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The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative operationalization of amenities that does not privilege certain kinds of natural resources and climatic conditions and that can be used for assessing the quality of life in small towns. The amenity inventory presented here extends previous literature by including a broad range of amenities (natural resource, indoor and outdoor built recreational facilities, public and private services, and downtown amenities). The community level of analysis and small town focus are also unique. The inventory uses both secondary data from public sources and primary data that can be gathered by researchers or community residents. Therefore, in addition to the scholarly contribution of the inventory, the process of defining and assessing community amenities may be a valuable tool for building interpersonal relationships within communities, generating community spirit, and developing strategies for enhancing the local quality of life.

Small towns are often depicted as places with many interpersonal relationships and generalized trust, or high social capital. Social capital is a resource which towns can use to solve problems and improve the local quality of life. In this paper, I determined if social capital and civic engagements have declined in small towns in the U.S. Midwest as has happened more generally and tested likely explanations for the change. Quantitative analyses of data from the U.S. Census, other secondary sources, and a longitudinal study of residents of 99 small towns were conducted. Findings revealed that social capital has declined, but one type of civic engagement improved. Towns in counties with more small farms in 1990 had more bonding social capital and civic engagement in 2004 than other towns when other factors were controlled. The proportion of local businesses had no impact on civic engagement and was negatively associated with one kind of social capital. Mixed findings about how income impacted social capital and civic engagement indicated a complex relationship. The retirement of the so called "civic generation" had minimal impact on social capital and civic engagement. (Contains 5 tables.)

Economic shocks are sudden events causing a significant impact on the local economy. Disaster community literature predicts that community outcomes from shocks will depend on the kind of shock. Consensus crisis shocks will be followed by increases in social capital and quality of life. Corrosive community shocks will result in declines in these factors. Using longitudinal data from small towns, we find that shocks are not associated with declines in quality of life or social capital, however, certain kinds of shocks are followed by increases. The strength of shocks and the net cumulative effects of multiple shocks are related to social capital and quality of life. This analysis advances conceptualizations by unpacking shock events and suggesting that strength and effect of multiple shocks are as important as shock type. (Contains 5 footnotes and 3 tables.)

Analysis of data from 10,798 residents of 99 small Iowa towns revealed that smaller communities, those with a high percentage of full-time employed residents, more college graduates, and more people working in town have higher community participation levels. (Contains 41 references.) (JOW)

Interviews with 1008 business owners and managers in 30 small Iowa communities found that the majority were committed to their community and provided support to youth programs, local schools, or community development activities. Business social responsibility was related to operator age, education, success, and perceptions of community collective action. Contains 60 references. (Author/SV)

Economic shocks are sudden events causing a significant impact on the local economy. Disaster community literature predicts that community outcomes from shocks will depend on the kind of shock. Consensus crisis shocks will be followed by increases in social capital and quality of life. Corrosive community shocks will result in declines in these factors. Using longitudinal data from small towns, we find that shocks are not associated with declines in quality of life or social capital, however, certain kinds of shocks are followed by increases. The strength of shocks and the net cumulative effects of multiple shocks are related to social capital and quality of life. This analysis advances conceptualizations by unpacking shock events and suggesting that strength and effect of multiple shocks are as important as shock type.

Qualitative data generated from field interviews with small business network directors and members were used to determine five theoretical concepts and the possible relationships among those concepts. Based on the interviews, hypotheses were drawn and tested with the quantitative data derived from a telephone survey performed on 377 small business owners who held membership in networks that operate across four Midwest states. Applications for enhancing small business success are provided.

The service sector has replaced manufacturing as the primary employer in the United States. Fastest growing within this sector are producer services, i.e., those businesses that provide service inputs to other businesses and government. Theorists posit that the propensity of producer services to locate in metro areas advantages cities in relation to rural areas. They argue that significant numbers of producer services are unlikely to locate in rural areas due to the economic and cultural benefits offered by central cities and that producer services in rural locations are qualitatively different from metro firms. Perceptions of the environment, management strategies, and community citizenship were analyzed with data from 259 producer service business owners and managers in Iowa rural, urban, and metropolitan communities. The findings point to qualitative differences between the businesses based on community size, but also many similarities were found. Rural producer services reported more community citizenship than other businesses.

This study critically reviews theoretical concepts and measurements of social capital and tests hypotheses that elaborate how four dimensions of social capital (informal social ties, formal social ties, trust, and norms of collective action) and sense of community are related to participation in community improvement activities for elderly residents in small towns and rural communities. Mail surveys of 2,802 elders in 99 small towns and rural communities in Iowa reveal that many elders are actively involved in their community. Social capital and sense of community are very important in predicting elderly participation in community improvement activities, but they relate differently to elderly community involvement. Formal ties and sense of community have much stronger relationships with community involvement than informal ties and norms of collective action. Generalized trust is not significantly related to elderly community involvement.

ABSTRACT In this paper the relationship between labor market involvement and community participation is examined at the community level. Social capital theory postulates that if employment facilitates acquaintanceships, trust, and [...]

The importance of local ties is documented in the community attachment literature, and a systemic model has been adopted. Recent research, however, has focused on informal ties (acquaintanceships, friendships, neighboring) rather than on formal associations. This study specifies a systemic model that includes length of residence and other personal attributes as exogenous variables, and measures of formal and informal ties as intervening attributes; among formal ties, local church participation is given special consideration. Findings support the conclusion of others that community attachment is higher when friendships (informal ties) are predominantly local. Findings also demonstrate the importance of local associational participation (formal ties) both directly and, indirectly, as they affect friendship patterns. In particular, local churches aid in building secular ties and increase dependence on local friendships, both of which increase attachment. Finally, since the influence of local formal ties is independent of the effect of length of residence, revisions in the original systemic model are proposed.

In this paper, I focus attention on one aspect of business social responsibility, the relationship between businesses and community. Specifically, I explore the impact of business operators' perceptions about norms of collective action in their communities on the level of their support for and commitment to their communities. This relationship was elaborated using data from interviews with 1,008 business owners and managers randomly selected from 30 small Iowa communities (500 to 10,000 in population). Findings indicate the majority of small business operators report that they are committed to and provide support for their community. Also, it is concluded that operators' educational levels and lengths of residence, the success and age of their businesses, and their perceptions of community levels of collective action are significantly associated with levels of business social responsibility.

A model is constructed to further elaborate on a theory describing the manner by which organizations managed by the Japanese employ rewards to motivate workers to participate in the attainment of organizational goals. This model assumes that the small work group and the community of fate ideology play a significant role in Japanese organizations by functioning as social constructs that mediate between individuals and rewards. Using the Toyota Motor Manufacturing organization in Kentucky as an example, it is shown that there is no direct relations between rewards and individual performance. Rewards are exploited to develop and sustain the ties within the work team and to fortify faith in the community of fate ideology. In turn, the work team and belief in the fate-ideology community motivate individual involvement in achievement of organizational goals. This strengthens the influence of rewards on individuals.

Byline: Terry L. Besser, Nancy Miller Policy makers advocate forming business networks to promote Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) innovation and success. However, past research concludes that owners of small businesses are reluctant to join networks and work cooperatively. In this study, we describe the process of, and challenges involved in, forming four new networks among SMEs in rural towns in the US Midwest. Findings reveal the importance of the convener in successful network formation, the role of culture in the Hispanic immigrant business network and the relationship between trust and resource exchanges among members. The possibility of substituting institutional trust (in the convener) for intramember trust in facilitating research exchanges is suggested. Two of the four networks failed to form or dissolved. It may be unrealistic at the current level of knowledge to expect a higher level of new SME network success.