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Whilst policymaking will always remain a highly political process, especially amidst crises, evidence-based pandemic management can benefit from adopting a socioecological perspective that integrates multi- and trans-disciplinary insights: from biology, biomedicine, mathematics, statistics, social and behavioural sciences, as well as the perspectives and experiences of non-scientific stakeholders. We make a case for an “integrated inter- and transdisciplinarity” that overcomes the typical additive nature of current interdisciplinary work and better captures the inherent complexity of public health and other public policy problems. We propose systems science and systems thinking approaches as a useful meta-theoretical, self-reflecting approach for such integration to take place. Enabled by systems thinking, the praxis of “integrated inter- and transdisciplinarity” allows for an understanding of public health crises in a human-centred socio-ecological perspective. This grounds more holistic policy responses, which by mobilising the whole of government and whole of society, put individuals, groups, governments and society at large in critical dialogue to co-produce and co-design interventions that address crises in all their physical, social, psychological, economic and political dimensions.

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) explosions powered by rotation and magnetic fields present an interesting astrophysical site for nucleosynthesis that potentially contributes to the production of r -process elements. Here we present yields of the innermost ejecta in 3D magnetorotational CCSN models simulated using the CoCoNuT-FMT code. Strong magnetic fields tap the rotational energy of the proto−neutron star and lead to earlier and more energetic (∼3 × 10 ^51 erg) explosions than typical neutrino-driven CCSNe. Compared to a reference nonmagnetic model, the ejecta in the magnetorotational models have much more neutron-rich components with Y _e down to ∼0.25. Our post-processing calculations with the reaction network SkyNet show significant production of weak r -process elements up to mass number ∼130. We find negligible differences in the synthesis of heavy elements between two magnetorotational models with different initial field strengths of 10 ^10 and 10 ^12 G, in accord with their similar explosion dynamics. The magnetorotational models produce about ∼0.19 and 0.14 M _☉ of radioactive ^56 Ni, on the low end of inferred hypernova nickel masses. The yields are publicly available at Zenodo (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10578981) for comparison with stellar abundance patterns, inclusion in modeling galactic chemical evolution, and comparison with other yield calculations. Our results add to the yet-restricted corpus of nucleosynthesis yields from 3D magnetorotational supernova simulations and will help quantify yield uncertainties.

Urban regeneration offers extensive opportunities for tackling climate change. However, in the Republic of Korea, successful examples of such policy integration are rare. Whereas many studies have analysed inhibiting factors of policy integration, the perspective of this paper is different. It investigates enabling factors that promote policy integration in the cases of climate change and urban regeneration policies under non-supportive politico-administrative framework conditions. Two good practice examples from Seoul ('i.e.' the neighbourhoods of Jangwi-dong and Sangdo 4-dong) provide a basis for analysing: (1) which topics facilitated integration; (2) which stakeholders promoted the integration of climate change and urban regeneration policies and how; and (3) whether and how long-term community effects could be generated. A mixed-methods approach is used: document analysis, content analysis, interviews ('n' = 50) and process-tracing methods. The results show the significance of local promoters and their politico-administrative skills to frame distinct subjects comprehensively which facilitates support from different programmes. Second, open and flexible regulatory frameworks as well as the readiness of higher level authorities to learn from local experiments are conducive to innovation. Third, the institutionalisation and mainstreaming of new topics, 'e.g.' climate change, is a precondition for creating lasting effects in urban regeneration areas. 'Practice relevance' The study is relevant for urban regeneration practice because it highlights the role and qualifications of promoters of policy integration, the level of readiness to allow and learn from local experiments in urban living laboratories, and the necessity to mainstream new topics such as climate change as soon as they are integrated to generate lasting effects.

Recent discoveries of gravitational wave (GW) events most likely originating from black hole (BH) + neutron star (NS) mergers reveal the existence of BH+NS binaries. The formation of BH+NS binaries and their merger rates through isolated binary evolution have been investigated extensively with population synthesis simulations. A detailed stellar evolution modeling of the formation of this population, however, is missing from the literature. In this work, we create the first complete 1D model of more than 30 BH+NS progenitor systems, which are calculated self-consistently until collapse of the iron core with infall velocity exceeding 1000 km s ^−1 . Focusing on the progenitors of BH–NS GW sources, we apply the MESA code starting from a post-common-envelope binary with short orbital period (

Type IIP supernovae (SNe IIP) mark the explosive death of red supergiants (RSGs), evolved massive stars with an extended hydrogen envelope. They are the most common supernova type and allow for the benchmarking of supernova explosion models by statistical comparison to observed population properties rather than by comparing individual models and events. We construct a large synthetic set of SNe IIP light curves (LCs) using the radiation hydrodynamics code SNEC and explosion energies and nickel masses obtained from an efficient semianalytic model for two different sets of stellar progenitor models. By direct comparison, we demonstrate that the semianalytic model yields very similar predictions as alternative phenomenological explosion models based on 1D simulations. We find systematic differences of a factor of ∼2 in plateau luminosities between the two progenitor sets due to different stellar radii, which highlights the importance of the RSG envelope structure as a major uncertainty in interpreting the LCs of SNe IIP. A comparison to a volume-limited sample of observed SNe IIP shows decent agreement in plateau luminosity, plateau duration, and nickel mass for at least one of the synthetic LC sets. The models, however, do not produce sufficient events with very small nickel mass M _Ni < 0.01 M _⊙ and predict an anticorrelation between plateau luminosity and plateau duration that is not present in the observed sample, a result that warrants further study. Our results suggest that a better understanding of RSG stellar structure is no less important for reliably explaining the LCs of SNe IIP than the explosion physics.

The pH of concrete-based material is a key parameter for the assessment of its stability and durability, since a change in pH is usually associated with major types of chemical degradation such as carbonation, leaching and acid attacks. Conventional surface pH measurements with potentiometric flat surface electrodes have low spatial resolution, whereas optical pH visualization with indicator dyes (phenolphthalein) only indicates the areas with higher or lower pH than the pKa of the indicator. In this regard, it is key to develop wide-range imaging systems, enabling accurate and spatially resolved determination of pH variability for an advanced knowledge of degradation mechanisms. This contribution presents the enhancements made for a high-resolution optical pH imaging system based on fluorescent aza-BODIPY indicator dyes. The measurement range was increased to 6 pH units (pH 6.5 to pH 12.5) by a combination of two indicator dyes. Moreover, background scattering effects were sufficiently eliminated. With the improved sensor foils steep pH gradients (up to 3 pH units within 2 mm) were successfully recorded in various concrete specimens using a macro lens reaching a resolution of down to 35 µm per pixel.

Knowledge on the availability of dissolved oxygen inside microfluidic cell culture systems is vital for recreating physiological-relevant microenvironments and for providing reliable and reproducible measurement conditions. It is important to highlight that in vivo cells experience a diverse range of oxygen tensions depending on the resident tissue type, which can also be recreated in vitro using specialized cell culture instruments that regulate external oxygen concentrations. While cell-culture conditions can be readily adjusted using state-of-the-art incubators, the control of physiological-relevant microenvironments within the microfluidic chip, however, requires the integration of oxygen sensors. Although several sensing approaches have been reported to monitor oxygen levels in the presence of cell monolayers, oxygen demands of microfluidic three-dimensional (3D)-cell cultures and spatio-temporal variations of oxygen concentrations inside two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell culture systems are still largely unknown. To gain a better understanding on available oxygen levels inside organ-on-a-chip systems, we have therefore developed two different microfluidic devices containing embedded sensor arrays to monitor local oxygen levels to investigate (i) oxygen consumption rates of 2D and 3D hydrogel-based cell cultures, (ii) the establishment of oxygen gradients within cell culture chambers, and (iii) influence of microfluidic material (e.g., gas tight vs. gas permeable), surface coatings, cell densities, and medium flow rate on the respiratory activities of four different cell types. We demonstrate how dynamic control of cyclic normoxic-hypoxic cell microenvironments can be readily accomplished using programmable flow profiles employing both gas-impermeable and gas-permeable microfluidic biochips.

Resilience ranks high on the environmentally oriented research agenda on sustainable urban and regional development. The annual “Global Forum on Urban Resilience and Adaptation” has become a meeting point for academia and practice. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development uses the term in two of their 17 Sustainable Development Goals, i.e., in Goal No. 9 on infrastructure as a basis for economic development and No. 11 on cities and human settlements. Moreover, resilience has become a prominent topic in the New Urban Agenda. Against this background, the article provides an overview of recent discussion on resilience. It scrutinizes how the concept has been used by different researchers from diverse disciplines with special reference to urban, regional and environmental studies. A systematic literature review on resilience was carried out in order to shed light on recent developments of thought and practice. All in all, 650 articles were reviewed. Following an introduction into the topic and description of the applied methodological approach, different facets of the debate on resilience are presented, and conclusions are drawn. It can be seen that the discussion of resilience needs more specificity, transdisciplinary approaches, and regional contextualization, especially in urban and regional development studies in the countries of the global south.

To date, few optical imaging systems are available in clinical practice to perform noninvasive measurements transcutaneously. Instead, functional imaging is performed using ionizing radiation or intense magnetic fields in most cases. The applicability of fluorescence imaging (e.g., for the detection of fluorescently labeled objects, such as tumors) is limited due to the restricted tissue penetration of light and the required long exposure time. Thus, the development of highly sensitive and easily manageable instruments is necessary to broaden the utility of optical imaging. To advance these developments, an improved fluorescence imaging system was designed in this study that operates on the principle of noncontact laser-induced fluorescence and enables the detection of fluorescence from deeper tissue layers as well as real-time imaging. The high performance of the developed optical laser scanner results from the combination of specific point illumination, an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector with a novel light trap, and a filtering strategy. The suitability of the laser scanner was demonstrated in two representative applications and an in vivo evaluation. In addition, a comparison with a planar imaging system was performed. The results show that the exposure time with the developed laser scanner can be reduced to a few milliseconds during measurements with a penetration depth of up to 32 mm. Due to these short exposure times, real-time fluorescence imaging can be easily achieved. The ability to measure fluorescence from deep tissue layers enables clinically relevant applications, such as the detection of fluorescently labeled malignant tumors.

Annular diffusers are frequently used in turbomachinery applications to recover the discharge kinetic energy and increase the total-to-static isentropic efficiency. Despite its strong influence on turbomachinery performance, the diffuser is often neglected during the preliminary design. In this context, a one-dimensional flow model for annular diffusers that accounts for the impact of this component on turbomachinery performance was developed. The model allows use of arbitrary equations of state and to account for the effects of area change, heat transfer, and friction. The mathematical problem is formulated as an implicit system of ordinary differential equations that can be solved when the Mach number in the meridional direction is different than one. The model was verified against a reference case to assess that: (1) the stagnation enthalpy is conserved and (2) the entropy computation is consistent and it was found that the error of the numerical solution was always smaller than the prescribed integration tolerance. In addition, the model was validated against experimental data from the literature, finding that deviation between the predicted and measured pressure recovery coefficients was less than 2% when the best-fit skin friction coefficient is used. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the influence of several input parameters on diffuser performance, concluding that: (1) the area ratio is not a suitable optimization variable because the pressure recovery coefficient increases asymptotically when this variable tends to infinity, (2) the diffuser should be designed with a positive mean wall cant angle to recover the tangential fraction of kinetic energy, (3) the mean wall cant angle is a critical design variable when the maximum axial length of the diffuser is constrained, and (4) the performance of the diffuser declines when the outlet hub-to-tip ratio of axial turbomachines is increased because the channel height is reduced.

Responsible mining is a new catchword of our times. However, in practice, there seem to be many barriers that hinder the successful implementation of the concept. This is especially true for countries with high urbanization speed, and it is even true for one-party states where its implementation could, in general, be taken for granted as soon as the central government has taken respective decisions and put appropriate stipulations and mechanisms formally in place. On this background, the article deals with barriers and possible solutions regarding responsible mining taking the case of Vietnam, and more especially the Province of Hoa Binh, neighboring Hanoi. Based on a literature review on responsible mining, a set of principles promoting this approach is developed. This is taken as a criteria set for the assessment of respective policies and their implementation on the different levels of authority in Vietnam. Finally, proposals are developed how to advance responsible mining in this case and in other comparable countries.

Green infrastructure as a concept has been introduced only lately in the frame of the sustainability and resilience approaches, and as a response to the natural disasters affecting both, urban areas and as well the country side. The analysis of scientific literature has shown that the concept of green infrastructure is most often related to the concepts of sustainability, resilience, smart cities and others. The cases, presented in the articles of this special issue, are showing that the concept of green infrastructure encompasses variety of the topics; that there is diversity in the administrative levels on which the policies and measures concerning green infrastructure can be applied and that the concept allows for a great amount of innovativeness of solutions and cross-sectoral approaches.

Green infrastructure programmes and strategies are regarded as planning opportunities to promote sustainable and resilient urban development. However, the discourse about green infrastructure policy and its effectiveness has pointed to the limited success in practical implementation. Since the green infrastructure has no planning status in its own right, it depends on being embedded in comprehensive urban and regional planning approaches if it is to have an impact on sustainable and resilient urban development. At the same time spatial planning may contribute to providing a platform for its institutionalisation. Against this backdrop, the article first looks at the contents of urban resilience. Secondly, we discuss principles for planning resilient cities. Thirdly, we analyse how green infrastructure initiatives can foster these principles contributing to building urban and regional resilience. Fourthly, we discuss the challenges facing the institutionalisation of green infrastructure initiatives. Finally, we draw conclusions about the future role of spatial planning in the process of institutionalising green infrastructure strategies.

Additive manufacturing by laser beam melting is predestined for complex component geometry like integrated cooling channels without enormous posttreatment processing. To investigate the influence of build-up direction in terms of later tooth excitation of gear-wheels, first fundamental material analyses were accomplished in this publication. Therefore, additively produced specimens were used to determine the build-up direction dependent elastic properties of the material in all three spatial directions based on tensile and torsion tests. The anisotropies of elastic limits and breaking points of previous studies were confirmed in this paper. Furthermore, torsion values were also determined depending on build-up direction. Laser beam melted X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 (hot-work tool steel) was shown to exhibit extremely high performance under shear loading in comparison to conventionally processed steel. The influence of build-up direction on torsional strength was also shown.

El Área Metropolitana de Santiago (AMS) ocupa un rol significativo en términos demográficos y de desarrollo económico en Chile. Sin embargo, el AMS esta siendo afectada por cambios estructurales típicos en la evolución de las grandes metrópolis, con las consecuentes externalidades negativas que incrementan las dificultades para enfrentar y orientar su crecimiento y para establecer instancias de colaboración entre los diferentes actores involucrados. El propósito de este trabajo, es analizar la situación del AMS, en relación a las metas estratégicas necesarias para el logro de un desarrollo metropolitano sustentable. Se pretende contribuir al debate nacional actual en torno a la revisión y cambio de las políticas de planificación, en particular, las orientadas a enfrentar los procesos dinámicos que experimentan las ciudades.

Las áreas urbanas deterioradas se constituyen en una amenaza para la cohesión social y el desarrollo sostenible en las ciudades. Su estructura interna está afectada por un conjunto de problemas sociales, económicos y ambientales que han sido estudiados en detalle, desde una perspectiva teórica y práctica. A pesar de ello, las estrategias tradicionales de manejo y gestión no han resultado exitosas para combatir la espiral descendente de deterioro urbano, puesto que las soluciones no han estado orientadas a enfrentar su inherente complejidad desde una perspectiva local. En este contexto, un consorcio de instituciones de investigación y administraciones locales de distintos países europeos desarrolló un proyecto de investigación en torno a cómo mejorar la calidad de vida en grandes áreas urbanas deterioradas (Large Urban Distressed Areas – LUDA). El artículo analiza las principales aproximaciones teóricas en la temática de la renovación urbana y presenta una parte de los resultados del proyecto: la propuesta estratégica para mejorar la calidad de vida en grandes áreas urbanas deterioradas.

El Área Metropolitana de Santiago (AMS) ocupa un rol significativo en términos demográficos y de desarrollo económico en Chile. Sin embargo existen debilidades importantes en el establecimiento de mecanismos adecuados que permitan definir su orientación estratégica en un marco global competitivo; esta situación se intensifica en la medida que las áreas metropolitanas en Chile, no poseen una institucionalidad definida y un marco legal que las sustente. El AMS esta siendo afectada por cambios estructurales típicos en la evolución de las grandes metrópolis, con las consecuentes externalidades negativas que incrementan las dificultades para enfrentar y orientar su crecimiento y para establecer instancias de colaboración entre los diferentes actores involucrados. En este artículo se analiza la situación del AMS, en el marco de la discusión internacional, en relación a las metas estratégicas necesarias para el logro de un desarrollo metropolitano sustentable. La intención es contribuir al debate nacional actual en torno a la revisión y cambio de las políticas de planificación, en particular, aquellas orientadas a enfrentar los procesos dinámicos que están experimentando las ciudades.

Demographic shrinkage is a fact of life both in Germany and in Europe. In both eastern and western Germany it is leading to dramatic changes in spatial structures and throwing up new challenges for spatial planning. It is, however, important to note that shrinkage and growth can often be found side by side and in extremely close proximity to each other. It is against this background that the author explores the changes which need to be made to spatial planning and possible perspectives for steering development. The combination of “top-down” framework steering and “bottom-up” co-ordination — i.e. an incentive-oriented, multi-tiered form of steering — could, it is argued, be a helpful approach to facilitate more differentiated reactions than have previously been possible to the local particularities of development processes.

Die Landes-und Regionalplanung hat sich in einem relativ kurzen Zeitraum in den ostdeutschen Ländern etabliert. In diesem Zeitraum ist es ihr gelungen, geeignete institutionelle Strukturen für die regionale Planung und wichtige inhaltliche Grundlagen für die Gestaltung räumlicher Entwicklungsprozesse zu schaffen. Vor diesem Hintergrund befaßt sich der folgende Beitrag mit einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Regionalplanung in Ostdeutschland. Dabei werden die Ausgangsbedingungen der Regionalplanung dargestellt, Organisation und Stand der Planung skizziert, Inhalte, Methodik und Erfahrungen diskutiert sowie Perspektiven für ihre Weiterentwicklung aufgezeigt. Dabei wird deutlich, daß die Regionalplanung in Ostdeutschland nach einer Phase eher ordnungsorientierter Planungsansätze in der Zukunft eines Wandels hin zu einem offensiveren Aufgreifen von entwicklungsorientierten Konzepten bedarf.

Die Koordination in der Regionalplanung wird in Bayern u. a. aufgrund der institutioneilen Rahmenbedingungen, der Breite des Aufgabenfeldes der Regionalen Planungsverbände und des faktischen Einflusses der Kommunen bei der Erarbeitung der Regionalpläne und der Beurteilung von konkreten Einzelvorhaben (in Raumordnungsverfahren) nicht nur vom technisch-planerischen Ausgleich der unterschiedlichen Raumansprüche, sondern – mehr als in den meisten anderen Bundesländern – auch von politischen Kompromissen bestimmt. Die Erfahrungen der letzten vierzehn Jahre seit der Konstituierung der Regionalen Planungsverbände in Bayern belegen, daß die Regionalplanung im politischen Raum relativ selten als Instrument zur Lösung von regionalen Problemen wahrgenommen wurde und daß sie nur wenig Steuerungskraft entfalten konnte. Andererseits hat sich auch gezeigt, daß sie in vielen Fällen an Bedeutung als Forum politischer Auseinandersetzung gewonnen hat. Genau hier – so die Argumentation des vorliegenden Beitrags – könnte eine Chance für die Regionalplanung in der Zukunft liegen. Denn die bayerische Regionalplanung war überall dort relativ erfolgreich, wo Planer den Restriktionen des Planungsmodells folgten und weniger auf die Direktivwirkung des Regionalplans als auf den Dialog mit den Adressaten der Planung und innovative Anstöße für Problemlösungen setzten. Allerdings – so die abschließende Beurteilung – dürfen die Aussichten, eine prozeßorientierte, informatisch-persuasive Planung überall in Bayern zu etablieren, gegenwärtig in einer Zeit weitverbreiteter Planungsmüdigkeit und immer noch sinkender Konjunktur der Regionalplanung nicht überbewertet werden.