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Mankind caused a lot of harm to their environment unintentionally during agriculture. Thus nowadays production techniques that are compatible with nature, making the right use of the resources, targeting sustainable development, looking after animal welfare are beginning to spread throughout the world. Especially organic agriculture among those techniques gained a seat as it depends on customer preference. Organic agriculture that has the following five fundamental features: compatibility to nature, self sufficiency, sustainability, welfare, traceability began with the production of dried grape, dried figs, dried apricots and nuts in our country during the 1980s with the contractual agriculture system intending to export. During the following years, hardshell and dried fruits, frozen fruits and vegetables, fresh fruits and vegetables, spices and legumes followed the previous ones in export. Also, production and exportation of rose water, rose oil, olive oil, cotton and textile products increased considerably. In our country where there is a wide variety of products for organic agriculture, in eastern black sea region tea and nuts are the most cultivated products. Organic agriculture is carried out in every province of the region, the contribution of provinces in percentage as follows: Rize 42%, Ordu 25%, Artvin 13%, Trabzon 10%, Gumushane and Giresun 5%. Organic stock raising is done only in Gumushane and Ordu. Gümüşhane has the most promising potential for organic stock raising.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the fruit quality of twenty different local pear varieties (Pyrus communis L.), namely Ahlat, Ankara, Arpa, Bildircin, Cermai, Cinci, Gelin Bogan, Haci Hamza, Hahir, Kabak, Kizil, Kokulu, Mehrani, Menendi, Sulu, Salgam, Tokat Sultani, Tursu, Yaz, and Yaz Meyrigi, grown in Gumushane province in terms of pomological and morphological characteristics and chemical compositions. The fruit mass, fruit width and length, fruit stem thickness and length, fruit kernel width and length, hardness of pulp, number of seeds, leaf width and length, leaf stem length and thickness, and water soluble dry matter (WSDM) of the pear fruits have been determined as pomological and morphological characteristics. On the other hand, the chemical compositions of the pear varieties have been evaluated in terms of protein, ash, sucrose, fructose, glucose, total sugar, titratable acidity, moisture, and mineral element levels. Both pomological and morphological results demonstrated that the local pear varieties are important in terms of rehabilitation studies and detailed selection studies on these local varieties should be performed. The chemical analyses result of the pear varieties revealed that there is no component that may be harmful to human health when consumed, and also these varieties contains the necessary amount of mineral elements.

Thirty one pears genotypes from east blacksea region were evaluated for genetic relationships by using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) markers from total 70 RAPD and ISSR primer investigated, 22 could amplify clearly and consistently. Cluster analysis of the pears genotypes was performed based on data from polymorphic bands RAPD and ISSR by using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and the Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering method. The 31 pear genotypes were classified into two major groups. Cluster A was divided into 2 subclusters: Gumushane pears and Trabzon pears. Cluster B consisted of Artvin pears. The similarity matrix values ranged between 0.105 and 0.968.

The present study was conducted in order to determine the pomological and morphological characteristics and chemical compositions of some local apple varieties grown in Gumushane. As a result of field work in Gumushane province, sixteen different apples, which are Summer Apple, English apple, Green Belly, Black Belly and Yellow Belly Apples, Amasya Marble, Bey Apple, Chest Apple, Mahsusa, Arabian Girl, Willow Apple, Tavsanbasi, Yellow Hidir, Local Marble, Bride Apple, and Fatty Apple were collected in order to analyze. The average results of pomological and morphological properties and chemical compositions were obtained as following: fruit mass; 127.36 g, fruit width; 65.23 mm, fruit length; 57.30 mm, fruit stalk thickness; 2.17 mm, fruit stalk length; 17.63 mm, stalk pit depth; 12.75 mm, flower pit depth; 10.29 mm, fruit firmness; 13.79 kg/cm2, seed house width; 15.89 mm, seed house length; 17.39 mm, number of seeds; 4.3, water soluble dry matter content; 14.53 %, ash content; 1.11 %, pH; 3.8, titratable acidity; 0.69 g/L, water content; 83.8 %, reducing sugar; 5.04 g/100 g, sucrose; 2.25 g/100 g, and the amount of total sugars; 7.29 g/100. The fruit peel color was determined by considering the light transmittance (L). The average L values were ranged between 112.06 and 66.32. On the other hand among the mineral elements, potassium and manganese amounts were determined as the highest and the lowest, respectively.

In this study, we investigated interspecific variations of apple genotypes using ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) and RAPD (Randomly amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique. Total 19 genotypes of wild grown local varieties were collected from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey and have been studied for the analysis of ISSR and RAPD profile to examine their relationship. From total 53 RAPD and ISSR primer investigated, 28 could amplify clearly and consistently. All bands obtained from ISSR and RAPDs primer were polymorphic. The dendrogram realized from the RAPD and ISSR markers grouped the 19 genotypes into two major clusters. Cluster I comprised ‘Bey Apple’, ‘Fatty Apple’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Yellow Belly Apple’, ‘Bride Apple’, ‘Green Belly Apple’, ‘Summer Apple’, ‘Yomra Apple’, ‘Tavsanbasi’, ‘Black Belly Apple’, ‘Chest Apple’, ‘Local Marble’, ‘English Apple’, ‘Willow Apple’, ‘Arabian Girl’, ‘Yellow Hidir’ and cluster II contained ‘Starking Delicious’, ‘Mahsusa’, ‘Amasya Marble’. Genetic diversity data from this study will be helpful in using and exploiting the wild genetic material for breeding purposes as well as for further research.

Günümüzde giderek önemi artan ve alternatif turizm çeşitlerinden biri olan agro-turizm, tarım ve turizmin bir araya gelmesi ile ortaya çıkmıştır. Agro-turizm, yoğun şehir yaşantısından uzaklaşmak isteyen bireylerin genellikle çiftlik tarzı evlerde konakladığı, organik ürünlerden faydalandığı doğa ile iç içe yapılan bir turizm faaliyetidir. Özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde oldukça yaygın olan bu turizm çeşidinin ekonomik, sosyolojik ve biyolojik açıdan birçok katkısı bulunmaktadır. Agro-turizm ülkemizde özellikle Ege ve Akdeniz Bölgesinde yaygın olarak faaliyet göstermektedir. Gümüşhane, Doğu Anadolu ve Karadeniz Bölgesi arasında kalan, bu iki bölgenin iklimini yaşayan ve 113 bin ha'lık tarıma elverişli araziye sahip bir bölgedir. Diğer yandan gerek doğal güzellikleri gerek kültürel mirası ile hâlihazırda bir turizm potansiyeline sahip olan Gümüşhane ilinin agroturizm açısından da değerlendirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, ilin agro-turizm potansiyeli değerlendirilerek, agro-turizm açısından SWOT analizi yapılmış ve son olarak ilin agro-turizm potansiyelinin geliştirilmesi kapsamında öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu amaçla, ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılarak veri toplanmıştır. The agro-tourism, which is one of the alternative tourism types and increasingly becoming significant today, has developed by combination of agriculture and tourism. Agro-tourism is a tourism activity in which individuals preferring to move away from intense urban life usually accommodate in farm type houses and consume organic products in touch with nature. This type of tourism is particularly common in developed countries and has a lot of contributions in economical, sociological and biological aspects. In Turkey, agro-tourism is particularly more active in Aegean and Mediterranean Regions. Gümüşhane is a region which stays between Eastern Anatolian and black Sea Regions, experiences the climates of both regions and has a 113 thousand ha arable land. On the other hand, it is considered that Gümüşhane province should be assessed in terms of agro-tourism as it already has a tourism potential both with its natural beauties and cultural heritage. In this regard, agro-tourism potential of the province was assessed in the study and SWOT analysis was made in terms of agro-tourism, and finally; suggestions were offered under the development of agro-tourism potential of the province. For that purpose, secondary sources were used to collect data.

Dünyada yaşanan hızlı nüfus artışına bağlı olarak tarımsal üretimde en yüksek verimin alınabilmesi amacıyla kullanılan kimyasal ve genetik girdilerin, zaman içerisinde insan sağlığı ve doğal çevreye olan olumsuz etkilerinin gündeme gelmesiyle başlayan organik tarım yaklaşımı, günümüzde de önemini giderek artırmaktadır. 2010 yılında 191.785 ha'lık alanda 331.361 ton olan Türkiye organik tarım üretimi 2016 yılında 379.042 ha'lık üretim alanına (%98 artarak) ve 1.627.106 tonluk üretim miktarına (%391 artarak) ulaşmıştır. Türkiye organik tarım alanlarının yaklaşık 18 bin hektarlık (%4,7) kısmı Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde yer almaktadır. Bölge arazi yapısı ve üretilen ürünlerin niteliği bakımından organik tarım potansiyeli olan bir bölgedir. Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde 12.515 üretici tarafından yapılan organik tarımdan toplam 119.425 ton organik ürün elde edilmektedir. Bölgede 2010 yılında 88.322 ha alanda 31.960 ton olan organik ürün üretimi 2016 yılında 18.061 ha (%80 azalarak) alanda 119.425 ton (%274 artarak) olmuştur. Bölgede Rize (%57,4), Tokat (%14,6), Ordu (%7,5), Gümüşhane (%4,9) ve Samsun (%3,8) son yıllardaki organik tarım üretim miktarları bakımından ön sıralarda yer alan illerdir. Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde organik olarak üretilen ürünlerin başında çay (67.927 ton ve %57,7), fındık (11.785 ton ve %9,9), elma (11.253 ton ve %9,4), armut (5.207 ton ve %4,4), mısır (4.705 ton ve %3,9) ve yonca (4301 ton ve %3,6) gelmektedir. Bu derleme ile Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin organik bitkisel üretiminin mevcut durumu ve potansiyeli ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Organic agriculture approach started with coming up the adverse effect’s of chemical and genetic inputs on human health and natural environment in time, it has been also continued by raising the importance nowadays. Organic agriculture production amount of Turkey was 331.361 tons in 191.785 ha areas, although it was reached up to 1.627.106 tons (391% increased) in 379.042 ha (98% increased) areas. Black sea region has nearly 18.000 ha area (4.7%) of organic agriculture areas of Turkey. The region has organic agriculture potential with regard to regional land structure and qualification of produced products. In 2010, organic agriculture production was 31.960 tons in 88.322 ha areas, although it was 119.425 tons (274% increased) in 18.061 ha (80% decreased) areas in 2016. In recent years, Rize (57%), Tokat (14.6%), Ordu (7.5%), Gümüşhane (4.9%) and Samsun (3.8%) are leading provinces in the region in terms of organic production quantities. Tea (67.927 tons: 57.7%), hazelnut (11.785 tons: 9.9%), apple (11.253 tons: 9.4%), pear (5.207 tons: 4.4%), maize (4.705 tons: 3.9%) and alfalfa (4.301 tons: 3.6%) are major organic products of Black Sea region. At present study, current situation of organic plant production and potential in the Black Sea region were presented.

Grafted vines are the only option while establishing vineyards over the sites contaminated with phylloxera. Furthermore, grafted vines used to establish new vineyards should be well-developed, healthy and compatible with the scions. In this research, we aimed to find out the most suitable rootstock for ‘Merzifon Karası’ using ten rootstocks (140 Ruggeri, 110 R, 99 R, 41B, 5C, 5BB, SO4, 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri and Rupestris du Lot) in 2010 and 2011. The effects on the callusing performance, growth parameters and graft development characteristics were evaluated by the modified weighted-ranking method. Significant differences were obtained in terms of callus formation, rooting capacity and growth characteristics of cultivar among the rootstocks. Callus formation rate (97.7%) and callus development level (3.7) were better on 8B grafted cuttings. Rooting percentage was found the highest on 1103 Paulsen rootstock (64.8%). While the shoot length and diameter differed according to the rootstocks (P, Filoksera ile bulaşık alanlarda bağ kurarken tek seçenek aşılı asma fidanı kullanmaktır. Bununla birlikte, yeni kurulacak bağlarda kullanılan aşılı asma fidanlarının iyi gelişmiş, sağlıklı ve üzerine aşılı çeşitle uyuşur olması gerekir. Bu çalışmada, ‘Merzifon Karası’ üzüm çeşidine en uygun olabilecek anaçların belirlenmesi için 2010 ve 2011 yılları arasında, on farklı asma anacı kullanıldı (140 Ruggeri, 110 R, 99 R, 41B, 5C, 5BB, SO4, 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri ve Rupestris du Lot). Anaçların kallus oluşturma performansı, gelişme özellikleri ve aşı gelişimi üzerine etkileri tartılı derecelendirme metodu ile değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı anaçların kallus oluşumu, köklenme kapasitesi ve çeşidin büyüme özellikleri üzerine istatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek kallus oluşum oranı (%97.7) ve kallus gelişim seviyesi (3.7) 8B anacına aşılı çeliklerden elde edilmiştir. En yüksek köklenme oranı ise 1103 Paulsen anacı üzerine aşılı çeliklerde gerçekleşmiştir (%64.8). Sürgün uzunluğu ve sürgün çapları anaçlara göre farklılık gösterirken, en yüksek sürgün uzunluğu ve sürgün çapı 41B üzerine aşılı fidanlarda tespit edilmiştir (sırasıyla 92.3 ve 9.2 cm). Tartılı derecelendirme sonuçlarına göre, anaçlar arasında en yüksek puanı 1103 Paulsen almıştır. Samsun koşularında elde edilen bu sonuçlara göre, ‘Merzifon Karası’ üzüm çeşidi için en uygun olabilecek anaç 1103 Paulsen olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Karabulut, Besim/0000-0003-0198-8447 WOS: 000342715900001 As the home of numerous grape genotypes, Turkey is one of the major centers of viniculture genetic material in the world. Merzifon Karasi' (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most valuable red wine grape cultivars in Turkey. However, despite the variety's relative age, Merzifon Karasi' has yet to be tested on different rootstocks. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of different rootstocks on the growth characteristics of Merzifon Karasi' scion. Growth parameters (shoot length (cm), shoot diameter (mm), internode length (cm), total and unit leaf area (cm(2)), root length (cm), root scale (0-4) and root number) were calculated and carbohydrate content (%) of the grafted grapevine shoots, trunk and roots analysed for 9 different rootstocks. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found among rootstocks. 8B and Rupestris du Lot rated best in terms of root length, root scale and root number (P < 0.01). Highest shoot length, shoot diameter (P < 0.01) and internode length were obtained, respectively, with the 110R, 8B and Rupestris du Lot rootstocks (P < 0.05). Rupestris du Lot also produced the grapevines with the highest total leaf area per plant and main shoot, whereas the grapevines grafted on 8B had the highest unit leaf area (P < 0.01). Sugar, starch and carbohydrate contents (%) of the different plant parts also varied significantly by root-stock (P < 0.01), with the highest root carbohydrate content measured in the 5C (22.4 %) rootstock, and the highest trunk and shoot carbohydrate content measured in the 110R (12.1 and 13.4%, respectively). In sum, the study found the best rootstocks for Merzifon Karasi' to be 8B, Rupestris du Lot and 110R in terms of root and shoot growth, whereas 'Merzifon Karasi' grape grafted onto 110R and 5C rootstock had the highest carbohydrate contents.