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Genus Berardius Duvernoy, 1851 Two species have been recognized based on genetic analyses, B. arnuxii in the Southern Hemisphere and B. bairdii in the North Pacific Ocean (Dalebout 2002, Dalebout et al. 2004). Mead and Brownell (2005) suggested that Berardius could be monotypic. A third and as yet unnamed species (informally known as ���Karasu���) was described in 2016 in the North Pacific (Morin et al. 2017)., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Dalebout, M. L. (2002) Species identity, genetic diversity and molecular systematic relationships among the Ziphiidae (beaked whales). PhD Dissertation, University of Auckland, Auckland, 382 pp.","Dalebout, M. L., Baker, C. S., Mead, J. G., Cockcroft, V. G. & Yamada, T. K. (2004) A comprehensive and validated molecular taxonomy of beaked whales, Family Ziphiidae. Journal of Heredity, 95, 459 - 473. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jhered / esh 054","Mead, J. G. & Brownell Junior, R. L. (2005) Order Cetacea. In: Wilson D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (Eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3 rd Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 723 - 743.","Morin, P. A., Baker, C., Brewer, R. S., Burdin, A. M., Dalebout, M. L. Dines, J. P., Fedutin, I., Filatova, O., Hoyt, E., Jung J., Lauf, M., Potter, C. W., Richard, G., Ridgway, M., Robertson, K. M. & Wade, P. R. (2017) Genetic structure of the beaked whale genus Berardius in the North Pacific, with genetic evidence for a new species. Marine Mammal Science, 33, 96 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mms. 12345"]}

Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883 —Baird’s Beaked Whale Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883 p.75; Type locality- Commander Islands, Bering Sea, Russia; Kuroda, 1938 p.14; Won, 1968 p.218; Kim et al., p.76; Kim, 2004 p.233. Range: The species mostly occurs in the cold temperate waters of the North Pacific and ranges into Korean waters during March to October, with peaks of occurrence between May and August. Along the east coast of Korea, B. bairdii migrates from the North as far South as Jumunjin Pier (central east coast) and returns to the North in October (Fig. 86). Several strandings and by-catch in the East Sea are recorded every year (Kim 2004). Remarks: None. Conservation status: The species is listed by CITES on Appendix I. This species is not protected by either South Korea or North Korea., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on pages 130-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Stejneger, L. (1883) Contributions to the history of the Commander Islands. No. 1. - Notes on the Natural History, Including descriptions of new Cetaceans. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 6, 58 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.344.58","Kuroda, N. (1938) A list of the Japanese Mammals. Published by Author, Tokyo, 122 pp.","Won, H. K. (1968) The mammals of Korea. Institute of Science Press, Pyeongyang, 408 pp. [in Korean]","Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia & Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]"]}

1. Baird’s Beaked Whale Berardius bairdii French: Baleine-a-bec de Baird / German: Baird-Schnabelwal / Spanish: Zifio de Baird Other common names: Giant Bottle-nosed Whale, North Pacific Bottlenose Whale, Northern Fourtoothed Whale Taxonomy. Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883, Russia, Commander Islands, “found stranded in Stare Gavan, on the eastern shore of Bering Island.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Cooler waters of the N Pacific Ocean, N limit apparently determined by the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea and recorded S to La Paz in Baja California, Mexico (E Pacific Ocean), and S Japan (W Pacific Ocean). The S limit in central N Pacific Ocean remains unclear. Descriptive notes. Total length 1000-1200 cm; weight 10,000-12,000 kg. Female Baird’s Beaked Whales may be slightly larger than males, but there is no clear evidence of any major sexual dimorphism. Body is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds of the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black; however, bodies of some individuals, especially older ones, can be covered in white linear scars from intraspecific aggression or pale oval scars from attacks by cookiecutter sharks (Isistius spp.). Rostrum and lower jaw form a moderately long beak that is clearly distinct from the melon. Adults have two pairs oftusks in the lower jaw; front pair is larger. Unlike many other species of beaked whales, tusks of Baird's Beaked Whales emerge to become functional in adult males and females. These tusks can become heavily worn in older individuals. Habitat. Restricted to deeper oceanic waters,typically greater than 1000 m in depth. Nevertheless, there is evidence that Baird’s Beaked Whales move into shallower waters around Japan in summer months. Food and Feeding. Baird's Beaked Whales consume a range of deep-water squid and deep-waterfish. They are known to consume benthic, bentho-pelagic, and pelagic species, and they may feed at depths of up to 3000 m. Individual foraging dives lasting ¢.30 minutes are common and some may last over an hour. Breeding. Baird's Beaked Whales become sexually mature at c.10 years of age and physically mature at ¢.20 years. Some individuals may live as long as 80 years. Gestation is thought to be ¢.17 months, after which the female gives birth to a single young. Lactation may last several years. Nothing is known ofthe courtship behavior of Baird's Beaked Whale, but linear scars caused by tusks of conspecifics indicate that at least some interactions between individuals are aggressive. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but if, as is the case in other species of beaked whales, it consumes relatively small prey, it is likely that individuals have to spend a large proportion (60-70%) of their time foraging at great depth. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but these whales occur in larger groups than most species of beaked whales, and there may be as many as 100 individuals in the largest groups. Groups are likely to contain multiple adult males and females, as well as dependent offspring. Nothing is known about possible substructuring within these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Baird's Beaked Whales. In the waters around Japan, it has been estimated that there may be ¢.7000 individuals. Estimates for the eastern North Pacific are ¢.1100 individuals. In general, beaked whales are difficult to detect, and it is likely that the techniques used to calculate these values underestimate the actual population size of Baird's Beaked Whales. In the past, the main conservation issue for Baird’s Beaked Whale was whaling, particularly in Japanese waters, and a small number of individuals are still taken each year. Baird’s Beaked Whale may be at risk of bycatch and impacts associated with anthropogenic noise, but these do not now appearto represent a major threat to its conservation status. As a species restricted to cooler waters with a limited ability to shift its distribution northward in response to changes in water temperature (because of the shallow waters of the Bering Sea), Baird's Beaked Whale may be at risk of distributional contractions due to climate change, but the likelihood, extent, and conservation implications of such changes remains unknown. Bibliography. Balcomb (1989), Macleod (2006, 2009), MacLeod & D’Amico (2006), MacLeod et al. (2006), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 347, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

2. Arnoux’s Beaked Whale Berardius arnuxii French: Baleine-a-bec dArnoux / German: Arnoux-Schnabelwal / Spanish: Zifio de Arnoux Other common names: New Zealand Beaked Whale, Southern Fourtoothed Whale Taxonomy. Berardius arnuxi Duvernoy, 1851, “échoué sur la cote, dans le port d’Akaroa, presqu’ile de Bancks, dans la Nouvelle-Zélande” (= New Zealand, Canterbury Prov., Akaroa). This species is monotypic. Distribution. Subantarctic and Antarctic waters from Antarctica to South Africa, S Australia, N New Zealand, and South America. Descriptive notes. Total length 800- 930 cm; weight ¢.9000 kg. There is no clear evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size of Arnoux’s Beaked Whale. Its bodyis spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsal fin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end ofthe tail. Coloration is typically dark brown, dark gray, or black. Bodies of some individuals, especially older ones, can be covered in white linear scars from intraspecific aggression or pale oval scars from attacks by cookie-cutter sharks (/sistius spp.). Rostrum and lowerjaw form a moderately long beak that is clearly distinct from the melon. Adults have two pairs oftusks set in the lowerjaw; front pair is larger. Unlike many other species of beaked whales, tusks erupt in adults to become functional in both males and females. Tusks of Arnoux’s Beaked Whales can become heavily worn in older individuals. Habitat. There is no specific information available for this species, but like all species of beaked whales, Arnoux’s Beaked Whaleis restricted to deeper oceanic waters. Food and Feeding. Little is known about the diet of Arnoux’s Beaked Whale, but they are known to consume deep-water squid and possibly deep-water fish. In common with otherspecies of beaked whales, feeding is likely to occur at great depth, often greater than 500 m and possibly as deep as 3000 m or more. Foraging dives may be up to an hour in length, and prey capture is likely to be by suction feeding. Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but based on information from the related Baird’s Beaked Whale (B. baurdii), individuals are likely to become sexually mature at ¢.10 years of age and physically mature at ¢.20 years. Some individuals may live as long as 80 years. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but if, as is the case in other beaked whales, it consumes relatively small prey, individual Arnoux’s Beaked Whales likely spend a large proportion (60-70%) of their time foraging at great depths. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but as with the related Baird's Beaked Whale, Arnoux’s Beaked Whale seems to occur in larger groups than most species of beaked whales, and there may be as many as 80 individuals in the largest groups. Groups are likely to contain multiple adult males and females, as well as dependent offspring. Nothing is known about possible substructuring within these groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Data Deficient on The [IUCN Red List. There are no estimates of global population size of Arnoux’s Beaked Whales. [t appears to be uncommon throughoutits distribution, and it is considered by some to be naturally rare. Arnoux’s Beaked Whale is likely to be affected by the same factors that affect other species of beaked whales, including noise pollution, overfishing of deep-water ecosystems, and ingestion of plastic debris. As a species restricted to cooler water, Arnoux’s Beaked Whales may also be at risk from effects of climate change. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the form or extent of these potential impacts. Bibliography. Balcomb (1989), Macleod (2006), MacLeod & D'Amico (2006), MacLeod et al. (2006), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 347, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 3, 15:52, fig. 1. TYPE LOCALITY: "échoué sur la côte, dans le port d'Akaroa, presqu'île de Bancks, dands la Nouvelle-Zélande." (= New Zealand, Canterbury Prov., Akaroa). DISTRIBUTION: Southern Hemisphere: circumpolar, temperate waters. STATUS: CITES - Appendix I. COMMENTS: Reviewed by Balcomb (1989)., Published as part of James G. Mead & Robert L. Brownell, Jr., 1993, Order Cetacea, pp. 349-364 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 361, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352970

Berardius Duvernoy, 1851. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (Paris), ser. 3, 15:41. TYPE SPECIES: Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851. COMMENTS: This may be a monotypic genus., Published as part of James G. Mead & Robert L. Brownell, Jr., 1993, Order Cetacea, pp. 349-364 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 361, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352970

Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 6:75. TYPE LOCALITY: Russia, Commander Isis, "found stranded in Stare Gavan, on the eastern shore of Bering Island". DISTRIBUTION: North Pacific: temperate waters. STATUS: CITES - Appendix I. SYNONYMS: vegae. COMMENTS: Reviewed by Balcomb (1989); possibly a subspecies of arnuxii, see Davies (1963) and McLachlan et al. (1966)., Published as part of James G. Mead & Robert L. Brownell, Jr., 1993, Order Cetacea, pp. 349-364 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 361, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352970

Berardius Duvernoy, 1851. Ann. Sci. Nat. ZooL, 15: 52, 68. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Cetacea. ISIS NUMBER: 5301411005001000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Cetacea, pp. 290-304 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 299, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352983

Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851. Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris Zool., 15:52, 68. TYPE LOCALITY: New Zealand, Canterbury Prov., Akaroa. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Hemisphere, circumpolar, temperate to subarctic waters. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Cetacea. ISIS NUMBER: 5301411005001001001 as B. arnouxi (sic)., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Cetacea, pp. 290-304 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 299, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352983

Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6:75. TYPE LOCALITY: U.S. S. R., Commander Isis., Bering Isl., Stare Gavan. DISTRIBUTION: North Pacific, temperate to subarctic waters. COMMENT: Possibly a subspecies of arnuxii; see Davies, 1963, and McLachlan et al., 1966 Ann. Cape Prov. Mus., 5:91 -109. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Cetacea. ISIS NUMBER: 5301411005001002001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Cetacea, pp. 290-304 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 299, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352983, {"references":["Davies, J. L. 1963. The antitropical factor in cetacean speciation. Evolution, 17 (1): 107 - 116.","McLachlan, G. R., R. Liversidge, and R. M. Tietz. 1966. A record of Berardius arnouxi from the south-east coast of South Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, 5: 91 - 100."]}