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Les futurs véhicules permettraient l'alternance entre des phases de conduite autonome et des phases de conduite manuelle. Cette transition est cruciale sur le plan attentionnel et repose sur l'utilisation d'alertes. La littérature a montré que des omissions de perceptions d'alertes sonores peuvent être liées à un niveau élevé d'engagement attentionnel dans une tâche annexe. L'objectif de ce travail en cours est d'investiguer les conditions de création du phénomène d'omission, ainsi que l'efficacité d'une contremesure pour réguler ces états (ici un biofeedback temps-réel du rythme cardiaque). Les participants ont réalisé une double tâche consistant en une détection d'alertes sonores et en un jeu mnésique présentant des variations de difficulté et de stress. Des données physiologiques, subjectives et comportementales ont été collectées. Les premiers résultats montrent un impact des conditions sur les trois dimensions. La poursuite de l'analyse des données devrait nous permettre d'étudier sous divers angles les phénomènes attentionnels et les impacts du biofeedback générés lors de l'expérimentation.

Background: Stress can frequently occur in the driving context. Its cognitive effects can be deleterious and lead to uncomfortable or risky situations. While stress detection in this context is well developed, regulation using dedicated advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is still emergent. Objectives: This systematic review focuses on stress regulation strategies that can be qualified as “subtle” or “mindless”: the technology employed to perform regulation does not interfere with an ongoing task. The review goal is 2-fold: establishing the state of the art on such technological implementation in the driving context and identifying complementary technologies relying on subtle regulation that could be applied in driving. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using search operators previously identified through a concept analysis. The patents and scientific studies selected provide an overview of actual and potential mindless technology implementations. These are then analyzed from a scientific perspective. A classification of results was performed according to the different stages of emotion regulation proposed by the Gross model. Results: A total of 47 publications were retrieved, including 21 patents and 26 studies. Six of the studies investigated mindless stress regulation in the driving context. Patents implemented strategies mostly linked to attentional deployment, while studies tended to investigate response modulation strategies. Conclusions: This review allowed us to identify several ADAS relying on mindless computing technologies to reduce stress and better understand the underlying mechanisms allowing stress reduction. Further studies are necessary to better grasp the effect of mindless technologies on driving safety. However, we have established the feasibility of their implementation as ADAS and proposed directions for future research in this field.

6th International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention - DDI 2018, GOTHENBURG, SUEDE, 15-/10/2018 - 17/10/2018; The present work investigates the cardiovascular activity linked to the cognitive workload induced by the realisation of a supplemenary mental task to driving in a simulator. Specifically, heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are computed to establish the physiological modulations under different types of cognitive demands in order to identify indicators to monitor driver state. Given that driving is a complex task where the executive functions requiring memory, visual attention, decision-making and flexibility are required, the study of concurrent tasks sharing the same cognitive resources is crucial to assess driver's mental workload and performance. For instance, to determine the influence of driver's distraction on driving performance, different additional tasks such as conversation and mobile handling in a real-setting have been employed in previous research works. On the other side, mental arithmetic tasks have been largely employed to increase cognitive workload to analyze distinct aspects of driver behavior. To disentangle how different cognitive workload categories and psychological processes impact driver physiology, this study, based on the Baddeley's model of the working memory (WM), explores the differentiated effects of two cognitive mechanims: listening associated or not with mental processing. According to this model, there are four subdivisions composing WM: the phonological loop which is involved in our ability to maintain and process verbal information, the visuospatial sketchpad responsible for mental image manipulation, the episodic buffer which relays between WM and long-term memory and the central executive for the administration of the three other subdivisions. Moreover, the concept of sensory memory is considered as a primary information processing stage. Specifically, the echoic memory, which is a short-term storage of auditory information, is relevant for auditory distraction. Besides the behavioral data, other objective markers are desirable to monitor driver's cognitive workload and to foresee potential risky situations. One of the most sensitive and cost effective measure to this aim is the electrocardiogram (ECG). HR increments with increasing task demand, manipulated by means of an 'N-back' task, while driving. These results are corroborated by several studies on the topic. Furthermore, the temporal HRV parameters are suggested to be suitable for the identification of instantaneous stress indicators. Indeed, HRV is pointed as an accurate marker of emotion-regulatory ability. Following this line, the present study aims at complementing the results reported in [9], where the authors were interested especially in evoked cardiac response, by analyzing more deeply the links between WM components, mental arithmetic and cardiac signals within longer time periods.