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Camera traps (CT) have been used to study a wide diversity of wildlife around the world. However, despite their widespread use, standardized protocols are lacking, potentially leading to reduced efficiency and inhibiting study comparisons, generalizability, and repeatability. While there are general guidelines and considerations researchers should be aware of when designing a CT survey, studies have shown the vital importance of selecting sampling schemes and camera settings tailored to specific characteristics of the wildlife system of interest. For many species and regions, optimal sampling protocols have not been thoroughly evaluated, especially in vast open landscapes. We used CT data on barren‐ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in the open landscape of arctic Alaska as a case study to evaluate and quantify the influence of camera trigger type (i.e., motion detection vs. time‐lapse) and time‐lapse interval on data generation to inform sampling protocols for future CT research in this system or others like it. Comparing camera trigger types, we found 5 min interval time‐lapse generated seven‐times more images containing caribou compared to motion detection. However, the detection rate of motion detection was over 11‐times greater than time‐lapse resulting in more efficient data collection with respect to camera battery life, data storage, and data processing time. Exploring the effect of time‐lapse interval length, we found detections were highly sensitive to interval length with a 30 min interval producing 33.7% fewer images containing caribou and identifying 22.2% fewer trap days containing caribou compared to a 5 min interval. Our results provide insight into effective CT sampling protocols for open landscapes and highlight the importance of critically evaluating and selecting camera settings that account for characteristics of the study system to ensure adequate data is generated efficiently to address study objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Camera traps (CT) have been used to study a wide diversity of wildlife around the world. However, despite their widespread use, standardized protocols are lacking, potentially leading to reduced efficiency and inhibiting study comparisons, generalizability, and repeatability. While there are general guidelines and considerations researchers should be aware of when designing a CT survey, studies have shown the vital importance of selecting sampling schemes and camera settings tailored to specific characteristics of the wildlife system of interest. For many species and regions, optimal sampling protocols have not been thoroughly evaluated, especially in vast open landscapes. We used CT data on barren‐ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in the open landscape of arctic Alaska as a case study to evaluate and quantify the influence of camera trigger type (i.e., motion detection vs. time‐lapse) and time‐lapse interval on data generation to inform sampling protocols for future CT research in this system or others like it. Comparing camera trigger types, we found 5 min interval time‐lapse generated seven‐times more images containing caribou compared to motion detection. However, the detection rate of motion detection was over 11‐times greater than time‐lapse resulting in more efficient data collection with respect to camera battery life, data storage, and data processing time. Exploring the effect of time‐lapse interval length, we found detections were highly sensitive to interval length with a 30 min interval producing 33.7% fewer images containing caribou and identifying 22.2% fewer trap days containing caribou compared to a 5 min interval. Our results provide insight into effective CT sampling protocols for open landscapes and highlight the importance of critically evaluating and selecting camera settings that account for characteristics of the study system to ensure adequate data is generated efficiently to address study objectives.

This work focuses on best practice processes and methods of onboarding in the supply chain management (SCM) of industrial companies by means of a qualitative investigation. The findings from other industrial companies are compared with each other as well as with the processes and methods given in the literature. This study highlight similarities, differences and examples of best practices. The key findings of this study show that structured onboarding is successful above all through the interplay of professional and social onboarding. The study also identified that social familiarization is given special consideration in the literature as well as in practice through the topics of appreciation and trust as well as the development of a godparent, mentor or buddy program. None of the industrial companies makes use of holistic concepts of onboarding, which are presented in the literature. This is due to the fact that various interfaces common in the SCM-industry exhibit highly individual requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of adoption of eMental Health technologies by people with severe mental illness (SMI) might be explained by a mismatch between technology design and users' skills, context and preferences. Co-design can optimize this fit, but populations labelled as 'vulnerable' are often excluded or misrepresented. The goal of this study is to gain insight into best-practices for co-design with people with SMI. A qualitative, multi-method approach was used, consisting of a systematic scoping review of 21 included studies, 25 co-design expert surveys and six participant interviews. The results delivered 23 best-practices divided into four overarching aspects of co-design, namely: (1) activities to carry out before the start of a co-design study; (2) fruitful collaboration of the co-design team; (3) bespoke approach within co-design to accommodate the skills and abilities of SMI participants; and (4) mitigation of challenges surrounding power balance. The best-practices may help researchers and designers offer the SMI population a more specialized approach for co-design, which can cause the innovative output of eMH projects to be more effective and better adopted. Throughout the co-design process, more attention should be paid to the personal and clinical benefits of participation for the participants themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased use of low-cost air quality sensor systems, particularly by communities, calls for the further development of best-practices to ensure these systems collect usable data. One area identified as requiring more attention is that of deployment logistics, that is, how to select deployment sites and how to strategically place sensors at these sites. Given that sensors are often placed at homes and businesses, ideal placement is not always possible. Considerations such as convenience, access, aesthetics, and safety are also important. To explore this issue, we placed multiple sensor systems at an existing field site allowing us to examine both neighborhood-level and building-level variability during a concurrent period for CO₂ (a primary pollutant) and O₃ (a secondary pollutant). In line with previous studies, we found that local and transported emissions as well as thermal differences in sensor systems drive variability, particularly for high-time resolution data. While this level of variability is unlikely to affect data on larger averaging scales, this variability could impact analysis if the user is interested in high-time resolution or examining local sources. However, with thoughtful placement and thorough documentation, high-time resolution data at the neighborhood level has the potential to provide us with entirely new information on local air quality trends and emissions.

Of the six papers included in this section, only two were primarily focused on I V i SB I S i sb measurements and both focused on the use of surface wave methods to generate in situ I V i SB I S i sb models (Hobiger et al. [17]; Stephenson et al. [39]). Factors to be considered for the best possible estimates of both active- and passive-source surface-wave dispersion data are illustrated in detail. Keywords: COSMOS guidelines; Best-practices; Seismic site characterization; Earthquake site effects EN COSMOS guidelines Best-practices Seismic site characterization Earthquake site effects 557 566 10 08/24/22 20220801 NES 220801 Article Highlights 1. [Extracted from the article]

We describe the flexible multimethod seismic site characterization technique for obtaining shear-wave velocity (VS) profiles and derivative information, such as the time-averaged VS of the upper 30 m (VS30). Simply stated, the multimethod approach relies on the application of multiple independent noninvasive site characterization acquisition and analysis techniques utilized in a flexible field-based approach through a decision process based on primary factors such as the investigator's available equipment, field logistics (e.g., available array deployment space, urban versus rural), geologic setting, and funding among other primary factors. In a multimethod approach, sites ideally should be characterized using both active and passive noninvasive (i.e., no drilling and only minimal disturbance to the ground surface) methods. Almost without exception, we recommend the use of at least one active-source technique for analyzing surface waves, which in the current state of practice would include one or more of the following: spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW; commonly Rayleigh waves) and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW; Rayleigh and/or Love waves). In addition, passive-source microtremor array methods (MAMs) using linear (one-dimensional) and two-dimensional arrays may be appropriate or even required for characterizing a given site. Similarly, the microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (mHVSR) method thacan be valuable for identifying shallow rock sites. Finally, P- and SH-wave seismic refraction methods warrant consideration, especially at rock and shallow-rock sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geotechnical industry has widely adopted the refraction microtremor shear-wave velocity measurement technique, which is accepted by building authorities for evaluation of seismic site class around the world. Clark County and the City of Henderson, Nevada, populated their Earthquake Parcel Map with over 10,000 site measurements for building code enforcement, made over a 3-year period. 2D refraction microtremor analysis now allows engineers to image lateral shear-wave velocity variations and do passive subsurface imaging. Along with experience at a basic level, the ability to identify the "no energy area" and the "minimum-velocity envelope" on the slowness-frequency (p-f) image helps practitioners to assess the quality of their ReMi data and analysis. Guides for grading (p-f) image quality, and for estimating depth sensitivity, velocity-depth tradeoffs, and depth and velocity resolution also assist practitioners in deciding whether their refraction microtremor data will meet their investigation objectives. Commercial refraction microtremor surveys use linear arrays, and a new criterion of 2.2% minimum microtremor energy in the array direction allows users to assess the likelihood of correct results. Unfortunately, any useful and popular measurement technique can be abused. Practitioners must follow correct data collection, analysis, interpretation, and measurement procedures, or the results cannot be labeled "refraction microtremor" or "ReMi" results. We present some of the common mistakes and provide solutions with the objective of establishing a "best practices" template for getting consistent, reliable models from refraction microtremor measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Semaglutide 2.4 mg; obesity; weight management; primary care; cardiometabolic; quality of life; best-practices EN Semaglutide 2.4 mg obesity weight management primary care cardiometabolic quality of life best-practices 1 4 4 01/31/23 20220102 NES 220102 Graph: Video 1 Introducing an Important Therapy for Obesity to Primary Care Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide 2.4mg Obesity is a complex, chronic disease that represents a global public health challenge [[1]]. In the second article in this supplement, Dr Amaro, Dr Skolnik, and Dr Sugimoto examine evidence from the STEP 1-5 trials for the effect of semaglutide on cardiometabolic risk factors and obesity-related comorbidities. It is hoped that obesity management will be enhanced in future through increasing efforts to address the bias, stigma, and discrimination surrounding obesity, and through the introduction of effective, easy to use treatment [[4], [9], [12]]. [Extracted from the article]

Prior models of well-being have focused on resolving issues at different levels within a single institution. Changes over time in medicine have resulted in massive turnover and reduced clinical hours that portray a deficit-oriented system. As developments to improve purpose and professional satisfaction emerge, the Texas Medical Association Committee on Physician Health and Wellness (PHW) is committed to providing the vehicle for a statewide collaboration and illuminating the path forward. To describe the existing health and wellness resources in Texas academic medical centers and understand the gaps in resources and strategies for addressing the health and wellness needs in the medical workforce, and in student and trainee populations. Various methods were utilized to gather information regarding health and wellness resources at Texas academic medical centers. A survey was administered to guide a Think Tank discussion during a PHW Exchange, and to assess resources at Texas academic medical centers. Institutional representatives from all Texas learning health systems were eligible to participate in a poster session to share promising practices regarding health and wellness resources, tools, and strategies. Survey responses indicated a need for enhancing wellness program components such as scheduled activities promoting health and wellness, peer support networks, and health and wellness facilities in academic medical centers. Answers collected during the Think Tank discussion identified steps needed to cultivate a culture of wellness and strategies to improve and encourage wellness. The Texas Medical Association Committee on Physician Health and Wellness and PHW Exchange provided a forum to share best practices and identify gaps therein, and has served as a nidus for the formation of a statewide collaboration for which institutional leaders of academic medical centers have affirmed the need to achieve the best result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HMD: Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, the authors present the documentation and experiences of collaboration with the Azienda Regionale Emergenza Sanitaria 118 / ARES 118 on the occasion of the medical and psychological emergency assistance operations in major events organized in the territory of Roma Capitale. The aim is to provide the readers with some experiential best practices, to pass on the knowledge and skills needed to perform tasks where the emergency scenario includes similar dynamics, in which there is a crowd or a large number of people gathered in a specific place (squares). The article explains the main medical-psychological reasons for access (panic, agoraphobia, anxiety, psychosis) and provides other useful indications, for predictive purposes, that can help in the logistic preparation of operations.

Bibliometric indicators such as the number of published articles and citations received are subject to a strong ambiguity. A high numerical value of bibliometric indicators may not measure the quality of scientific production, but only a high level of activity of a researcher. There may be cases of good researchers who do not produce a high number of articles, but have few research products of high quality. The sociology of science relies on the so-called “Matthew effect,” which is inspired by Matthew’s Gospel on Talents. “Those that have more will have more” seems to support the idea that those that publish more, merit to have higher bibliometric indicators, and to be recognized for their major results. But is this really the case? Can bibliometric indicators be considered a measure of the merit of scholars or they come from luck and chance? The answer is of fundamental importance to identify best practices in research assessment. In this work, using philosophical argumentation, we show how Christian theology, in particular St. Thomas Aquinas, can help us to clarify the concept of merit, overcoming the conceptual ambiguities and problems highlighted by the existing literature. By doing this, Christian theology, will allow us to introduce the evaluation framework in a broader perspective better suited to the interpretation of the complexity of research evaluation.

Prior models of well-being have focused on resolving issues at different levels within a single institution. Changes over time in medicine have resulted in massive turnover and reduced clinical hours that portray a deficit-oriented system. As developments to improve purpose and professional satisfaction emerge, the Texas Medical Association Committee on Physician Health and Wellness (PHW) is committed to providing the vehicle for a statewide collaboration and illuminating the path forward. To describe the existing health and wellness resources in Texas academic medical centers and understand the gaps in resources and strategies for addressing the health and wellness needs in the medical workforce, and in student and trainee populations. Various methods were utilized to gather information regarding health and wellness resources at Texas academic medical centers. A survey was administered to guide a Think Tank discussion during a PHW Exchange, and to assess resources at Texas academic medical centers. Institutional representatives from all Texas learning health systems were eligible to participate in a poster session to share promising practices regarding health and wellness resources, tools, and strategies. Survey responses indicated a need for enhancing wellness program components such as scheduled activities promoting health and wellness, peer support networks, and health and wellness facilities in academic medical centers. Answers collected during the Think Tank discussion identified steps needed to cultivate a culture of wellness and strategies to improve and encourage wellness. The Texas Medical Association Committee on Physician Health and Wellness and PHW Exchange provided a forum to share best practices and identify gaps therein, and has served as a nidus for the formation of a statewide collaboration for which institutional leaders of academic medical centers have affirmed the need to achieve the best result.

Thi s qualitative study provides a student & faculty driven ethical credo that can be used to promote a successful learning community within the digital classroom. The first phase of the research focuses on students' experience as online learners. Through surveys and discussion boards, a thematic analysis is used to create core ethical principles and associated behaviors found to promote virtual community and learning. The results are experience-based insights encapsulated in the Credo for Ethical Distance Learning. The credo includes a preamble and five core principles with practical, supporting student behaviors for each principle. The second phase of this research extends the Credo for Ethical Distance Learning to the instructors' experiences in teaching online. Using focus groups and surveys, faculty perspectives were used to create the Credo for Ethical Distance Learning: Faculty Implications. The results of both research phases serve a dual purpose. The first purpose is to provide strategies that will help develop interactive online learning environments. The second is that the credo will promote awareness about communication ethics and its impact on virtual learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) remain one of the most overfished species in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) despite being designated as a prohibited (zero-possession, mandatory release) species by the New England Fishery Management Council in 2003. To better understand the extent to which discard mortality (DM) occurring after incidental capture in the GOM groundfish bottom trawl fishery may be impeding recovery, 75 individuals (55–94 cm total length, TL) were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags and monitored for up to 28 days following capture under representative commercial trawl fishing practices. Data recovered from 61 PSAT-tagged skate were analysed with a longitudinal survival analysis to estimate DM and identify influential capture-related variables. DM rate was a function of TL, with larger skates (>70 cm; DM = 16.5%) experiencing lower mortality than smaller conspecifics (55–70 cm; DM = 24.5%). From our results, we estimate annual thorny skate DM in the GOM groundfish bottom trawl fishery to be 79.2 ± 0.2 mt, which accounts for <1% of the existing stock biomass in the GOM (8400 mt). This study confirms that thorny skate are relatively resilient to bottom trawl fishing practices in the GOM, and suggests that other sources of mortality may be impeding population recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas the characteristics of human rights fact-finding largely vary depending on the typology and scope of the entity that carries it out, consensus seems to be developing that a common set of challenges to human rights fact-finding exists. This is especially so when carried out under United Nations auspices. For example, it has long been acknowledged that the very nature of the institution, sitting as it does at the crossroads of international politics, as well as the seemingly irresolvable tension between calls for human rights protection on the one hand, and State sovereignty on the other, present some structural challenges to human rights fact-finding. Furthermore, issues of coordination between the United Nations and other institutions (such as international governmental and non-governmental organisations, or international tribunals), as well as what some have called a ‘lack of institutional memory’ arguably often feature as regular traits among fact-finding mechanisms. In recent years, a further set of challenges has been added to the mix by additional requirements, featuring increasingly often in mandates, that instruct fact-finding mechanisms to make further determinations of facts (concerning, 'e.g.', the identity of those most responsible for the violations being documented, or the existence of an armed conflict) and even consider questions of law ('e.g.' the qualification of the violations as crimes under international law). Building on an expanding body of scholarship on the subject, as well as the author’s own experience with fact-finding efforts sitting at the intersection between traditional international human rights law and international criminal justice, this article argues: (i) that human rights fact-finding has evolved in three waves; (ii) that the third wave of human rights fact-finding is characterised by an “accountability turn”; and that (iii) this turn has brought about an additional set of challenges to the already thin-stretched capacity of UN human rights inquiries. By virtue of the arguments advanced in this article, the author posits that updating and solidifying the human rights fact-finding methodology can assist United Nations inquiries and other human rights fact-finders in strengthening the credibility of their findings.

Copyright of Mercados y Negocios is the property of Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Economico Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Française d'Administration Publique is the property of Direction de l'Information Legale et Administrative and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Whereas the characteristics of human rights fact-finding largely vary depending on the typology and scope of the entity that carries it out, consensus seems to be developing that a common set of challenges to human rights fact-finding exists. This is especially so when carried out under United Nations auspices. For example, it has long been acknowledged that the very nature of the institution, sitting as it does at the crossroads of international politics, as well as the seemingly irresolvable tension between calls for human rights protection on the one hand, and State sovereignty on the other, present some structural challenges to human rights fact-finding. Furthermore, issues of coordination between the United Nations and other institutions (such as international governmental and non-governmental organisations, or international tribunals), as well as what some have called a 'lack of institutional memory' arguably often feature as regular traits among fact-finding mechanisms. In recent years, a further set of challenges has been added to the mix by additional requirements, featuring increasingly often in mandates, that instruct fact-finding mechanisms to make further determinations of facts (concerning, e.g., the identity of those most responsible for the violations being documented, or the existence of an armed conflict) and even consider questions of law (e.g. the qualification of the violations as crimes under international law). Building on an expanding body of scholarship on the subject, as well as the author's own experience with fact-finding efforts sitting at the intersection between traditional international human rights law and international criminal justice, this article argues: (i) that human rights fact-finding has evolved in three waves; (ii) that the third wave of human rights fact-finding is characterised by an "accountability turn"; and that (iii) this turn has brought about an additional set of challenges to the already thinstretched capacity of UN human rights inquiries. By virtue of the arguments advanced in this article, the author posits that updating and solidifying the human rights fact-finding methodology can assist United Nations inquiries and other human rights fact-finders in strengthening the credibility of their findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased use of low-cost air quality sensor systems, particularly by communities, calls for the further development of best-practices to ensure these systems collect usable data. One area identified as requiring more attention is that of deployment logistics, that is, how to select deployment sites and how to strategically place sensors at these sites. Given that sensors are often placed at homes and businesses, ideal placement is not always possible. Considerations such as convenience, access, aesthetics, and safety are also important. To explore this issue, we placed multiple sensor systems at an existing field site allowing us to examine both neighborhood-level and building-level variability during a concurrent period for CO2 (a primary pollutant) and O3 (a secondary pollutant). In line with previous studies, we found that local and transported emissions as well as thermal differences in sensor systems drive variability, particularly for high-time resolution data. While this level of variability is unlikely to affect data on larger averaging scales, this variability could impact analysis if the user is interested in high-time resolution or examining local sources. However, with thoughtful placement and thorough documentation, high-time resolution data at the neighborhood level has the potential to provide us with entirely new information on local air quality trends and emissions.

Background Organizations are embracing innovative learning activities, particularly simulation, because it is learner focused, grounded in adult learning theory, and engages various learning styles. Allotting appropriate time for work in simulation is a challenge for many organizations. The use of simulation has increased; therefore, understanding the amount of time necessary for best-practice simulation is essential to assure programs meet the increased demand and clinical and professional development objectives. Method A nonexperimental explorative study was designed to quantify the time needed for simulation activities. Results Approximately 26.9% of time was spent conducting prescenario learning activities (immediately preceding the simulation), simulation scenarios, and debriefing. Other presimulation and postsimulation activities related to simulation design, evaluation, and cleanup were more time intensive, together accounting for 73.1% of time reported. Conclusion This study enabled the researchers to identify simulation processes with correlations to time highlighting the patterns of activity usage and quantifying time commitments related to simulation. It lends useful information to help resolve difficulties in the allocation of staff time and other resources for simulation. Understanding the time necessary for specific simulation activities can allow organizations to budget resources and potentially improve the process for simulation development and execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this literature review was to examine published information regarding interventions for adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). The review was limited to articles that included an experimental design (i.e., pre-post measures) to ensure a focus on evidence-based interventions. Due to the limited amount of research available for the adult population, articles included here are primarily interventions aimed at children and adolescents. These were grouped into the following categories: family-centered, cognitive, adaptive training, and community-based interventions. A review of the "Best Practices" document produced by Health Canada (2000) is also presented. Limitations, efficaciousness of practices, and future directions are also addressed with regard to adult services for FASD based on this literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Comprehensive interventions that address public-health concerns invariably include behavior-change strategies. In occupational safety and health, behavioral safety is an approach designed to improve safety performance directly through peer observations of safe behaviors, goal setting, performance feedback, and celebrations or incentives for reaching safety goals. Although the basic components of behavioral safety processes have been studied and widely documented, the current safety literature reveals several gaps in knowledge. These gaps are associated mostly with wide practice variations among the common process elements and uncertainty about the influence of organizational and other external factors. Impact to Industry: A major objective of this paper was to highlight not only key topic areas that warrant further research, but also to propose a list of research questions that are tied to uncertainties about various intervention practices. If only a portion of these topic areas and research questions are addressed through systematic reviews, field interventions, surveys, and laboratory-based studies, then the knowledge gained will significantly improve the delivery and effectiveness of behavioral safety interventions and thus their impact on worker health and safety. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

No exit? Have we arrived at an impasse in the health sciences? Has the regime of ‘evidence’, coupled with corporate models of accountability and ‘best-practices’, led to an inexorable decline in innovation, scholarship, and actual health care? Would it be fair to speak of a ‘methodological fundamentalism’ from which there is no escape? In this article, we make an argument about intellectual integrity and good faith. We take this risk knowing full well that we do so in a hostile political climate in the health sciences, positioning ourselves against those who quietly but assiduously control the very terms by which the public faithfully understands ‘integrity’ and ‘truth’. In doing so, we offer an honest critique of these definitions and of the systemic power that is reproduced and guarded by the gatekeepers of ‘Good Science’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of effective information technology (IT) solutions in government is often challenged due to the nature of egovernment solutions, which-like all large-scale IT systems and solutions- are typically complex, have high implementation costs and involve inherent production risks. Furthermore, while many governments may be facing similar service requirements, the trend is to develop new systems and solutions from scratch (thereby 'reinventing the wheel'). In considering these challenges, this paper presents a number of examples (featuring award-winning solutions and real-world case studies-mainly drawn from Europe) where e-government development is accelerated by the reuse of existing solutions, thereby reducing cost and risk. This paper also investigates more programmatic application sharing initiatives that provide a community/collaborative environment facilitating the sharing, rework and enhancement of government solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]