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1. Mitigation of motion effects in pencil-beam scanning – Impact of repainting on 4D robustly optimized proton treatment plans for hepatocellular carcinoma

Author

Hilda Siregar, Christian Bäumer, Oliver Blanck, Mark Chan, Erik Engwall, Sandija Plaude, Bernhard Spaan, Beate Timmermann, and Jörg Wulff

Subjects
Proton therapy, Pencil-beam scanning, Motion management, Interplay effect, Repainting, Robust optimization, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Proton fields delivered by the active scanning technique can be interfered with the intrafractional motion. This in-silico study seeks to mitigate the dosimetric impacts of motion artifacts, especially its interplay with the time-modulated dose delivery. Here four-dimensional (4d) robust optimization and dose repainting, which is the multiple application of the same field with reduced fluence, were combined. Two types of repainting were considered: layered and volumetric repainting. The time-resolved dose calculation, which is necessary to quantify the interplay effect, was integrated into the treatment planning system and validated. Nine clinical cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) showing motion in the range of 0.4–1.5 cm were studied. It was found that the repainted delivery of 4D robustly optimized plans reduced the impact of interplay effect as quantified by the homogeneity index within the clinical target volume (CTV) to a tolerable level. Similarly, the fractional over- and underdosage was reduced sufficiently for some HCC cases to achieve the purpose of motion management. This holds true for both investigated types of repainting with small dosimetric advantages of volume repainting over layered repainting. Volume repainting, however, cannot be applied clinically in proton centers with slow energy changes. Thus, it served as a reference in the in-silico evaluation. It is recommended to perform the dynamic dose calculation for individual cases to judge if robust optimization in conjunction with repainting is sufficient to keep the interplay effect within bounds.

Published
2022
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4. The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider

Author

Johannes Albrecht, Lorenzo Cazon, Hans Dembinski, Anatoli Fedynitch, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Tanguy Pierog, Wolfgang Rhode, Dennis Soldin, Bernhard Spaan, Ralf Ulrich, and Michael Unger

Subjects
Myon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Luftschauer, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Kosmische Strahlung, Strangeness enhancement, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Air showers, ddc:530, Cosmic rays, Zusammensetzung, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Elementarteilchenphysik, Particle physics, Strangeness, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mass composition, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Masse, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, LHC, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which give rise to a muon component through hadron decays. The muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant muon deficit with respect to measurements; this is called the Muon Puzzle. By eliminating other possibilities, we conclude that the most plausible cause for the muon discrepancy is a deviation in the composition of secondary particles produced in high-energy hadronic interactions from current model predictions. The muon discrepancy starts at the TeV scale, which suggests that this deviation is observable at the Large Hadron Collider. An enhancement of strangeness production has been observed at the LHC in high-density events, which can potentially explain the puzzle, but the impact of the effect on forward produced hadrons needs further study, in particular with future data from oxygen beam collisions., Astrophysics and space science;367(3)

Published
2022
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5. Electromagnetic Shower Simulation for CORSIKA 8

Author

Hannah Elfner, R. Engel, Fan Hu, Dieter Heck, Johannes Albrecht, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Lars Bollmann, Anatoli Fedynitch, Johan Bregeon, Hans Peter Dembinski, Günter Sigl, Felix Riehn, Remy Prechelt, Wolfgang Rhode, Maximilian Reininghaus, André Schmidt, Tim Huege, Juan Ammerman-Yebra, Bernhard Spaan, Luisa Arrabito, Anton Poctarev, Jan Soedingrekso, Nikolaos Karastathis, Dominik Baack, Ralf Ulrich, Maximilian Nöthe, Michael Schmelling, Maximilian Sackel, Matthieu Carrere, Marcus Bleicher, Donglian Xu, Antonio Augusto Alves Jr., Dominik Elsässer, Pranav Sampathkumar, Lukas Nellen, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Alexander Sandrock, Konrad Bernlöhr, Tanguy Pierog, David Parello, Enrique Zas, and Maria Pokrandt

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Shower
Published
2022

6. GPU Accelerated optical light propagation in CORSIKA8

Author

Maximilian Reininghaus, David Parello, Enrique Zas, Anatoli Fedynitch, Tanguy Pierog, Maria Pokrandt, Michael Schmelling, R. Engel, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Bernhard Spaan, Günter Sigl, Dieter Heck, Alexander Sandrock, Matthieu Carrere, Pranav Sampathkumar, Ralf Ulrich, Marcus Bleicher, Lukas Nellen, Hans Peter Dembinski, Hannah Elfner, Maximilian Sackel, Felix Riehn, Remy Prechelt, Dominik Baack, André Schmidt, Anton Poctarev, Luisa Arrabito, Konrad Bernlöhr, Maximilian Nöthe, Juan Ammerman-Yebra, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Tim Huege, Nikolaos Karastathis, Fan Hu, Johannes Albrecht, Johan Bregeon, Jan Soedingrekso, Antonio Augusto Alves Jr., Donglian Xu, Wolfgang Rhode, Karl-Heinz Kampert, and Dominik Elsässer

Subjects
Physics, Optics, Light propagation, business.industry, business
Published
2021
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7. Hadron cascades in CORSIKA 8

Author

Dieter Heck, David Parello, Enrique Zas, Hannah Elfner, Maria Pokrandt, André Schmidt, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Anatoli Fedynitch, R. Engel, Dominik Elsässer, Tanguy Pierog, Luisa Arrabito, Matthieu Carrere, Michael Schmelling, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Maximilian Reininghaus, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Fan Hu, Johannes Albrecht, Alexander Sandrock, Hans Peter Dembinski, Tim Huege, Johan Bregeon, Günter Sigl, Wolfgang Rhode, Juan Ammerman-Yebra, Donglian Xu, Nikolaos Karastathis, Antonio Augusto Alves Jr., Bernhard Spaan, Ralf Ulrich, Maximilian Sackel, Lukas Nellen, Jan Soedingrekso, Anton Poctarev, Pranav Sampathkumar, Felix Riehn, Remy Prechelt, Maximilian Nöthe, Marcus Bleicher, Konrad Bernlöhr, and Dominik Baack

Subjects
Physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Monte Carlo method, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Nuclear physics, Atmosphere, Pion, Air shower, Cascade, ddc:530, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

We present characteristics of hadronic cascades from interactions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere, simulated by the novel CORSIKA 8 framework. The simulated spectra of secondaries, such as pions, kaons, baryons and muons, are compared with the cascade equations solvers MCEq in air shower mode, and full 3D air shower Monte Carlo simulations using the legacy CORSIKA 7. A novel capability of CORSIKA 8 is the simulation of cascades in media other than air, widening the scope of potential applications. We demonstrate this by simulating cosmic ray showers in the Mars atmosphere, as well as simulating a shower traversing from air into water. The CORSIKA 8 framework demonstrates good accuracy and robustness in comparison with previous results, in particular in those relevant for the production of muons in air showers. Furthermore, the impact of forward $\rho^0$ production on air showers is studied and illustrated.

Published
2021
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8. The Muon Puzzle in air showers and its connection to the LHC

Author

Tanguy Pierog, Anatoli Fedynitch, Bernhard Spaan, Johannes Albrecht, Ralf Ulrich, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Dennis Soldin, Hans Peter Dembinski, Wolfgang Rhode, Michael Unger, and Lorenzo Cazon

Subjects
Quantum chromodynamics, Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Observable, Cosmic ray, Atmosphere, Air shower, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, ddc:530
Abstract

High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth's atmosphere. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which eventually decay into muons and the muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant muon deficit with respect to measurements; this is called the Muon Puzzle. The origin of this discrepancy has been traced to the composition of secondary particles in hadronic interactions. The muon discrepancy starts at the TeV scale in the centre-of-mass frame, which suggests that the origin should be observable at the Large Hadron Collider. An effect that can potentially explain the puzzle has been observed at the LHC, but needs to be confirmed with forward facing experiments, and with future data on oxygen beams.

Published
2021
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9. Analysis of resolution properties for three generations of MV imagers in radiation therapy using the modulation transfer function

Author

Andreas Block, Oliver Waletzko, Bernhard Spaan, Katharina Loot, and Ralf Rohn

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Resolution (electron density), Biomedical Engineering, Radiation therapy, modulation transfer function, Optics, Optical transfer function, medicine, image quality, Medicine, portal imaging, Three generations, business, Nuclear medicine
Abstract

Imaging in radiation therapy has become an important part of clinical routine. In order to evaluate and compare the image quality of verification images from different imaging modalities, one needs objective criteria like the modulation transfer function (MTF). The aim of our study was to compare the resolution properties of three generations of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs), namely one fluoroscopic-optical system and two different flat-panel imaging systems.

Published
2017
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10. Development of a high precision dosimetry system for the measurement of surface dose rate distribution for eye applicators

Author

Marion, Eichmann, Dirk, Flühs, and Bernhard, Spaan

Subjects
Equipment Failure Analysis, Choroid Neoplasms, Brachytherapy, Computer-Aided Design, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Radiotherapy Dosage, Equipment Design, Radiometry, Sensitivity and Specificity
Abstract

The therapeutic outcome of the therapy with ophthalmic applicators is highly dependent on the application of a sufficient dose to the tumor, whereas the dose applied to the surrounding tissue needs to be minimized. The goal for the newly developed apparatus described in this work is the determination of the individual applicator surface dose rate distribution with a high spatial resolution and a high precision in dose rate with respect to time and budget constraints especially important for clinical procedures. Inhomogeneities of the dose rate distribution can be detected and taken into consideration for the treatment planning.In order to achieve this, a dose rate profile as well as a surface profile of the applicator are measured and correlated with each other. An instrumental setup has been developed consisting of a plastic scintillator detector system and a newly designed apparatus for guiding the detector across the applicator surface at a constant small distance. It performs an angular movement of detector and applicator with high precision.The measurements of surface dose rate distributions discussed in this work demonstrate the successful operation of the measuring setup. Measuring the surface dose rate distribution with a small distance between applicator and detector and with a high density of measuring points results in a complete and gapless coverage of the applicator surface, being capable of distinguishing small sized spots with high activities. The dosimetrical accuracy of the measurements and its analysis is sufficient (uncertainty in the dose rate in terms of absorbed dose to water is7%), especially when taking the surgical techniques in positioning of the applicator on the eyeball into account.The method developed so far allows a fully automated quality assurance of eye applicators even under clinical conditions. These measurements provide the basis for future calculation of a full 3D dose rate distribution, which then can be used as input for a refined clinical treatment planning system. The improved dose rate measurements will facilitate a clinical study, which could correlate the therapeutic outcome of a brachytherapy treatment with an applicator and its individual dose rate distribution.

Published
2009

11. Argus results on baryonic decays of B mesons

Author

Bernhard Spaan

Subjects
Physics, Argus, Particle physics, Meson, Nuclear Theory, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Hadron, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Lambda baryon, Quarkonium, Xi baryon, Charmed baryons, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, B meson, Nuclear Experiment, computer, computer.programming_language
Abstract

The experimental ARGUS results on baryonic B decays are summarized. The branching ratio of B mesons into baryons has been measured to be Br(B→baryons)=(7.6±1.4)%. It appears that baryonic B decays are dominated by charmed baryons and multibody final states.

Published
1989
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12. Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade II - Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era

Author

Roel Aaij, Bernardo Adeva, Marco Adinolfi, Christine Angela Aidala, Ziad Ajaltouni, Simon Akar, Pietro Albicocco, Johannes Albrecht, Federico Alessio, Michael Alexander, Alejandro Alfonso Albero, Suvayu Ali, Georgy Alkhazov, Paula Alvarez Cartelle, Antonio Augusto Alves, Sandra Amato, Silvia Amerio, Yasmine Amhis, Liupan An, Lucio Anderlini, Guido Andreassi, Mirco Andreotti, Jason Andrews, Robert Appleby, Flavio Archilli, Argent, Philippe D., Joan Arnau Romeu, Alexander Artamonov, Marina Artuso, Kenenbek Arzymatov, Elie Aslanides, Michele Atzeni, Sebastian Bachmann, John Back, Sophie Baker, Vladislav Balagura, Wander Baldini, Alexander Baranov, Roger Barlow, Sergey Barsuk, William Barter, Fedor Baryshnikov, Varvara Batozskaya, Baasansuren Batsukh, Vincenzo Battista, Aurelio Bay, John Beddow, Franco Bedeschi, Ignacio Bediaga, Andrew Beiter, Lennaert Bel, Nikita Beliy, Violaine Bellee, Nicoletta Belloli, Konstantin Belous, Ivan Belyaev, Eli Ben-Haim, Giovanni Bencivenni, Sean Benson, Sarah Beranek, Alexander Berezhnoy, Roland Bernet, Daniel Berninghoff, Emilie Bertholet, Alessandro Bertolin, Christopher Betancourt, Federico Betti, Marc-Olivier Bettler, Martinus van Beuzekom, Iaroslava Bezshyiko, Srishti Bhasin, Jihyun Bhom, Simone Bifani, Pierre Billoir, Alex Birnkraut, Andrea Bizzeti, Mikkel Bjørn, Michele Piero Blago, Thomas Blake, Frederic Blanc, Steven Blusk, Dana Bobulska, Valerio Bocci, Oscar Boente Garcia, Thomas Boettcher, Alexander Bondar, Nikolay Bondar, Silvia Borghi, Maxim Borisyak, Martino Borsato, Francesco Bossu, Meriem Boubdir, Themistocles Bowcock, Concezio Bozzi, Svende Braun, Michael Brodski, Jolanta Brodzicka, Arnau Brossa Gonzalo, Davide Brundu, Emma Buchanan, Annarita Buonaura, Christopher Burr, Albert Bursche, Jan Buytaert, Wiktor Byczynski, Sandro Cadeddu, Hao Cai, Roberto Calabrese, Ryan Calladine, Marta Calvi, Miriam Calvo Gomez, Alessandro Camboni, Pierluigi Campana, Daniel Hugo Campora Perez, Lorenzo Capriotti, Angelo Carbone, Giovanni Carboni, Roberta Cardinale, Alessandro Cardini, Paolo Carniti, Laurence Carson, Kazuyoshi Carvalho Akiba, Gianluigi Casse, Lorenzo Cassina, Marco Cattaneo, Giovanni Cavallero, Riccardo Cenci, David Chamont, Matthew George Chapman, Matthew Charles, Philippe Charpentier, Georgios Chatzikonstantinidis, Maximilien Chefdeville, Viktoriia Chekalina, Chen Chen, Shanzhen Chen, Stefan-Gabriel Chitic, Veronika Chobanova, Marcin Chrzaszcz, Alexsei Chubykin, Paolo Ciambrone, Xabier Cid Vidal, Gregory Ciezarek, Peter Clarke, Marco Clemencic, Harry Cliff, Joel Closier, Victor Coco, Coelho, Joao A. B., Julien Cogan, Eric Cogneras, Lucian Cojocariu, Paula Collins, Tommaso Colombo, Albert Comerma-Montells, Andrea Contu, George Coombs, Samuel Coquereau, Gloria Corti, Marco Corvo, Cayo Mar Costa Sobral, Benjamin Couturier, Greig Cowan, Daniel Charles Craik, Andrew Crocombe, Melissa Maria Cruz Torres, Robert Currie, Ambrosio, Carmelo D., Franciole da Cunha Marinho, Cesar Luiz da Silva, Elena Dall'Occo, Jeremy Dalseno, Anna Danilina, Adam Davis, Oscar de Aguiar Francisco, Kristof de Bruyn, Stefano de Capua, Michel de Cian, Jussara de Miranda, Leandro de Paula, Marilisa de Serio, Patrizia de Simone, Cameron Thomas Dean, Daniel Decamp, Luigi del Buono, Blaise Delaney, Hans Peter Dembinski, Moritz Demmer, Adam Dendek, Denis Derkach, Olivier Deschamps, Fabrice Desse, Francesco Dettori, Biplab Dey, Angelo Di Canto, Pasquale Di Nezza, Sergey Didenko, Hans Dijkstra, Francesca Dordei, Mirco Dorigo, Alvaro Dosil Suárez, Lauren Douglas, Anatoliy Dovbnya, Karlis Dreimanis, Laurent Dufour, Giulio Dujany, Paolo Durante, John Matthew Durham, Deepanwita Dutta, Rustem Dzhelyadin, Michal Dziewiecki, Agnieszka Dziurda, Alexey Dzyuba, Sajan Easo, Ulrik Egede, Victor Egorychev, Semen Eidelman, Stephan Eisenhardt, Ulrich Eitschberger, Robert Ekelhof, Lars Eklund, Scott Ely, Alexandru Ene, Stephan Escher, Sevda Esen, Timothy Evans, Antonio Falabella, Christian Färber, Nathanael Farley, Stephen Farry, Davide Fazzini, Luca Federici, Mauricio Féo, Gerard Fernandez, Placido Fernandez Declara, Antonio Fernandez Prieto, Fabio Ferrari, Lino Ferreira Lopes, Fernando Ferreira Rodrigues, Massimiliano Ferro-Luzzi, Sergey Filippov, Rosa Anna Fini, Massimiliano Fiorini, Miroslaw Firlej, Conor Fitzpatrick, Tomasz Fiutowski, Frederic Fleuret, Marianna Fontana, Flavio Fontanelli, Roger Forty, Vinicius Franco Lima, Markus Frank, Christoph Frei, Jinlin Fu, Wolfgang Funk, Emmy Gabriel, Abraham Gallas Torreira, Domenico Galli, Stefano Gallorini, Silvia Gambetta, Yuyue Gan, Miriam Gandelman, Paolo Gandini, Yuanning Gao, Luis Miguel Garcia Martin, Julián García Pardiñas, Beatriz Garcia Plana, Jordi Garra Tico, Lluis Garrido, David Gascon, Clara Gaspar, Laura Gavardi, Giulio Gazzoni, David Gerick, Evelina Gersabeck, Marco Gersabeck, Timothy Gershon, Dawid Gerstel, Philippe Ghez, Sebastiana Gianì, Valerie Gibson, Olivier Göran Girard, Lavinia-Helena Giubega, Konstantin Gizdov, Vladimir Gligorov, Carla Göbel, Dmitry Golubkov, Andrey Golutvin, Alvaro Gomes, Igor Vladimirovich Gorelov, Claudio Gotti, Ekaterina Govorkova, Jascha Peter Grabowski, Ricardo Graciani Diaz, Luis Alberto Granado Cardoso, Eugeni Graugés, Elena Graverini, Giacomo Graziani, Alexandru Grecu, Roman Greim, Peter Griffith, Lucia Grillo, Lukas Gruber, Barak Raimond Gruberg Cazon, Oliver Grünberg, Chenxi Gu, Evgeny Gushchin, Yury Guz, Thierry Gys, Thomas Hadavizadeh, Christos Hadjivasiliou, Guido Haefeli, Christophe Haen, Susan Haines, Brian Hamilton, Xiaoxue Han, Thomas Henry Hancock, Stephanie Hansmann-Menzemer, Neville Harnew, Samuel Harnew, Thomas Harrison, Christoph Hasse, Mark Hatch, Jibo He, Malte Hecker, Kevin Heinicke, Arno Heister, Karol Hennessy, Louis Henry, Eric van Herwijnen, Miriam Heß, Adlène Hicheur, Raoul Hidalgo Charman, Donal Hill, Martha Hilton, Plamen Hristov Hopchev, Wenhua Hu, Wenqian Huang, Zachary Huard, Wouter Hulsbergen, Thibaud Humair, Mikhail Hushchyn, David Hutchcroft, Daniel Hynds, Philipp Ibis, Marek Idzik, Philip Ilten, Kuzma Ivshin, Richard Jacobsson, Pawel Jalocha, Eddy Jans, Abolhassan Jawahery, Feng Jiang, Malcolm John, Daniel Johnson, Christopher Jones, Christian Joram, Beat Jost, Nathan Jurik, Sergii Kandybei, Matthias Karacson, James Mwangi Kariuki, Sarah Karodia, Nikita Kazeev, Matthieu Kecke, Floris Keizer, Matthew Kelsey, Matthew Kenzie, Tjeerd Ketel, Egor Khairullin, Basem Khanji, Chitsanu Khurewathanakul, Kyung Eun Kim, Thomas Kirn, Suzanne Klaver, Konrad Klimaszewski, Tatsiana Klimkovich, Serhii Koliiev, Michael Kolpin, Renata Kopecna, Patrick Koppenburg, Igor Kostiuk, Sofia Kotriakhova, Mohamad Kozeiha, Leonid Kravchuk, Michal Kreps, Felix Johannes Kress, Pavel Krokovny, Wojciech Krupa, Wojciech Krzemien, Wojciech Kucewicz, Marcin Kucharczyk, Vasily Kudryavtsev, Axel Kevin Kuonen, Tengiz Kvaratskheliya, Daniel Lacarrere, George Lafferty, Adriano Lai, Davide Lancierini, Gaia Lanfranchi, Christoph Langenbruch, Thomas Latham, Cristina Lazzeroni, Renaud Le Gac, Regis Lefèvre, Alexander Leflat, Jacques Lefrançois, Florian Lemaitre, Olivier Leroy, Tadeusz Lesiak, Blake Leverington, Pei-Rong Li, Tenglin Li, Zhuoming Li, Xixin Liang, Tatiana Likhomanenko, Rolf Lindner, Federica Lionetto, Vitalii Lisovskyi, Xuesong Liu, David Loh, Angelo Loi, Iain Longstaff, Jose Lopes, George Holger Lovell, Donatella Lucchesi, Miriam Lucio Martinez, Anna Lupato, Eleonora Luppi, Oliver Lupton, Alberto Lusiani, Xiao-Rui Lyu, Frederic Machefert, Florin Maciuc, Vladimir Macko, Patrick Mackowiak, Samuel Maddrell-Mander, Oleg Maev, Kevin Maguire, Dmitrii Maisuzenko, Maciej Witold Majewski, Sneha Malde, Bartosz Malecki, Alexander Malinin, Timofei Maltsev, Giulia Manca, Giampiero Mancinelli, Daniele Marangotto, Jan Maratas, Jean-François Marchand, Umberto Marconi, Carla Marin Benito, Matthieu Marinangeli, Pietro Marino, Jörg Marks, Phillip John Marshall, Giuseppe Martellotti, Morgan Martin, Maurizio Martinelli, Diego Martinez Santos, Fernando Martinez Vidal, André Massafferri, Marcel Materok, Rosen Matev, Abhijit Mathad, Zoltan Mathe, Clara Matteuzzi, Andrea Mauri, Emilie Maurice, Brice Maurin, Alexander Mazurov, Michael Mccann, Andrew Mcnab, Ronan Mcnulty, James Vincent Mead, Brian Meadows, Cedric Meaux, Frank Meier, Nis Meinert, Dmytro Melnychuk, Marcel Merk, Andrea Merli, Emanuele Michielin, Diego Alejandro Milanes, Edward James Millard, Marie-Noelle Minard, Luca Minzoni, Dominik Stefan Mitzel, Antje Mödden, Andrea Mogini, Josue Molina Rodriguez, Titus Mombächer, Igancio Alberto Monroy, Stephane Monteil, Mauro Morandin, Gianfranco Morello, Michael Joseph Morello, Olga Morgunova, Jakub Moron, Adam Benjamin Morris, Raymond Mountain, Franz Muheim, Mick Mulder, Dominik Müller, Janine Müller, Katharina Müller, Vanessa Müller, Colm Harold Murphy, Donal Murray, Paras Naik, Tatsuya Nakada, Raja Nandakumar, Anita Nandi, Tara Nanut, Irina Nasteva, Matthew Needham, Nicola Neri, Sebastian Neubert, Niko Neufeld, Max Neuner, Thi Dung Nguyen, Chung Nguyen-Mau, Simon Nieswand, Ramon Niet, Nikolay Nikitin, Alla Nogay, Hanlon, Daniel Patrick O., Agnieszka Oblakowska-Mucha, Vladimir Obraztsov, Stephen Ogilvy, Rudolf Oldeman, Gerco Onderwater, Anna Ossowska, Juan Martin Otalora Goicochea, Patrick Owen, Maria Aranzazu Oyanguren, Preema Rennee Pais, Antimo Palano, Matteo Palutan, Gennady Panshin, Antonios Papanestis, Marco Pappagallo, Luciano Pappalardo, William Parker, Christopher Parkes, Giovanni Passaleva, Alessandra Pastore, Mitesh Patel, Claudia Patrignani, Alex Pearce, Antonio Pellegrino, Gianni Penso, Monica Pepe Altarelli, Stefano Perazzini, Dmitrii Pereima, Pascal Perret, Luca Pescatore, Konstantinos Petridis, Alessandro Petrolini, Aleksandr Petrov, Stefano Petrucci, Marco Petruzzo, Boleslaw Pietrzyk, Guillaume Pietrzyk, Malgorzata Pikies, Martina Pili, Davide Pinci, Jacopo Pinzino, Flavio Pisani, Alessio Piucci, Vlad-Mihai Placinta, Stephen Playfer, Jonathan Plews, Maximo Plo Casasus, Francesco Polci, Marco Poli Lener, Anton Poluektov, Natalia Polukhina, Ivan Polyakov, Erica Polycarpo, Gabriela Johanna Pomery, Sebastien Ponce, Alexander Popov, Dmitry Popov, Stanislav Poslavskii, Cédric Potterat, Eugenia Price, Jessica Prisciandaro, Claire Prouve, Valery Pugatch, Albert Puig Navarro, Hannah Louise Pullen, Giovanni Punzi, Wenbin Qian, Jia-Jia Qin, Renato Quagliani, Boris Quintana, Bartlomiej Rachwal, Jonas Rademacker, Matteo Rama, Miguel Ramos Pernas, Murilo Rangel, Fedor Ratnikov, Gerhard Raven, Melody Ravonel Salzgeber, Meril Reboud, Federico Redi, Stefanie Reichert, Alberto dos Reis, Florian Reiss, Clara Remon Alepuz, Zan Ren, Victor Renaudin, Stefania Ricciardi, Sophie Richards, Kurt Rinnert, Patrick Robbe, Arnaud Robert, Ana Barbara Rodrigues, Eduardo Rodrigues, Jairo Alexis Rodriguez Lopez, Markus Roehrken, Alexey Rogozhnikov, Stefan Roiser, Alexandra Paige Rollings, Vladimir Romanovskiy, Antonio Romero Vidal, Marcello Rotondo, Matthew Scott Rudolph, Thomas Ruf, Joan Ruiz Vidal, Juan Jose Saborido Silva, Naylya Sagidova, Biagio Saitta, Valdir Salustino Guimaraes, Cristina Sanchez Gras, Carlos Sanchez Mayordomo, Brais Sanmartin Sedes, Roberta Santacesaria, Cibran Santamarina Rios, Marco Santimaria, Emanuele Santovetti, Gediminas Sarpis, Alessio Sarti, Celestina Satriano, Alessia Satta, Miroslav Saur, Darya Savrina, Stefan Schael, Margarete Schellenberg, Manuel Schiller, Heinrich Schindler, Michael Schmelling, Timon Schmelzer, Burkhard Schmidt, Olivier Schneider, Andreas Schopper, Hf Schreiner, Maxime Schubiger, Marie Helene Schune, Rainer Schwemmer, Barbara Sciascia, Adalberto Sciubba, Alexander Semennikov, Eduardo Enrique Sepulveda, Antonino Sergi, Nicola Serra, Justine Serrano, Lorenzo Sestini, Alex Seuthe, Paul Seyfert, Mikhail Shapkin, Yury Shcheglov, Tara Shears, Lev Shekhtman, Vladimir Shevchenko, Evgenii Shmanin, Benedetto Gianluca Siddi, Rafael Silva Coutinho, Luiz Gustavo Silva de Oliveira, Gabriele Simi, Saverio Simone, Nicola Skidmore, Tomasz Skwarnicki, John Gordon Smeaton, Eluned Smith, Iwan Thomas Smith, Mark Smith, Marcelo Soares, Lais Soares Lavra, Michael Sokoloff, Paul Soler, Bruno Souza de Paula, Bernhard Spaan, Patrick Spradlin, Federico Stagni, Marian Stahl, Sascha Stahl, Pavol Stefko, Slavomira Stefkova, Olaf Steinkamp, Simon Stemmle, Oleg Stenyakin, Margarita Stepanova, Holger Stevens, Sheldon Stone, Barbara Storaci, Simone Stracka, Maria Elena Stramaglia, Mihai Straticiuc, Ulrich Straumann, Sergey Strokov, Jiayin Sun, Liang Sun, Krzysztof Swientek, Vasileios Syropoulos, Tomasz Szumlak, Maciej Pawel Szymanski, Jampens, Stephane T., Zhipeng Tang, Andrey Tayduganov, Tobias Tekampe, Giulia Tellarini, Frederic Teubert, Eric Thomas, Jeroen van Tilburg, Matthew James Tilley, Vincent Tisserand, Siim Tolk, Luca Tomassetti, da Yu Tou, Rafael Tourinho Jadallah Aoude, Edwige Tournefier, Murdo Traill, Minh Tâm Tran, Ana Trisovic, Andrei Tsaregorodtsev, Alison Tully, Niels Tuning, Artur Ukleja, Andrii Usachov, Andrey Ustyuzhanin, Ulrich Uwer, Claudia Vacca, Alexander Vagner, Vincenzo Vagnoni, Andrea Valassi, Sebastien Valat, Giovanni Valenti, Ricardo Vazquez Gomez, Pablo Vazquez Regueiro, Carlos Vázquez Sierra, Stefania Vecchi, Maarten van Veghel, Jaap Velthuis, Michele Veltri, Giovanni Veneziano, Aravindhan Venkateswaran, Tobias Anton Verlage, Maxime Vernet, Michele Veronesi, Naomi Veronika, Mika Vesterinen, Joao Vitor Viana Barbosa, Daniel Vieira, Maria Vieites Diaz, Harald Viemann, Xavier Vilasis-Cardona, Arseniy Vitkovskiy, Marcela Vitti, Vladimir Volkov, Achim Vollhardt, Balazs Voneki, Alexey Vorobyev, Vitaly Vorobyev, 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13. Motion effects in proton treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma—4D robustly optimised pencil beam scanning plans versus double scattering plans.

Author

Tina Pfeiler, Dalia Ahmad Khalil, Myriam Ayadi, Christian Bäumer, Oliver Blanck, Mark Chan, Erik Engwall, Dirk Geismar, Sarah Peters, Sandija Plaude, Bernhard Spaan, Beate Timmermann, and Jörg Wulff

Subjects
PROTON therapy, LIVER cancer, PROTON scattering
Abstract

Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy enables better dose conformality for complex anatomical geometries than passive proton scattering techniques, but is more susceptible to organ motion. This becomes an issue when treating moving tumours in the thorax or abdomen. Novel four-dimensional treatment planning approaches have been developed to increase the robustness of PBS plans against motion. However, their efficacy still needs to be examined by means of 4D dynamically accumulated dose (4DDD) analyses. This study investigates the potential use of 4D robust optimisation to maintain sufficient target coverage in the presence of organ motion, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue, for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The liver is particularly suited to study motion interplay effects since the treatment region exhibits smaller density gradients and more homogeneous tissue than targets in the thorax, making it less prone to range errors. A facility-specific beam time model, developed and experimentally validated previously, was used for the clinical evaluation. 4DDD analyses of eleven target volumes did not show a significant improvement of the target coverage using 4D robust optimisation, but a reduction of the dose to close-by organs at risk. Interplay effects were averaged out for the applied fractionation scheme of 15 fractions. Contrary to PBS, passive double scattering (DS) plans yielded homogeneous 4DDD dose distributions in a single fraction. But, in some cases, they exceeded organ at risk dose limits, which were only satisfied in PBS. The average normal liver dose could be decreased by almost 6% compared to non-robustly optimised PBS plans and by 16% compared to DS plans when implementing 4D robust optimisation. Except for some very small tumours with large motion amplitudes, 4D robustly optimised PBS plans were found to be clinically acceptable even without supplementary motion mitigation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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