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Objective To obtain insights into reducing the shortfall in financing for pandemic preparedness and response measures, and reducing the risk of another pandemic with social and economic costs comparable to those of the coronavirus disease. Methods We conducted a systematic scoping review using the databases ScienceDirect, Scopus, JSTOR, PubMed[R] and EconLit. We included articles published in any language until 1 August 2023, and excluded grey literature and publications on epidemics. We categorized eligible studies according to the elements of a framework proposed by the World Health Organization Council on the Economy of Health for All: (i) root/structural causes; (ii) social position/foundations; (iii) infrastructure and systems; and (iv) communities, households and individuals Findings Of the 188 initially identified articles, we included 60 in our review. Most (53/60) were published after 2020, when academic interest had shifted towards global financing mechanisms. Most (37/60) addressed two or more of the council framework elements. The most frequently addressed element was infrastructure and systems (54/60), discussing topics such as health systems, financial markets and innovation ecosystems. The roots/structural causes were discussed in 25 articles; communities, households and individuals in 22 articles; and social positions/foundations in 11. Conclusion Our review identified three important gaps: a formal definition of pandemic preparedness and response, impeding the accurate quantification of the financing shortfall; research on the extent to which financing for pandemic preparedness and response has been targeted at the most vulnerable households; and an analysis of specific financial instruments and an evaluation of the feasibility of their implementation. [phrase omitted] Objectif Mieux comprendre comment lutter contre le manque de moyens alloues aux mesures de preparation et de riposte aux pandemies, et comment reduire le risque d'une nouvelle pandemie aux couts economiques et sociaux comparables a ceux engendres par la maladie a coronavirus. Methodes Nous avons effectue une revue systematique exploratoire dans les bases de donnees ScienceDirect, Scopus, JSTOR, PubMed[R] et EconLit. Nous avons inclus les articles rediges dans toutes les langues et publies avant le 1er aout 2023, mais ecarte la litterature grise et les publications relatives aux epidemies. Nous avons classe les etudes retenues en fonction des elements d'un cadre soumis par le Conseil de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante sur l'economie de la sante pour tous: (i) causes profondes/structurelles; (ii) positions/fondements sociaux; (iii) infrastructures et systemes; et enfin, (iv) communautes, menages et individus. Resultats Sur les 188 articles identifies initialement, nous en avons selectionne 60 pour notre revue. La plupart (53/60) ont ete publies apres 2020, quand l'interet academique s'est tourne vers les mecanismes de financement mondiaux. Une grande partie (37/60) des articles mentionnaient au moins deux elements du cadre du Conseil. Lelement le plus souvent aborde etait celui des infrastructures et systemes (54/60), avec des themes tels que les systemes de sante, les marches financiers et les ecosystemes d'innovation. Les causes profondes/structurelles etaient evoquees dans 25 articles; les communautes, menages et individus dans 22 articles; et les positions/fondements sociaux dans 11 articles. Conclusion Notre revue a permis d'identifier trois grands absents: la definition officielle pour la preparation et la riposte aux pandemies, ce qui empeche de quantifier le manque de moyens avec precision; les recherches pour determiner dans quelle mesure le financement de la preparation et de la riposte aux pandemies a cible les menages les plus vulnerables; et pour terminer, une analyse des instruments financiers specifiques et une evaluation consacree a la faisabilite de leur mise en reuvre. [phrase omitted] Objetivo Comprender mejor como combatir la falta de recursos asignados a las medidas de preparacion y respuesta ante una pandemia, y como reducir el riesgo de una nueva pandemia con costes economicos y sociales comparables a los que causo el coronavirus. Metodos Se realizo una revision sistematica de alcance mediante las bases de datos ScienceDirect, Scopus, JSTOR, PubMed[R] y EconLit. Se incluyeron articulos publicados en cualquier idioma hasta el 1 de agosto de 2023, y se excluyo la literatura gris y las publicaciones sobre epidemias. Se categorizaron los estudios elegibles segun los elementos de un marco propuesto por el Consejo sobre la Economia de la Salud para Todos de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud: (i) causas fundamentales/ estructurales; (ii) posiciones/fundamentos sociales; (iii) infraestructura y sistemas; y (iv) comunidades, hogares e individuos. Resultados De los 188 articulos identificados en un principio, se incluyeron 60 en la revision. La mayoria (53/60) se publicaron despues de 2020, cuando el interes academico se habia orientado hacia los mecanismos de financiacion mundial. La mayoria (37/60) abordaban dos o mas de los elementos del marco del Consejo. El elemento abordado con mas frecuencia fue la infraestructura y el sistema (54/60), en los que se trataban temas como los sistemas sanitarios, los mercados financieros y los ecosistemas de innovacion. Las causas fundamentales/estructurales se trataron en 25 articulos; las comunidades, hogares e individuos en 22 articulos; y las posiciones/fundamentos sociales en 11. Conclusion La revision identifico tres deficiencias importantes: una definicion formal de preparacion y respuesta ante una pandemia, lo que impide cuantificar con precision el deficit de financiacion; una investigacion sobre el grado en que la financiacion de la preparacion y respuesta ante una pandemia se ha dirigido a los hogares mas vulnerables; y un analisis de los instrumentos financieros especificos y una evaluacion de la viabilidad de su implementacion., Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been one of the deadliest emergencies in modern history, with a global death toll exceeding 14.9 million people. (1) Beyond the tragic [...]

Structural competency is a new curricular framework for training health professionals to recognise and respond to disease and its unequal distribution as the outcome of social structures, such as economic and legal systems, healthcare and taxation policies, and international institutions. While extensive global health research has linked social structures to the disproportionate burden of disease in the Global South, formal attempts to incorporate the structural competency framework into US-based global health education have not been described in the literature. This paper fills this gap by articulating five sub-competencies for structurally competent global health instruction. Authors drew on their experiences developing global health and structural competency curricula-and consulted relevant structural competency, global health, social science, social theory, and social determinants of health literatures. The five sub-competencies include: (1) Describe the role of social structures in producing and maintaining health inequities globally, (2) Identify the ways that structural inequalities are naturalised within the field of global health, (3) Discuss the impact of structures on the practice of global health, (4) Recognise structural interventions for addressing global health inequities, and (5) Apply the concept of structural humility in the context of global health.

Structural competency is a new curricular framework for training health professionals to recognise and respond to disease and its unequal distribution as the outcome of social structures, such as economic and legal systems, healthcare and taxation policies, and international institutions. While extensive global health research has linked social structures to the disproportionate burden of disease in the Global South, formal attempts to incorporate the structural competency framework into US-based global health education have not been described in the literature. This paper fills this gap by articulating five sub-competencies for structurally competent global health instruction. Authors drew on their experiences developing global health and structural competency curricula-and consulted relevant structural competency, global health, social science, social theory, and social determinants of health literatures. The five sub-competencies include: (1) Describe the role of social structures in producing and maintaining health inequities globally, (2) Identify the ways that structural inequalities are naturalised within the field of global health, (3) Discuss the impact of structures on the practice of global health, (4) Recognise structural interventions for addressing global health inequities, and (5) Apply the concept of structural humility in the context of global health.

Background: Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) represent a serious challenge in Mexico, with effects on health, society and economy. Demographic, epidemiological, nutritional, social and economic factors have exacerbated this problem., Objective: To analyze mortality and years of healthy life lost in Mexico due to OW/OB in the 1990-2021 period., Material and Methods: The Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors 2021 study was used to analyze data on elevated body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor and its evolution in Mexico., Results: In 2021, 118 thousand deaths attributable to high BMI were recorded, which accounted for 10.6% of total deaths and more than 4.2 million disability-adjusted life years lost., Conclusions: The obesogenic environment, influenced by social determinants of health, has had a significant impact on mortality, burden of disease, and economic costs. Addressing OW/OB requires multisector interventions to strengthen the Mexican health system., (Copyright: © 2023 Permanyer.)

Objective: To investigate the Liver Functional Test (LFT) and hepatic ultrasound (US) usefulness in the diagnostic of NASH., Background: NASH is part of NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), this condition can lead to cirrhosis; it is associated with others frequents diseases in Mexico such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Unfortunately the diagnosis of NASH is not easy, since it must be confirmed by an hepatic biopsy and this requisite can conditionate a subnormal register. Until now, we don't have programs oriented to detect this disease; even though several high risk populations have been identified., Methods: We compared the results of LFT and hepatic US often patients with NASH and ten healthy volunteers. Both groups where matched; the sensibility (S), specificity (Sp) and predictive values (PV) of each test were established. Student t test was used in the statistic analysis., Results: The tests with the most notable difference were aminotransferases (AST, ALT), indirect billirubin (IB) and the US; with S of 100% to IB and US; Sp 100% to aminotransferases; PV+ 100% to ALT and AST, and 71% to US; and PV- 100% to IB and US., Conclusions: LFT and US are useful to detect NASH, the periodic testing of subjects with type 2 diabetes and overweight in risk of NASH is proposed as an effective tool of detection for the cases that require a subsequent study by a gastroenterologist.