1b was most frequent (54%). Statistical analysis found that the factors of prevalence are: time on hemodialysis, number of units visited (2.2 vs. 3, p

Introduction: Intra-dialytic hypotension (IDH) is a common complication during hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Previous studies have reportedthat modulating dialysate sodium concentration combined or not with modulation of ultrafiltration (UF) rate may reduce the incidence of IDH. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sodium and UF profiles on the occurrence of intra-dialytic complications and dialysis quality.Methods: From a total of 64 patients, we selected 18 patients who suffered from recurrent IDH. Every patient received ten HD sessions utilizing each of the following treatments: (1) Control: constant sodium concentrationand UF rates. (2) Sodium and UF profiles: a linearly decreasing sodium concentration combined with a linearly decreasing UF rate. (3) Sodium profile:decreasing sodium concentration with constant UF rate.Results: Fourteen patients completed the study protocol. The incidence of IDH, mean inter-dialytic weight gain and the delivered dialysis dose were not different between the three treatments. However, symptomatic episodes of IDH were more commonand pre-dialysis systolic bloodpressure was higher during the second and third treatment modalities compared to controls. Isolated sodium profile was associated with more malaise and less achievement of target session duration compared to the other two treatments. Isolated sodium profile was associated withless achievement of target UF while combined sodium and UF profiles were associated with more achievement of target UF compared to controls.Conclusion: Our results indicate that sodium profile with or without UF profile does not have a beneficial effect on the incidence of IDH, achievement of target session duration or the delivered dialysis dose.

National audience; In order to analyse the representativity of samplers taken on the sites of the OPUR, 2 approaches were followed: theoretical and experimental. The theoretical approach has permit to respect 7 criteria out of 9 recommended at the time of the choice and the installation of an automatic sampler. The experimental tests showed a satisfactory homogeneity of concentrations in the various sections of measurement, a good representativity of samplings when the pipes are clean a contamination of samples by clogging of samplings pipes because of erosion of biofilms, an influence of temperature and shelf life on the samples intended for the analysis of ammonium and dissolved parameters. The contamination will be eliminated by samplings wastewater then clean water before each measurement campaign and by setting out of the water of samplings pipes. All the analyses will be carried out immediately.