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Abstract Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the third most common pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections and the prevalence of multiple resistant isolates has been increasing. Ninety-nine clinical isolates were studied in order to assess the current levels of susceptibility and cross-resistances of widely used antipseudomonal antibiotics against P. aeruginosa and to determine some resistance mechanisms by phenotypic methods. Methods MICs of isolates for nine antipseudomonal antibiotics were determined by the E test method. Results Thirty-six percent of isolates were resistant to more than one group of antibiotics. The rates of susceptible isolates were ciprofloxacin 75%, amikacin 73%, ceftazidime 65%, meropenem 63%, imipenem 63%, piperacillin/tazobactam 60%, cefoperazone/sulbactam 59%, cefepime 54% and tobramycin 44%. The majority of carbapenem resistant isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Conclusion Ciprofloxacin seems to be the most active agent against P. aeruginosa followed by amikacin in our unit. The usefulness of combinations of these antibiotics and β-lactams should be tested in treating multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a potentially life-threatening muco-cutaneous disease, largely caused by an idiosyncratic reaction to medication or infectious disease, and is characterised by acute necrosis of the epidermis. No definitive consensus regarding the treatment of TEN has been agreed. A 60-year-old woman, diagnosed with multiple myeloma three months prior, was admitted with signs of TEN to the intensive care burns unit. She had been given ciprofloxacin to treat a urinary tract infection. She complained of malaise and pain, with maculopapular and bullous eruptions over her whole body on the third day of ciprofloxacin administration. Her supportive cares included intravenous immunoglobulins, pain control with analgesics, wound care, nutrition, and fluid support. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) was added on the second day of admission. The patient underwent 5 sessions of HBOT at 243.1 kPa (2.4 atmospheres absolute). Desquamation was noted to stop after the first session of HBOT and re-epithelisation commenced rapidly. The patient was discharged from the burn unit after 14 days of hospital admission. Improvement in this case was temporally related to the initiation of HBOT., (Copyright: This article is the copyright of the authors who grant Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine a non-exclusive licence to publish the article in electronic and other forms.)

Objectives: We describe the molecular characteristics of colistin resistance and its impact on patient mortality., Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed in seven different Turkish hospitals. The genotype of each isolate was determined by MLST and repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR). Alterations in mgrB were detected by sequencing. Upregulation of pmrCAB, phoQ and pmrK was quantified by RT-PCR. mcr-1 and the genes encoding OXA-48, NDM-1 and KPC were amplified by PCR., Results: A total of 115 patients diagnosed with colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae (ColR-Kp) infection were included. Patients were predominantly males (55%) with a median age of 63 (IQR 46-74) and the 30 day mortality rate was 61%. ST101 was the most common ST and accounted for 68 (59%) of the ColR-Kp. The 30 day mortality rate in patients with these isolates was 72%. In ST101, 94% (64/68) of the isolates had an altered mgrB gene, whereas the alteration occurred in 40% (19/47) of non-ST101 isolates. The OXA-48 and NDM-1 carbapenemases were found in 93 (81%) and 22 (19%) of the total 115 isolates, respectively. In multivariate analysis for the prediction of 30 day mortality, ST101 (OR 3.4, CI 1.46-8.15, P = 0.005) and ICU stay (OR 7.4, CI 2.23-29.61, P = 0.002) were found to be significantly associated covariates., Conclusions: Besides ICU stay, ST101 was found to be a significant independent predictor of patient mortality among those infected with ColR-Kp. A significant association was detected between ST101 and OXA-48. ST101 may become a global threat in the dissemination of colistin resistance and the increased morbidity and mortality of K. pneumoniae infection.

Background: The fatality attributed to pandemic influenza A H1N1 was not clear in the literature. We described the predictors for fatality related to pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection among hospitalized adult patients., Methods: This is a multicenter study performed during the pandemic influenza A H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] outbreak which occurred in 2009 and 2010. Analysis was performed among laboratory confirmed patients. Multivariate analysis was performed for the predictors of fatality., Results: In the second wave of the pandemic, 848 adult patients were hospitalized because of suspected influenza, 45 out of 848 (5.3%) died, with 75% of fatalities occurring within the first 2 weeks of hospitalization. Among the 241 laboratory confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 patients, the case fatality rate was 9%. In a multivariate logistic regression model that was performed for the fatalities within 14 days after admission, early use of neuraminidase inhibitors was found to be protective (Odds ratio: 0.17, confidence interval: 0.03-0.77, p=0.022), nosocomial infections (OR: 5.7, CI: 1.84-18, p=0.013), presence of malignant disease (OR: 3.8, CI: 0.66-22.01, p=0.133) significantly increased the likelihood of fatality., Conclusions: Early detection of the infection, allowing opportunity for the early use of neuraminidase inhibitors, was found to be important for prevention of fatality. Nosocomial bacterial infections and underlying malignant diseases increased the rate of fatality.

Background: Diagnosing sepsis is difficult in burn patients because of the inflammatory mediators that alter postburn metabolic profile. Here, we compare a new marker presepsin with procalcitonin (PCT), c-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) in diagnosis and follow up of sepsis in burn patients., Methods: Patients admitted to burn center of our institute were prospectively investigated. Presepsin, PCT, CRP and WBC levels were measured at admission and every 6h for first day and daily thereafter. At all timing samples, patients were classified as sepsis or non-sepsis according to the current American Burn Association Consensus Criteria (ABA) 2007., Result: 37 adult patients were evaluated. A total data of 611 time points were supplied. Sepsis time points differ significantly from non-sepsis in presepsin (p < 0.0001), PCT (p = 0.0012) and CRP (p < 0.0001) levels. Non-surviving patient results differ significantly from survivors in presepsin (p < 0.0001), PCT (p = 0.0210) and CRP (p = 0.0008). AUC-ROC % values for diagnosing sepsis were 83.4% for presepsin, 84.7% for PCT, 81.9% for CRP and 50.8% for WBC. Sepsis patients had significantly different presepsin, CRP and WBC but not PCT levels on their first day of sepsis compared to previous days., Conclusion: Plasma presepsin levels have comparable performance in burn sepsis., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.)

Influenza virus is associated with a variety of neurological complications, of which the most commonly encountered are seizures and encephalopathy. Acute encephalitis and postinfectious encephalopathy have been reported infrequently in association with influenza A and B virus infections. We describe two previously healthy adults who presented with encephalopathy with a virologically documented influenza B infection.

Objective: In 2009, in a European survey, around a quarter of Europeans reported witnessing discrimination or harassment at their workplace. The parity committee from the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) designed a questionnaire survey to investigate forms of discrimination with respect to country, gender and ethnicity among medical professionals in hospitals and universities carrying out activities in the clinical microbiology (CM) and infectious diseases (ID) fields., Design: The survey consisted of 61 questions divided into five areas (sociodemographic, professional census and environment, leadership and generic) and ran anonymously for nearly 3 months on the ESCMID website., Subjects: European specialists in CM/ID., Results: Overall, we included 1274 professionals. The majority of respondents (68%) stated that discrimination is present in medical science. A quarter of them reported personal experience with discrimination, mainly associated with gender and geographic region. Specialists from South-Western Europe experienced events at a much higher rate (37%) than other European regions. The proportion of women among full professor was on average 46% in CM and 26% in ID. Participation in high-level decision-making committees was significantly (>10 percentage points) different by gender and geographic origin. Yearly gross salary among CM/ID professionals was significantly different among European countries and by gender, within the same country. More than one-third of respondents (38%) stated that international societies in CM/ID have an imbalance as for committee member distribution and speakers at international conferences., Conclusions: A quarter of CM/ID specialists experienced career and research discrimination in European hospitals and universities, mainly related to gender and geographic origin. Implementing proactive policies to tackle discrimination and improve representativeness and balance in career among CM/ID professionals in Europe is urgently needed.

We describe a patient with Pseudallescheria boydii keratitis. The treatment of mycotic keratitis remains difficult. This case demonstrates that identification and susceptibility testing should be rapidly performed. In cases of indolent keratitis, the possibility of fungal infection should be kept in mind.