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Vitex doniana leaves are used traditionally in West Africa for the treatment of swellings and cancer. We investigated if Vitex doniana leaves extract could ameliorate 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracen...

Organic amendments are usually carried out at field-scale for efficient remediation of organic pollutants; however, their effects on pollutant distribution and the corresponding microbial mechanisms were rarely discussed. The main aim of this study was to compare the fate of benz[a]anthracene in soil amended by several bioremediation materials and underlying microbial mechanisms. In this study, the potential for biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in a farmland soil was investigated in microcosms spiked with 14C-benz[a]anthracene as the tracer. A series of organic amendments including lignin, straw, mushroom culture waste, and cow manure, as well as a fungal inoculum of Pleurotus ostreatus, were compared. Illumina sequencing was introduced to reveal the bacterial community in different amendments. The metagenomic function was predicted with the bioinformatics tool of phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt). From the results, the lignin-contained substrates (lignin, straw, mushroom culture waste) showed increase trend in the dissipation of benz[a]anthracene, while Pleurotus ostreatus and cow manure resulted in opposite trends. Specifically, mushroom culture waste mainly increased 14C to the formation of humin-bound residue (39.5 ± 6.8%); lignin amendment significantly (P

Soil remediation is one of the most important issues in environmental engineering. In this study, the effect of phenanthrene, anthracene, and benz(a)anthracene chemical structures on their ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Bcl2, P(53) and apoptosis changes against skin cancer in experimental animals. Skin cancer is the most common form of human cancer. It is estimated that over 1 million new cases occur annually. The annual rates of all forms of skin cancer are increasing each year, representing a growing public concern. It has also been estimated that nearly half of all Americans who live to age 65 are likely to develop skin cancer at least once. Skin cancer was induced in rats by Di Methyl Benz (a) Anthracene at the dosage of DMBA (5 µg) per animal, three times a week for 28 weeks after conformation of skin cancer treated with Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide for 30 days. The levels of Bcl2 gene expression were significantly decreased and P(53)gene expression were markedly increased in Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide treated animals when compared with cancer bearing animals. The treatment with combination of Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide effectively reduced Bcl2 protein expression and also increased P(53)gene expression. Moreover, the levels of Bcl2 and P(53) a good indicators of restoring the skin architecture, were also reversed in skin damage subjects after treatment with the herbal compounds preparation. So, from the obtained results it is concluded that a combination of Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide is capable of restoring the skin architecture and can also increase the apoptosis activities in skin cancer rats.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) and turmeric are traditionally being used in Indian cuisine systems; VCO is a natural combination of medium-chain triglyceride and polyphenols with established pharmacological potential. Curcumin isolated from turmeric is renowned for its anticancer properties, however, with limited clinical success due to poor bioavailability. Considering the lipophilic nature of VCO, curcumin added to VCO is expected to have synergistic/additive actions. In this study, the chemopreventive potential of curcumin enriched VCO (VCr) (4 and 8 mL/Kg orally) was analyzed in 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA;470 nmoles/200 µL/week for two weeks topical)/croton oil (3% v/v in 200 µL acetone twice a week for 6 weeks topical) induced skin papilloma. In DMBA control animals, an average incidence of 13 papilloma/mice (latency period of 11.6 ± 1.5 weeks) was recorded. Pretreatment with VCrH (8 mL/kg) had a 60% inhibition of tumor index, and an increased latency period (12.5 ± 0.9 weeks). Additionally, DMBA/croton oil-induced reduction in glutathione levels and concomitant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in the skin microenvironment were restored by VCr. The study thus suggests that the VCr promotes antioxidant status

An increasing amount of Fluoranthene (Fla) and Benz(a)anthracene (BaA) is being produced and used, eventually entering the soil sediments. The accumulation of Fla and BaA will cause poisoning to typical enzymes (α-Amylase) and organisms (Eisenia fetida) in soil. However, the studies about exploring and comparing the different effects of Fla, BaA and their joint effect at different levels are rarely reported. In this paper, the different effects of Fla, BaA and their mixed pollutant on α-Amylase were evaluated and compared at the molecular level, and the effect of Fla-BaA to the antioxidant system of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was investigated from the aspects of concentration and exposure time at the animal level. The results showed that Fla-BaA had the greatest influence on the skeleton structure and the microenvironment of amino acid residue of α-Amylase compared to Fla and BaA, and in the mixed pollutant system, the joint effect mode was additive mode. The inhibitory effect of Fla-BaA on the activity of α-Amylase was also stronger than that of the system alone. The assays at the animal level showed that low concentrations (below 5 mg/kg) of Fla-BaA increased the activity of GSH-Px and SOD while high concentrations inhibited their activity. The POD that was activated throughout the experiment period suggested its key role in the earthworm antioxidant system. Changes in T-AOC and MDA showed that long-term and high-dose of Fla-BaA exposure inhibited the antioxidant capacity of Eisenia fetida, causing lipid peroxidation and damage to cells.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic compounds. White rot fungi (WRF) have attracted much attention due to their strong capabilities for the initial transformation of PAHs. To better understand the metabolic pathway of PAHS by WRF in the presence of ligninolytic enzymes and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450s), degradation by a high laccase-producing fungus, Pycnoporus sanguineus 14, was examined in detail. This strain with high laccase activity (2516.7 U L−1) exhibited 45.6% biodegradation of phenanthrene (PHE) and 90.1% of benz[a]anthracene (BAA) under in vivo conditions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify 2-methylphenol as the product of PHE, and benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid and citramalic acid were identified as products of BAA. The results of an in vitro experiment indicated that the strain could initially transform PHE to 2-dibenzofuranol by intracellular enzymes containing P450s, or 9,10-phenanthrenedione by extracellular laccase, and could initially transform BAA to benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione via extracellular laccase.

Although terrestrial and aquatic environments are polluted with mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), much of the research efforts toward bioremediation of these toxic, mutagenic and...

A synthetic pathway to a cyclophane bearing two benz[a]anthracene units connected at the 5 and 7 positions through two naphth-1,4-diyl groups was developed, and its structure was confirmed by X-ray structure analysis. Because of structural constraints, the two naphthyl groups are distorted from planarity and the bonds connecting them to the benz[a]anthracene units are bent significantly. The UV-vis and fluorescence spectra of the cyclophane are red-shifted from those of 7-(1-naphthalenyl)benz[a]anthracene, which is the corresponding monomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

The synthesis of the benz[a]anthracene skeleton of the angucyclines is described. Key steps involve the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, isomerization of an aromatic allyl substituent to the corresponding styrene, and the use of the ring closing metathesis reaction to construct a benzene ring. For example, exposure of 3-allyl-2-bromo-1,4,5-trimethoxynaphthalene to (2-formyl-4-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid under palladium catalysis conditions resulted in the formation of 2-(3-allyl-1,4,5-trimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzaldehyde. This 2-naphthyl benzaldehyde then underwent a Wittig reaction to furnish 3-allyl-1,4,5-trimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-vinylphenyl)naphthalene. Isomerization of the allyl group of this compound afforded the diene, (E)-1,4,5-trimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-vinylphenyl)-3-(prop-1-en-1yl)naphthalene. Exposure of the formed diene to the Grubbs II catalyst resulted in the formation of the benzanthracene, 3,7,8,12-tetramethoxytetraphene, which was easily oxidized to the corresponding quinone.

Nowadays, contamination of soil and marine sediments by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has become a serious problem all over the world. Rhodococcus sp. P14 was isolated from sediments with crude oil contaminate and showed degradation ability on various PAHs. The genome of Rhodococcus sp. P14 was sequenced. A gene cluster encoding a ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase Baa related to PAH degradation was identified by bioinformatics. The expression level of gene baaA was increased when P14 was cultured with anthracene, pyrene, phenanthrene, or benz[a]­anthracene as the single carbon source. The recombinant protein Baa was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Further investigations on the recombinant protein Baa in E. coli demonstrated that it was able to oxidize anthracene and benz [a]anthracene, resulting in 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene and 7, 12-dihydroxybenz[a]anthracene as metabolites, respectively. These results indicate that Baa plays an important role in PAH degradation in Rhodococcus sp. P14 and Baa has potential application in the bioremediation of PAHs in the contaminated environment.

Not much is known about the biotransformation capability of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. For understanding possible toxicity differences to adult fish, it might be crucial to understand the biotransformation of chemicals in zebrafish embryos i.e. as part of toxicokinetics. The biotransformation capabilities were analysed for two different stages of zebrafish embryos in conjunction with the internal concentrations of a xenobiotic. Zebrafish embryos of the late cleavage/early blastula period (2–26 hpf) and the early pharyngula period (26–50 hpf) were exposed for 24 h to the AhR binding compound benz[a]anthracene (BaA). Time dependent changes in cyp transcription (cyp1a, cyp1b1, cyp1c1 and cyp1c2) as well as concentration & time-dependent courses of BaA in the fish embryo and the exposure medium were analysed. Additionally, the CYP mediated formation of biotransformation products was investigated. We found correlations between transcriptional responses and the internal concentration for both exposure types. These correlations were depending on the start of the exposure i.e. the age of the exposed embryo. While no significant induction of the examined gene transcripts was observed in the first 12 h of exposure beginning in the blastula period a correlation was apparent when exposure started later i.e. in the pharyngula period. A significant induction of cyp1a was detected already after 1.5 h of BaA exposure. Gene transcripts for cyp1b1, cyp1c1 and cyp1c2 showed expressions distinctly different from cyp1a and were, in general, less inducible by BaA in both exposure windows. The toxicokinetic analysis showed that the biotransformation capability was fivefold higher in the older fish embryos. Biotransformation products of phase I reactions were found between 32 hpf and 50 hpf and were tentatively identified as benz[a]anthracene-phenol and benz[a]anthracene-dihydrodiol-epoxide. In conclusion, not only duration but also onset of exposure in relation to the developmental stage of zebrafish embryos is important in the analysis and interpretation of effects due to different biotransformation capabilities.

Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide that is extracted from brown algae seaweed. This study was designed to evaluate the protective and immunomodulatory effects of dietary fucoidan on 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced experimental mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups: the control group (control group), the cancer model group (model group), and the F1 and F2 groups, which were fed fucoidan at concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/kg·body weight, respectively. We found that fucoidan treatment decreased the tumor incidence and mean tumor weight and prolonged the tumor latency. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that the number of blood natural killer cells was higher after fucoidan treatment and that the proportions of CD4 and CD8 T cells were also increased. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12p40, and interferon (IFN)-γ were higher in the rats treated with fucoidan compared to those of model rats. Moreover, the percentage of CD3+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the blood and the levels of IL-10 and transforming growth factor β in the serum were lower in the rats treated with fucoidan. Furthermore, fucoidan treatment decreased the expression of Foxp3 and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) in tumor tissues. The levels of p-phosphatidyl inositol kinase 3 and p-AKT in tumor tissues were also lower than those of model rats. These results suggest that a fucoidan-supplemented diet can inhibit DMBA-induced tumors in rats. This study provides experimental evidence toward elucidating the immune enhancement induced by fucoidan through the programmed cell death 1/PDL1 signaling pathway. The immunomodulatory effect is one of the possible mechanisms of the protective effect of fucoidan against mammary carcinogenesis.

Mycoremediation of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is well studied. This study highlights the degradation of high molecular weight PAH (HMW-PAHs): Benz (a) anthracene (BAA), Dibenz (a, h) anthracene (DBA), and Indeno pyrene (IND) by Aspergillus terricola var americanus. The metabolism of the HMW-PAHs by this fungus was investigated in liquid submerged culture added with 60 mg/L of each compound. Depletion of BAA, DBA, and IND was 94.80, 90.16, and 93.80%, respectively, after 10 days of culture. Fungal broth solvent extracts were analyzed for the presence of metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the extracellular enzymes produced were also assayed. The coexistence of two metabolic pathways, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and ligninolytic pathway were identified. A high laccase activity was observed in BAA cultures on day 4 when compared to other PAH's studied. In conclusion, A. terricola might be a promising fungus for bioremediation of HMW-PAH mixtures ...

Managing environmental contamination with Benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A) is essential due to its carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on humans and the environment. At present, the mainly B[a]A degradation methods used are photodegradation, bioremediation and traditional advanced oxidation, although they all have disadvantages. In this study, B[a]A was degraded by hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), or an innovative combination of the two methods. According to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysed the degradation products and degradation pathway of B[a]A, with the kinetics of different degradation methods discussed. Under optimal conditions, HC combined with ClO2 oxidation can further degrade products to achieve ring cleavage. Compared with the two separate degradation process methods, the combined method exerts a synergistic effect on the degradation of B[a]A, with an enhancement factor of 1.48. Experimental results showed that the combination method can realize enhanced complete degradation of B[a]A, reduce ClO2 requirements, improve efficiency, reduce energy consumption and produce less harmful products with ring cleavage achieved.

The chemical analysis of a Streptomyces strain, from a Korean volcanic island, discovered new benz[ a]anthracene dimers linked by a thioether bond. The structures of donghaesulfins A and B (1 and 2) were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including energy-dispersive X-ray. Their configurations were determined by ROESY NMR data, DP4 calculations, the modified Mosher's method, and ECD calculations. Donghaesulfins A (1) induced quinone reductase, whereas donghaesulfin B (2) displayed antiangiogenesis activity.

The formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a strong global concern due to their harmful effects. To help the reduction of their emissions, a crucial understanding of their formation and a deep exploration of their growth mechanism is required. In the present work, the formation of benzo(a)pyrene was investigated computationally employing chrysene and benz(a)anthracene as starting materials. It was assumed a type of methyl addition/cyclization (MAC) was the valid growth mechanism in this case. Consequently, the reactions implied addition reactions, ring closures, hydrogen abstractions and intramolecular hydrogen shifts. These steps of the mechanism were computed to explore benzo(a)pyene formation. The corresponding energies of the chemical species were determined via hybrid density funcional theory (DFT), B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p). Results showed that the two reaction routes had very similar trends energetically, the difference between the energy levels of the corresponding molecules was just 6.13 kJ/mol on average. The most stable structure was obtained in the benzo(a)anthracene pathway.

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of chloroform extract of S. trilobatum (CST) on 7,12-dimethyl benz (a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC) induced solid tumor in mice. CST was obtained by exhaustive extraction with chloroform. Skin carcinogenesis was induced in Swiss albino mice by applying DMBA, while solid tumor was induced by intramuscular injection of EAC cells. For preventing skin carcinogenesis, animals were treated with CST (5 mg/kg body weight/100 μl acetone) before and after DMBA application for 15 days. Solid tumor was treated with CST (400 mg/kg body weight) prophylatically and post inoculation. After the experimental period, several anti tumor parameters and antioxidant status of skin of treated and control animals were determined. Solid tumor progression was determined by measuring the tumor diameter for 36 days. CST was sub-fractionated with different solvents and each fraction was subjected to HPLC-MS. HPLC-MS analysis showed the presence of two components with possible anti-cancer activity viz. 3,5,7 trimethoxy flavone and vitexin per-O-acetyl. The biochemical results showed that CST treatment reduced the number of skin papillomas, tumor incidence as well as modulated the antioxidant status of the skin in a beneficial way. CST reduced the solid tumor volume induced by EAC significantly. In conclusion, CST with its biologically active components may be used as a part of cancer treatment.

CCl4 liquid-phase reaction kinetics of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including chrysene (CHRY), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), and benzanthrone (BA), with NO3 radicals were investigated at 273 K using a relative rate method with naphthalene (NA) as the reference compound. The obtained relative reaction rates of CHRY, BaA, and BA to NA were 1.76 ± 0.08, 2.27 ± 0.20, 0.75 ± 0.01, respectively. CHRY, BaA, and BA are semi-volatile PACs with four aromatic rings. They are chemically modified into mutagenic nitropolycyclic aromatic compounds via gas-phase OH or NO3 radical-initiated reactions. Based on the PACs relative reactivity in the CCl4 liquid phase-system, the rate constants at 298 K for the gas-phase reaction of CHRY, BaA, and BA with OH radicals and those of CHRY, BaA, and BA with NO3 radicals were estimated to be (in cm3molecule−1s−1): CHRY, (4.4 ± 0.3) × 10−11 and (9.2 ± 3.2) × 10−28 [NO2]; BaA, (5.3 ± 0.5) × 10−11 and (1.3 ± 0.5) × 10−27 [NO2]; BA, (2.3 ± 0.1) × 10−11 and (3.1 ± 1.1) × 10−2...

Pure organic compounds that are also phosphorescent at room temperature are very rare in literature. Here, we report efficient phosphorescence emission from aggregated hydrosol of Benz(a)anthracene (BaA) at room temperature. Aggregated hydrosol of BaA has been synthesized by re-precipitation method and SDS is used as morphology directing agent. Morphology of the particles is characterized using optical and scanning electronic microcopy (SEM). Photophysical properties of the aggregated hydrosol are carried out using UV-vis, steady state and time resolved fluorescence study. The large stoke shifted structured emission from aggregated hydrosol of BaA has been explained due to phosphorescence emission of BaA at room temperature. In the crystalline state, the restricted intermolecular motions (RIM) such as rotations and vibrations are activated by crystal lattice. This rigidification effect makes the chromophore phosphorescent at room temperature. The possible stacking arrangement of the neighboring BaA within the aggregates has been substantiated by computing second order Fukui parameter as local reactivity descriptors. Computational study also reveals that the neighboring BaA molecules are present in parallel slipped conformation in its aggregated crystalline form.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are products of the incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic material and they are among the most harmful compounds. During process of meat smoking, wood combustion is one of the most important sources of PAH compounds, which can be adsorbed by the surface of meat. The EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) recommended to the member states of European Union to use the sum of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and chrysene (CHR), (PAH4 compounds), as a marker for the occurrence and impact of carcinogenic PAHs in food, instead of benzo[a]pyrene. The maximum content of BaP and sum of all four compounds (PAH4) has been established by European Commission Regulation No. 835/2011. For smoked foods, from 1st September 2014, the maximum BaP content was lowered to 2 μg/kg, while the content of PAH4 is allowed to 12 μg/kg. The new maximum residue limits (MRL) both for BaP and sum of PAH4 compounds in smoked meat and meat products were defined by the legislation of Serbia, as well, and it is in accordance with EU regulation. The aim of this paper was the validation of the method for identification and determination of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene in smoked meat and smoked meat products. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used for extraction of lipids and lipophilic compounds. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used in order to remove lipids from analysed samples. High-performance liquid chromatographic with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) was applied for identification and quantification of PAH4 compounds. Fluorescence detector operated at excitation/emission wavelength 275/385 nm for BaA and CHR, 256/446 nm for BbF and 260/410 nm for BaP, respectively. On the base of experimental results it is possible to conclude as follows: The in-house validation procedure of the method meets all criteria (applicability, specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, recovery, LOD and LOQ) set out by EU Regulation No. 836/2011. The method is suitable for operative control of PAH4 content in smoked meat products. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46009]

Benz(a)anthracene (BaA) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), that belongs to a group of carcinogenic and mutagenic persistent organic pollutants found in a variety of ecological habitats. In this study, the efficient biodegradation of BaA by a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) CC-503 was investigated. The results showed that the growth of C. reinhardtii was hardly affected with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L, but was inhibited significantly under higher concentrations of BaA (30 mg/L) (p 0.05). We demonstrated that the relatively high concentration of 10 mg/L BaA was degraded completely in 11 days, which indicated that C. reinhardtii had an efficient degradation system. During the degradation, the intermediate metabolites were determined to be isomeric phenanthrene or anthracene, 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene, 1,3-diisopropylnaphthalene, 1,7-diisopropylnaphthalene, and cyclohexanol. The enzymes involved in the degradation included the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), the carboxymethylenebutenolidase, the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the ubiquinol oxidase. The respective genes encoding these proteins were significantly up-regulated ranging from 3.17 fold to 13.03 fold and the activity of enzymes, such as HGD and Rubisco, was significantly induced up to 4.53 and 1.46 fold (p 0.05), during the BaA metabolism. This efficient degradation ability suggests that the green alga C. reinhardtii CC-503 may be a sustainable candidate for PAHs remediation.

It has been reported that spinal deformity was induced in developing fish by the addition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To examine the mechanism of the disruption of fish bone metabolism, the effect of benz[a]anthracene (BaA), a kind of PAH, on plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts was investigated in this study. We also measured several plasma components to analyze the toxicity of BaA on other metabolisms. BaA (1 or 10 ng/g body weight) was intraperitoneally injected (four times) into nibbler fish during breeding, for 10 days, and it was indicated, for the first time, that injecting high doses of BaA to nibbler fish induced both hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Furthermore, in the scales of nibbler fish treated with high doses of BaA, both osteoclastic and osteoblastic marker messengerRNA (mRNA) expressions decreased. These results are a cause of disruption of bone metabolism and, perhaps, the induction of spinal deformities. In addition, we found that total protein, metabolic enzymes in the liver, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly decreased in BaA-injected fish. These results indicate that BaA may affect liver diseases and emphasize the importance of prevention of aquatic PAH pollution.

Introduction: Skin cancer is the most common type of malignancy in humans with a dramatic incidence increase in the past decade. One of the genes that may play a role in carcinogenesis is p53 gene. Mangosteen skin extract contains xanthone derivatives, such as α-, β-, and γ-mangostins, which are known to possess anticancer property. Despite its well documented use in other types of carcinoma, its effect in skin tumor carcinogenesis is still unknown. Method: This experimental study was done in 30 mice randomly assigned into groups receiving different treatments. The positive control group received Dimethyl-Benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), a potent carcinogen, induction while the treatment groups received mangosteen skin extract with 100, 200, and 400 ppm concentrations. The protein p53 level from skin tumor in each mouse was assessed using ELISA. Result: Protein p53 level was highest in the positive control group while the lowest value was shown by the group with 100 ppm extract application. One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference across groups (p=0.000). Least significant difference post-hoc analysis showed a significantly lower protein p53 levels of both 100 ppm and 400 ppm mangosteen skin extract compared to the DMBA control group (p=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that topical application of mangosteen skin extract provided protective effect to skin tumor in mice, possibly through its antioxidant effects. This finding may expand potential future therapeutic options in treating skin cancers.

National audience; Parmi les composés chimiques de la famille des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP), seize sont considérés comme prioritaires par l’EPA et classés par le CIRC en fonction des risques de développement de cancers chez l’homme tels le benzo(a)pyrène (cancérogène certain), le dibenzo(a,h)anthracène (cancérogène probable) ou encore le chrysène (cancérogène possible). Émis par des processus de combustion, ces composés sont très présents dans les secteurs urbains et résidentiels (64% de la pollution de l’air ). En outre, par leur caractère lipophile , ils peuvent s’accumuler dans la chaîne alimentaire et donc contaminer l’homme par l’ingestion d’aliments comme le poisson, la viande, les œufs et les produits laitiers. Pour permettre une évaluation précoce du risque et de l’exposition, les biomarqueurs de mort cellulaire ne sont pas aujourd’hui suffisamment sensibles, fiables ou spécifiques du foie. Toutefois, des études récentes soulignent l’intérêt potentiel des vésicules extracellulaires, susceptibles d’être libérées par des cellules agressées.

Dietary components with potent anticancerous property are gaining attention as therapeutic agents due to low cost of therapy and minimal toxic effects. Turmeric is one such miracle spices of Indian and South Asian recipes with multiple medicinal properties. The anticarcinogenic properties of its active compound curcumin have been studied in detail. However, studies on the medicinal properties of crude turmeric used as dietary agents are lacking. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects of dietary and topical crude turmeric paste on DMBA induced skin tumor of male Wistar rats. We observed the apoptotic effect of crude turmeric paste on DMBA induced tumor with depletion of T cells response. Our results demonstrated the significant expression of major pro-apoptotic genes like caspase-2, 3, 8, 9, PARP, and p53 and down regulation of major pro-inflammatory (NF-B) and pro-angiogenic factors and (VEGF) in turmeric treated tumor tissues. We also observed significant decrease in CD4(+), CD8(+), and Natural Killer cell population as compared to the untreated group.

A gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (GC-IDMS) technique was developed for the quantification of two heavy polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene, in yerba mate tea (mate). The optimisation of two extraction methods, namely liquid-liquid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction, was carried out. Both optimised methods were validated using a certified reference material of fine dust and the results were within the expanded uncertainties at 95% confidence level. Recoveries of 99.2-106.7% with RSD of measurements of 1.1-2.3% were achieved for benz[a]anthracene. Recoveries of 95.7-101.9% with RSD of measurements of 0.4-1.4% were achieved for benzo[a]pyrene. The validated methods were applied for the extraction of benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene in mate powder from NIST. A metrological approach was undertaken to ensure the traceability of measurement results. The uncertainties associated with the results were rigorously evaluated and also reported herein. Graphical abstract Quantification of benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene using IDMS.

Our recent studies have shown that naturally occurring dietary organo sulfure compounds such as di allyl sulfide and paclitaxel are capable of inhibiting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolism and subsequent PAH-DNA adduct formation in Wistar rats. In this study these plant phenols were tested for their effects against PAHs and 7,12 Di Methyl Benz (A) Anthracene -induced skin tumorigenesis in rats. Each compounds was evaluated as a possible anticarcinogen in an initiation and promotion and a complete skin tumorigenesis protocol. In the two-stage tumor protocol in Wistar rats using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as the initiating agent followed by twice weekly applications of acetone as tumor promoter each plant compounds afforded significant protection against skin tumorigenicity. The protective effects were verified both by prolongation of latency period and by subsequent tumor development. Our results suggest that these plants compounds have substantial though variable potential for modifying the risk of skin tumorigenicity induced by a wide variety of chemicals and of these combinations of Paclitaxel and Di allyl sulfide was shown to have maximal chemo protective effects.

Objectives: Relative importance of multiple indoor and outdoor venues on personal exposure concentrations to pro-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) remains poorly understood. This is particularly challenging because many c-PAHs share sources and occur as a complex mixture. Accurate and precise apportionment of personal exposure according to exposure venues could aid in the understanding of human health effects due to a given source. Here, we partitioned indoor and personal exposure concentrations to seven c-PAHs and pyrene according to the indoor- and outdoor-origins. Methods: A simultaneous, integrated monitoring of personal, indoor and outdoor concentrations of nine PAHs was conducted in 75 homes for a consecutive 48-hour period across a two-year period in Kraków, Poland. Due to few known indoor sources for chrysene, we used this PAH species as a tracer for infiltration of outdoor PAHs. Personal and indoor concentrations of seven c-PAHs and pyrene were apportioned to home indoor, non-home indoor and outdoor origins. Results: Using Chrysenein/Chryseneout as proxy for an infiltration factor, Finf, infiltrated PAHs of outdoor origin are overall higher in concentration than those emitted from the indoor origin. Average contribution by the outdoor sources on B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F were 92%, 79%, and 78% across all seasons, respectively. In contrast, in homes where a household member smoked, average contributions by the outdoor sources on B[ghi]P, B[a]P, D[ah]A, and IP were lower (i.e., 67%, 65%, 67%, and 66%, respectively). Season-averaged contributions by the outdoor sources on personal exposure to B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F were 92%, 74%, and 77%, respectively. On the other hand, season-averaged home indoor source contributions on personal exposure to B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F were estimated at 6%, 15%, and 19%, respectively. Similar contributions by season-averaged home indoor sources on personal exposure were estimated at 28% for B[ghi]P, 31% for B[a]P, 25% for D[ah]A, and 28% for IP. Conclusion: Of the seven c-PAHs, B[a]A, B[b]F, and B[k]F are enriched in indoor and personal exposure concentrations from the outdoor coal-combustion. B[ghi]P, B[a]P, D[a,h]A, and IP, PAHs with some of the highest carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies, are considerably enriched by cigarette smoke in addition to the outdoor sources. Keywords: Secondhand smoke, Tobacco, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Coal combustion, Indoor pollution, Benzo[a]pyrene

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pervasive plus priority emerging pollutants have the potential to destruct the bionetwork. Therefore, photocatalytic decay of toxic 4- and 5-ring membered PAHs, namely benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was explored in water. The nanocomposite of zinc hexacyanoferrate encapsulated with zinc oxide (ZnHCF@ZnO) was synthesized by Azadirachta indica mediated co-precipitation under normal conditions. Sunlight exposure caused a quick downfall in the concentration of PAH with composite exposing its eminent photo-activity. Encapsulation resulted in enhanced surface area (113 m2 g−1) and lesser band gap energy (2.2 eV) of nanocomposite owing to the synergism of semiconducting stuff of zinc oxide and intercalative properties of ZnHCF. At neutral pH, photo-degradation of PAHs (2 mg L−1) by optimum dose of catalyst followed first order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms (R2≥0.98; p ≤ 0.05). Slightly lower elimination of BaP (90%) than BaA (93%) might be due to its higher molecular weight and conjugation. Mechanism exploration revealed the involvement of “cation- π” interaction effectively between nanocomposite and PAHs (Xm =25.6 mg/g of BaA and 21.7 mg/g of BaP) than bared (ZnO and ZnHCF). Besides, it compacts the t1/2 value of BaA(0.35 h) and BaP (0.49 h) up to manifolds than its constituents (13–26 h). Smaller by-products like prop-2-en-1-ol, propionic acid and acrylic acid identified in GC MS, clearly supported electron excitement from encapsulated nanocomposite followed by OH (active species)based oxidation of PAHs. Particularly, the mineralization evaluation of PAHs through TOC analysis confirmed its conversion into H2O and CO2. Inclusive of the present study provides promising photo-catalyst with greater surface activity, low quantum yield with charge separation and reusable for ten cycles deprived of substantial loss of its action. Similar studies can be promoted to build up methods that can accurately predict the acceleration in the environment clean up strategies.